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Recent stressful life events: Their long term effects

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Abstract

The long-term effects of undesirable life events are reviewed. Two forms of major event that are outside the child's control, divorce and war, are discussed together with the literature investigating the impact of undesirable life events on subsequent risk for psychopathology and maladjustment. The impact of any event cannot be easily predicted without a substantial knowledge of its antecedents, nature and consequences for the child's current environmental circumstances. The indications are that some children may be life event prone as a consequence of either not being protected from adverse circumstances in the family or peer group; or contributing, through their own behavioural style, to an increased likelihood of life event occurrence. The evidence supports the notion that, whatever the origins of life events, they increase the risk of subsequent psychopathology or poor adaptation to subsequent environmental demands such as school achievement. There are marked individual differences in outcome from exposure to similar severe events. The degree of risk for either subsequent psychopathology or poor adaptation is best determined by a knowledge of life events in association with other forms of adverse or ameliorating circumstances rather than by life events alone. Psychological and physiological responses to events, as well as measures of the environment, should be incorporated in future longitudinal research to assist in explaining individual differences in outcome to similar undesirable circumstances.

Résumé

Les effets à long terme d'événements de vie indésirables sont passés en revue. 2 formes d'événements majeurs qui sont hors du contrôle de l'enfant, le divorce et la guerre, sont discutés simultanément ainsi que la littérature passant en revue l'impact des événements de vie indésirables sur le risque subséquent en psychopathologie et les troubles de l'adaptation. L'impact d'un événement ne peut pas être prédit facilement sans une connaissance substantielle de ses antécédents, de sa nature et de ses conséquences sur les circonstances présentes environnementales de l'enfant. Il existe des indications que certains enfants peuvent être sensibles aux événements de vie du fait, soit de ne pas avoir été protégés de ces circonstances adverses par la famille ou le groupe de pairs; soit en contribuant par leur propre style comportemental, à une occurrence acrue de l'événement de vie. Ce fait renforce la notion que quelle que soit l'origine des événements de vie, ils augmentent le risque de conséquences psychopathologiques et d'une moins bonne adaptation aux demandes environnementales ultérieures telle que la réussite scolaire. Il n'y avait pas de différence individuelle importante dans le devenir après exposition à des événements sévères semblables. Le degré de risque concernant les conséquences psychopathologiques ou une mauvaise adaptation est mieux déterminé par une connaissance des liens des événements de vie avec d'autres formes d'adversité ou au contraire avec des facteurs de protection plutôt que par les événements de vie seuls. Les réponses psychologiques et physiologiques aux événements, aussi bien que les données de l'environnement, devraient être incorporées dans les recherches longitudinales futures pour permettre l'explication des différences individuelles dans le devenir de telles circonstances indésirables.

Zusammenfassung

Die Langzeitauswirkungen ungünstiger Lebensereignisse werden in einer Literaturübersicht dargestellt. Zwei schwerwiegenden Ereignisse — Scheidung und Krieg —, die beide außerhalb der Kontrolle des Kindes liegen, werden gemeinsam im Hinblick auf den Einfluß ungünstiger Lebensereignisse auf die Entwicklung von Psychopathologie und Fehlanpassungen diskutiert. Die Auswirkung eines Ereignisses kann ohne erhebliche Kenntnisse über dessen Vorläufer, Art und Konsequenzen für die gegenwärtigen Umweltbedingungen des Kindes nicht direkt vorhergesagt werden. Es gibt Anzeichen dafür, daß einige Kinder ungünstigen Lebensereignissen überdurchschnittlich häufig ausgesetzt sind, weil die Familie bzw. die “peer group” die Kinder nicht hinreichend schützt. Kinder können aber auch durch ihr eigenes Verhalten zu einem erhöhten Risiko beitragen. Bisherige Untersuchungen unterstützen die Hypothese, daß — unabhängig von der Art des Lebensereignisses — das Risiko für späteres Auftreten von Psychopathologie bzw. Fehlanpassungen an Anforderungen der Umwelt (z. B. Schulleistungen) steigt. Es gibt selbst bei ähnlich schweren Ereignissen ausgeprägte individuelle Unterschiede im Hinblick auf den Ausgang. Das Risiko für die Entwicklung späterer psychopathologischer Auffälligkeiten bzw. Fehlanpassungen kann am besten durch die Kenntnis der Lebensereignisse in Verbindung mit anderen ungünstigen oder protektiven Einflüssen vorhergesagt werden als allein durch Kenntnis des Lebensereignisses. Psychologische und physiologische Reaktionen auf Ereignisse sollten ebenso wie die Erfassung von Umweltfaktoren in zuküftigen Längsschnittuntersuchungen berücksichtigt werden, um individuelle Unterschiede im Hinblick auf den Ausgang nach ähnlich schwerwiegenden Ereignissen besser erklären zu können.

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Goodyer, I.M. Recent stressful life events: Their long term effects. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2, 1–9 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02098825

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