Abstract
A multiple probe across behaviors design, replicated across participants, assessed the effectiveness of constant time delay in teaching appropriate peer reinforcement and grocery words to 3 elementary students with moderate intellectual disabilities. Additionally, pretests and posttests assessed the acquisition of the participants' observational learning (acquisition of peers' grocery words) and instructive feedback (related information supplied by the teacher in the consequent event). Results indicate that the participants learned (a) how to appropriately reinforce peers, (b) to read their grocery words, (c) some of the targeted stimuli of their peers, and (d) much of the instructive feedback that was associated with each of the grocery words. Maintenance data indicate that the participants maintained their target grocery words at high levels of accuracy.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alberto, P., Jobes, N., Sizemore, A., & Doran, D. (1980). A comparison of individual and group instruction across response tasks.Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps, 5, 285–293.
Alig-Cybriwsky, C. A., Wolery, M., & Gast, D. L. (1990). Use of a constant time delay procedure in teaching preschoolers in a group format.Journal of Early Intervention, 2, 99–116.
Ault, M. J., Wolery, M., Gast, D. L., Doyle, P. M., & Martin, C. P. (1990). Comparison ofpredictable and unpredictable trial sequences during small-group instruction.Learning Disability Quarterly, 13, 12–29.
Billingsley, F., White, O. R., & Munson, R. (1980). Procedural reliability: A rationale and an example.Behavioral Assessment, 2, 229–241.
Collins, B. C., Gast, D. L., Ault, M. J., & Wolery, M. (1991). Small group instruction: Guidelines for teachers of students with moderate to severe handicaps.Education and Training in Mental Retardation, 26, 18–32.
Doyle, P. M., Gast, D. L., Wolery, M. Ault, M. J., & Farmer, J. A. (1990). Use of constant time delay in small group instruction: A study of observational and incidental learning.Journal of Special Education, 23, 369–385.
Fink, W. T., & Sandall, S. R. (1978). One-to-one versus group academic instruction with handicapped and nonhandicapped preschool children.Mental Retardation, 16, 236–240.17
Gast, D. L., Wolery, M. L., Morris, L. L., Doyle, P. M., & Meyer, S. (1990). Teaching sight word reading in a group instructional arrangement using constant time delay.Exceptionality, 81–92.
Griffen, A. K., Wolery, M., & Schuster, J. W. (1992). Triadic instruction of chained food preparation responses: Acquisition and observational learning.Journal of Applied Behavioral Analysis, 25, 193–204.
Hall, M. G., Schuster, J. W., Wolery, M., Gast, D. L., & Doyle, P. M. (1992). Teaching chained skills in a non-school setting using a divided half instructional format.Journal of Behavioral Education, 2, 257–279.
Homer, R. D., & Baer, D. M. (1978). Multiple-probe technique: A variation of the multiple baseline.Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 11, 189–196.
Johnson, P., Schuster, J. W., & Bell, J. K. (1996). Comparison of simultaneous prompting with and without error correction in teaching science vocabulary words to high school students with mild disabilities.Journal of Behavioral Education, 6, 437–458.
Keel, M. C., & Gast, D. L. (1992). Small-group instruction for students with learning disabilities: Observational and incidental learning.Exceptional Children, 58, 357–368.
Morse, T. E., Schuster, J. W., & Sandknop, P. A. (in press). Grocery shopping skills for persons with moderate to profound intellectual disabilities: A review of the literature.Education and Treatment of Children.
Schoen, S. F., Lentz, F. E., & Suppa, R. J. (1988). An examination of two prompt fading procedures and opportunities to observe in teaching handicapped preschoolers self-help skills.Journal of the Division for Early Childhood, 12, 349–358.
Schoen, S. F., & Sivil, E. O. (1989). A comparison of procedures in teaching self-help skills: Increasing assistance, time delay, and observational learning.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 19, 57–72.
Schuster, J. W. (1988). Cooking instruction with the mentally retarded: A review of the literature.Education and Training in Mental Retardation, 23, 43–50.
Schuster, J. W., & Griffen, A. K. (1993). Teaching a chained task with a simultaneous prompting procedure.Journal of Behavioral Education, 3, 299–315.
Schuster, J. W., Morse, T. E., Ault, M. J., Doyle, P. M., Crawford, M. R., & Wolery, M. (1996).Constant time delay with chained tasks: A review of the literature. Manuscript submitted for publication.
Shelton, B. S., Gast, D. L., Wolery, M., & Winterling, V. (1991). The role of small group instruction in facilitating observational and incidental learning.Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 23, 123–133.
Singleton, K. C., Schuster, J. W., & Ault, M. J. (1995). Simultaneous prompting in a small group instructional arrangement.Education and Training in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, 30, 218–230.
Terman, L., & Merrill, M. (1973).Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Wechsler, D. (1974).Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children — Revised. New York: Psychological Corporation.
Werts, M. G., Wolery, M., Holcombe, A., & Gast, D. L. (1995). Instructive feedback: Review of parameters and effects.Journal of Behavioral Education, 5, 55–75.
Winterling, V. (1990). The effects of constant time delay, practice in writing or spelling, and reinforcement on sight word recognition in a small group.The Journal of Special Education, 101–116.
Wolery, M., Ault, M. J., & Doyle, P. M. (1992).Teaching students with moderate and severe handicaps: Use of response prompting strategies. White Plains, NY: Longman.
Wolery, M., Ault, M. J., Gast, D. L., Doyle, P. M., & Griffen, A. K. (1991). Teaching chained tasks in dyads: Acquisition of target and observational behavior.Journal of Special Education, 25, 198–220.
Wolery, M., Ault, M. J., Gast, D. L., Doyle, P. M., & Mills, B. M. (1990). Use of choral and individual attentional responses with constant time delay when teaching sight word reading.Remedial and Special Education, 11, 47–58.
Wolery, M., Cybriwsky, C. A., Gast, D. L., & Boyle-Gast, K. (1991). Use of constant time delay and attentional responses with adolescents.Exceptional Children, 57, 462–474.
Wolery, M., Holcombe, A., Cybriwsky, C., Doyle, P. M., Schuster, J. W., Ault, M. J., & Gast, D. L. (1992). Constant time delay with discrete responses: A review of effectiveness and demographic, procedural, and methodological parameters.Research in Developmental Disabilities, 239–266.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Schuster, J.W., Morse, T.E., Griffen, A.B. et al. Teaching peer reinforcement and grocery words: An investigation of observational learning and instructive feedback. J Behav Educ 6, 511–533 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02110520
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02110520