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Adaptive behaviour and theory of mind in autism

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Abstract

The Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales are used to assess the real life competence of adolescents and adults with autism in France. Real life adaptation is compared with performance on social cognitive tasks, involving the attribution of mental states, and with subjects’ age and ability. New scales are used to contrast real life behaviours which appear to require the ability to attribute mental states with those behaviours which are possible without this ability. Subjects with autism who passed social cognitive tasks showed higher intellectual ability, as well as being older. In addition, they were better than subjects who failed tasks in terms of those social and maladaptive behaviours involving understanding minds. However, when their verbal ability was taken into account, these specific differences were no longer significant. These results are discussed in relation to a parallel study carried out in England, where essentially the same results were obtained. Both studies suggest that the stereotype of the aloof, socially indifferent autistic child does not reflect the sociability of adolescents and young adults with autism.

Résumé

Les échelles du comportement adaptatif de Vineland sont utilisées pour évaleur les compétences de vie concrète d’adolescents et d’adultes avec autisme en France. L’adaptation à la vie concrète est comparée avec les performances dans les taches sociales cognitives, impliquant l’attribution d’états mentaux, et avec l’âge et les capacités des sujets. De nouvelles échelles sont utilisées pour mettre en contraste les comportements de vie concrète qui apparaissent nécessiter la capacité d’attribuer des états mentaux avec les comportements qui sont possibles sans cette capacité. Les sujets avec autisme qui réussissaient les taches sociales cognitives montraient une capacité intellectuelle plus élevée, tout en étant plus âgés. De plus, ils étaient meilleurs que les sujets qui échouaient aux taches en termes de comportements sociaux et désadaptés impliquant une compréhension mentale. Cependant quand leurs capacités verbales étaient prises en compte, ces différences spécifiques n’étaient plus signifiantes. Ces résultats sont discutés en relation avec une étude parallèle menées en Angleterre, où pour l’essentiel les mêmes résultats ont été obtenus. Les deux études suggèrent que le stéréotype de l’enfant autiste distant, socialement indifférent ne reflète pas la sociabilité d’adolescents et de jeunes adultes avec autisme.

Zusammenfassung

Die Vineland-Skalen wurden benützt, um die praktische Kompetenz von Adoleszenten und Erwachsenen mit Autismus in Frankreich zu überprüfen. Die soziale Anpassung wurde mit der Leistung bei sozial-kognitiven Aufgaben verglichen, die die Zuordnung von psychischen Zuständen unter Berücksichtigung des Alters und der Fähigkeit des Probanden betrafen. Neue Skalen wurden benützt, um Verhalten im Alltag, das die Fähigkeit der Zuordnung psychischer Zustände voraussetzt, solchen Verhaltensweisen gegenüberzustellen, für die diese Fähigkeit nicht erforderlich ist. Probanden mit Autismus, die die sozial-kognitiven Aufgaben bewältigten, zeigten eine höhere intellektuelle Begabung und waren älter. Außerdem waren sie im Hinblick auf diese sozialen und fehlangepaßten Verhaltensweisen jenen Probanden überlegen, die Aufgaben nicht bewältigten, bei denen es um das Verstehen psychischer Zustände ging. Jedoch waren diese spezifischen Unterschiede nicht mehr signifikant unter Berücksichtigung der verbalen Fähigkeiten. Die Ergebnisse werden diskutiert unter Bezug auf eine parallel durchgeführte Studie in England, im Rahmen derer im wesentlichen die gleichen Ergebnisse erzielt wurden. Beide Studien deuten darauf hin, daß die gängige Vorstellung, daß ein autistisches Kind sozial indifferent ist, nicht den sozialen Fähigkeiten von Adoleszenten und jungen Erwachsenen mit Autismus entspricht.

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Fombonne, E., Siddons, F., Achard, S. et al. Adaptive behaviour and theory of mind in autism. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 3, 176–186 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02720324

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