Abstract
Key advances in life events research included recognition of the need to differentiate events that were independent of disorder; to take the social context of events into account; to assess life events in terms of the long term threat rather than degree of life change; to determine the temporal linkage between life events and onset of psychiatric disorder; to appreciate the importance of long term difficulties as well as acute events; and to examine the role of vulnerability and protective mechanisms in determining individual differences in response to life events. Stress effects in childhood are considered in terms of possible mediating mechanisms; of turning points in life trajectory; of individual differences in response; of difficulties in the concept and measurement of onset of psychiatric disorder; of possible additivity of negative life events; and of the origins of individual differences in exposure to negative life experiences.
Résumé
Des avancées essentielles dans la recherche sur les événements de vie ont inclues la reconnaissance de la nécessité de différencier les événements qui étaient indépendants du trouble; de prendre en compte le contexte social des événements; d'évaluer les événements de vie en terme de leur menace à long terme plutôt que du degré de changement de vie; de déterminer le lien tempored entre les événements et le début du trouble psychiatrique; d'apprécier l'importance des difficultés à long terme aussi bien que les événements aigus; et d'examiner le rôle des mécanismes de vulnérabilité et de protection dans la détermination des différences individuelles aux réponses aux événements. Les effets de stress dans l'enfance sont envisagés en terme de possibles mécanismes médiateurs; de tournants dans la trajectoire de la vie; de différences individuelles dans la réponse; de difficultés dans la conceptualisation et la mesure du début du trouble psychiatrique; d'une possible sommation des événements négatifs; et des origines des différences individuelles à l'exposition aux expériences de vie négatives.
Zusammenfassung
Zu den zentralen Fortschritten der Forschung über kritische Lebensereignisse gehören: die Erkenntnis, daß Lebensereignisse differenziert werden müssen, die unabhängig von der Störung sind; die Berücksichtigung des sozialen Kontexts der Ereignisse; die Bestimmung kritischer Lebensereignisse hinsichtlich ihrer langfristigen Bedrohung anstatt des Ausmasses an Lebensveränderung; die Bestimmung der zeitlichen Verknüpfung mit dem Beginn psychiatrischer Störungen; die Anerkennung der Bedeutung sowohl langfristiger Schwierigkeiten als auch akuter Ereignisse und die Untersuchung der Rolle von Vulnerabilität und protektiven Mechanismen für die Bedingung individueller Unterschiede in der Reaktion auf kritische Lebensereignisse. Die Auswirkungen von Belastung in der Kindheit werden folgendermaßen betrachtet: unter dem Begriff möglicher Mediatormechanismen; als Wendepunkte der Lebensbahn; als individuelle Reaktionsunterschiede; als Schwierigkeiten des Konzeptes und der Erfassung des Beginns psychiatrischer Störungen; als mögliche Erweiterung negativer Lebensereignisse und als die Ursprünge individueller Unterschiede in der Exposition gegenüber negativen Lebenserfahrungen.
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Rutter, M., Sandberg, S. Psychosocial stressors: Concepts, causes and effects. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 1, 3–13 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02084429
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02084429