Abstract
Temper tantrums are common, troubling behaviors encountered by workers in group care settings. This paper initially reviews the current state of theory and research into temper tantrums both within and outside the group care arena. The normal developmental context of the temper tantrum is described and a number of theoretical perspectives are reviewed. Explanations for the persistence of tantrum behaviors in some children are then canvassed. The common elements and phases of temper tantrums are outlined to provide a framework for understanding and management, with an emphasis on the interaction between child and care worker. This is followed by a discussion of management issues which arise from the analysis. Other tantrum-like behaviors are described and management approaches suggested.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ainsworth, M. D. (1982). Attachment: retrospect and prospect. In C. M. Parkes and J. Stevenson-Hinde (Eds.),The place of attachment in human behavior (pp. 3–30). New York: Basic Books.
Bandura, A. (1973).Aggression: A social learning analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Beitchman, J. H. (1985). Therapeutic considerations with the language impaired preschool child.Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 30(8), 609–613.
Berk, L. E. (1989).Child development. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
Booth, C. L., Rose-Krasnor, L. & Rubin, K. H. (in press). Relating preschooler's social competence and their mother's parenting behaviors to early attachment security and high-risk status.Journal of Social and Personal Relations.
Bowlby, J. (1973).Attachment and loss. Vol. 1: Separation: Anxiety and anger. New York: Basic Books.
Buxbaum, E. (1981). Remarks on aggression.Journal of Child Psychotherapy, 7(2), 167–174.
Carson, M. L. & Kahn Goodfield, R. (1988). The Children's Garden attachment model. In R. W. Small & F. J. Alwon (Eds.),Challenging the limits of care. Needham, MA: The Trieschman Center.
Caspi, A., Elder, G. H., & Bem, D. J. (1987). Moving against the world: Life course patterns of explosive children.Developmental Psychology, 23(2), 308–313.
Cline, F. (1979).What shall we do with this kid?: Understanding and treating the disturbed child. Evergreen, CO: Evergreen Consultants in Human Behavior.
Cline, F. (1992).Hope for high risk and rage filled children. Evergreen, CO: EC Publications.
Dodge, K. A. (1991). The structure and function of reactive and proactive aggression. In D. A. Pepler and K. H. Rubin,The development and treatment of childhood aggression (pp. 201–218). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Dodge, K. A., & Coie, J. D. (1987). Social-information processing factors in reactive and proactive aggression in children's peer groups.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 1146–1158.
Dodge, K. A., Murphy, R. R., & Buchsbaum, K. (1984). The assessment of intention-cue detection skills in children: Implications for developmental psychopathology.Child Development, 55, 163–173.
Dollard, J., Doob, L. W., Miller, N. L., Mowrer, O. H. & Sears, R. R. (1939).Frustration and aggression. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Drisko, J. W. (1981). Therapeutic use of physical restraint.Child Care Quarterly, 10(4), 318–328.
Elia, J., Stoff, D. M. & Coccaro, E. F. (1992). Biological correlates of impulsive disruptive behavior disorders: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Conduct disorder, and Borderline Personality Disorder. In E. Peschel, R. Peschel, C. W. Howe, & J. W. Howe,Neurobiological disorders in children and adolescents. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Ellis, H. C. & Ashbrook, P. W. (1989). The “state” of mood and memory research: A selective review.Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 4, 1–21.
Erickson, M. F., Sroufe, L. A., & Egeland, B. (1985). The relationship between quality of attachment and behavior problems in preschool in a high-risk sample. In I. Bretherton & E. Walters (Eds.),Growing points in attachment theory and research. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50(1–2, Serial No. 209).
Fahlberg, V. I. (Ed). (1990).Residential treatment: A tapestry of many therapies. Indianapolis, IN: Perspectives Press.
Fahlberg, V. I. (1991).A child's journey through placement. Indianapolis, IN: Perspectives Press.
Goodenough, F. L. (1931).Anger in young children. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
Green, C. (1987).Toddler taming. Sydney: Doubleday.
Gurry, D. L. (1972). Temper tantrums.Medical Journal of Australia, 2(15), 948–951.
Hamburg, D. A., & van Lawick-Goodall, J. (1978). Factors facilitating development of aggressive behavior in chimpanzees and humans. In W. W. Hartup & J. De Witt (Eds.),Origins of aggression (pp. 57–83). The Hague: Moulton.
Hebb, D. O. (1972).Textbook of psychology. Philadelphia: Saunders.
Helmer, J. (1979). Constructive and destructive anger in child care work: An exploratory study and conceptual schema.Child Care Quarterly, 7(4), 302–317.
Hunter, D. S. (1989). The use of physical restraint in managing out-of-control behavior in youth: A frontline perspective.Child and Youth Care Quarterly, 18(2), 141–154.
Kendall, P. C., & Braswell, L. (1985).Cognitive-behavioral therapy for impulsive children. New York: Guilford Press.
Kendall, P. C., Reber, M., McLeer, S., Epps, J., & Ronan, K. R. (1990). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of conduct-disordered children.Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14, 279–297.
Kupfersmid, J., & Monkman, R. (1988).Assaultive youth: Responding to physical assaultiveness in residential, community and health care settings. New York: Haworth.
Leach, P. (1988).Your baby and child: From birth to age five. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Main, M., & Weston, D. R. (1981). The quality of the toddler's relationship to mother and to father: Related to conflict behavior and the readiness to establish new relationships.Child Development, 52, 932–940.
Main, M, & Weston, D. R. (1982). Avoidance of the attachment figure in infancy: Descriptions and interpretations. In, C. M. Parkes, & J. Stephenson-Hinde (Eds.),The place of attachment in human behavior (pp. 31–59). New York: Basic Books.
Mandoki, M. W., Summer, G. S., & Matthews-Ferrari, K. (1992). Evaluation and treatment of rage in children and adolescents.Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 22(4), 227–235.
Martin, G. & Pear, J. (1983).Behavior modification: What it is and how to do it (2nd. edn.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Mattes, J. A., & Fink, M. (1990). A controlled study of adopted patients with temper outbursts.Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 178 (2), 138–139.
Millar, T. P. (1968). Limit setting and psychological maturation.Archives of General Psychiatry, 18, 214–221.
Mullen, J. K. (1983). Understanding and managing the temper tantrum.Child Care Quarterly, 12(1), 59–70.
Novaco, R. W. (1977). Stress-inoculation: A cognitive therapy for anger and its application to a case of depression.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 44, 600–608.
Redl, F. & Wineman, D. (1952).Controls from within: Techniques for the treatment of the aggressive child. New York: The Free Press.
Snyder, J. J., & White, M. J. (1979). The use of cognitive self-instruction in the treatment of behaviorally disturbed adolescents.Behavior Therapy, 10, 69–70.
Speltz, M. L. (1991). The treatment of preschool conduct problems: An integration of behavioral and attachment concepts. In M. T. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, & E. M. Cummings (Eds.),Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention (pp. 399–426). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Tavris, C. (1989).Anger: The misunderstood emotion (Revised Edition). New York: Simon & Schuster.
Trieschman, A. E. (1969). Understanding the stages of a typical temper tantrum. In A. E. Trieschman, J. K. Whittaker, & L. K. Brendtro,The other 23 hours (pp. 170–197). New York: Aldine Publishing Company.
Tully, F. G. (1987).Description of a residential treatment program for the severely disturbed child. Paper presented at the Sixteenth Annual Child Abuse and Neglect Symposium, The C. Henry Kempe National Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Child Abuse and Neglect, May 1987.
Welsh, M. G. (1988).Holding time. New York: Simon & Schuster.
White, M. (1986). Ritual of inclusion: An approach to extreme uncontrolled behaviour in children and young adolescents.The Dulwich Centre Review, 1986.
White, R. W. (1963). Ego and reality in psychoanalytic theory.Psychological Issues, Monograph II,3(3).
White, R.W. (1972).The enterprise of living: Growth and organization in personality, pp. 206–220. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Whittaker, J. K. (1969). Program activities. In A. E. Trieschman, J. K. Whittaker, & L. K. Brendtro,The other 23 hours (pp. 100–119). New York: Aldine Publishing Company.
Whittaker, J. K. (1979).Caring for troubled children. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Wineman, D. (1972). The life-space interview. In J. K. Whittaker and A. E. Trieschman (Eds.),Children away from home: A sourcebook of residential treatment (pp. 236–255). New York: Aldine Publishing Company.
Woods, D. (1986). The diagnosis and treatment of Attention Deficit Disorder, Residual type.Psychiatric Annals, 16(1), 23–28.
Young, T. M., Dore, M. M., & Pappenfort, D. M. (1989). Trends in residential group care. In E. A. Balcerzak (Ed.)Group care of children: Transitions toward the year 2000 (pp. 11–36). Washington, DC: Child Welfare League of America.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bath, H.I. Temper tantrums in group care. Child Youth Care Forum 23, 5–27 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02629766
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02629766