Skip to main content
Log in

Identification of behaviour profiles within a population of autistic children using multivariate statistical methods

  • Published:
European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The Revised Behaviour Summarized Evaluation Scale (BSE-R) was developed for the objective evaluation of autistic behaviours in order to facilitate the recording of the evolution of developmentally disabled children. Among its 29 items, 13 items that precisely describe the degree of autistic behaviours were extracted by Principal Component Analysis. We hypothesised that these relevant behaviours could differentiate autistic behaviour profiles in a population of children previously diagnosed as typically autistic. For this purpose, we used an original multivariate descriptive statistical approach, Correspondence Analysis, which can help in detecting structural relationships among variables. In a population of autistic children initially diagnosed using DSM-III-R criteria, this procedure proved effective in identifying new main dimensions of behaviours among the 13 previously defined core autistic symptoms. Cluster analysis, which followed factorial analysis, allowed the identification of three meaningful behaviour profiles separated principally on the basis of two main functions, perception and imitation, which have been always considered to be fundamentally involved in autistic syndrome. The individualisation of homogeneous subgroups of children on the basis of the behavioural evaluation provides a potentially useful starting point for further biological and therapeutic studies.

Résumé

L'échelle d'évaluation résumée des comportements (BSE-R, version révisée) a été développée pour évaluer de façon objective les comportements autistiques afin de faciliter le suivi d'enfants présentant des troubles graves du développement. Parmi les 29 items composant cette échelle, 13 items décrivant précisemment le degré d'autisme ont été extraits par Analyse en Composantes Principales. Nous avons formulé l'hypothèse que ces 13 items étaient capables de différencier des profils comportementaux dans une population d'enfants préalablement diagnostiqués autistes. Pour cela, nous avons utilisé une approche statistique descriptive originale, l'Analyse Factorielle des Correspondances, qui facilite la recherche de relations structurelles entre les variables. Dans une population d'enfants diagnostiqués autistes suivant les critères du DSMIII-R, cette méthode s'est montrée pertinente pour isoler de nouvelles dimensions comportementales parmi les 13 symptômes d'autisme précédemment décrits. La classification automatique, qui a suivi l'analyse factorielle, a permis d'identifier trois profils de comportements qui different principalement par deux fonctions qui ont toujours été considérées comme impliquées dans le syndrome autistique: la perception et l'imitation. L'individualisation de sous-groupes homogènes d'enfants à partir de ce type d'évaluation est une étape importante avant la mise en oeuvre de nouvelles études biologiques ou thérapeutiques.

Zusammenfassung

Die Revised Behaviour Summarized Evaluations Scale (BSE-R) wurde für die objektive Einschätzung autistischer Verhaltensweisen entwickelt, um die Erfassung des Entwicklungsstandes bei entwicklungsgestörten Kindern zu erleichtern. Unter den 29 Items wurden durch Principal Component Analysis 13 Items extrahiert, die genau den Grad der autistischen Verhaltensweisen beschreiben. Wir verfolgten die Hypothese, daß diese relevanten Verhaltensweisen zwischen verschiedenen autistischen Verhaltensprofilen innerhalb einer Stichprobe von Kindern, die zuvor als typisch autistisch diagnostiziert worden waren, weiter aufdifferenzieren könnten. Zu diesem Zweck benutzten wir einen originalen multivariaten deskriptiven statistischen Ansatz (Correspondence Analysis), der helfen kann, strukturelle Beziehungen zwischen Variablen zu erfassen. In einer Stichprobe von Kindern mit Autismus (nach den Diagnose-Kriterien des DSM-III-R) konnten mit diesem Verfahren neue Hauptdimensionen des Verhaltens unter den zuvor definierten autistischen Kernsymptomen identifiziert werden. Eine Clusteranalyse, die auf die Faktorenanalyse folgte, erlaubte die Identifizierung von drei sinnvollen Verhaltensprofilen, die sich im wesentlichen aufgrund zweier Hauptfunktionen, Wahrnehmung und Nachahmung, trennen ließen. Diesen beiden Funktionen wurde immer eine grundlegende Bedeutung für das autistische Syndrom beigemessen. Die Individualisierung von homogenen Subgruppen von Kindern auf der Basis der Verhaltensevaluation liefert einen potentiell nützlichen Ansatzpunkt für weitere biologische und therapeutische Studien.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1987).Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed., revised). Washington, DC: Author

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1994).Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartak, L., Rutter, M. & Cox, A.A. (1975). A comparative study of infantile autism and specific developmental receptive language disorder.British Journal of Psychiatry, 126, 127–145.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barthélémy, C., Adrien, J.L., Roux, S., Garreau, B., Perrot, A. & Lelord, G. (1992). Sensitivity and specificity of the Behavioral Summarized Evaluation (BSE) for the assessment of autistic behaviors.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 22, 23–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barthélémy, C., Adrien, J.L., Tanguay, P., Garreau, B., Fermanian, J., Roux, S., Sauvage, D. & Lelord, G. (1990). The Behavioral Summarized Evaluation: validity and reliability of a scale for the assessment of autistic behaviors.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 20, 189–204.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barthélémy, C., Bruneau, N., Adrien, J.L., Roux, S. & Lelord, G. (1990). Clinical, biological and therapeutic applications of the functional analysis of autistic disorders.Brain Dysfunction, 3, 271–284.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barthélémy, C., Bruneau, N., Jouve, J., Martineau, J., Muh, J.P. & Lelord, G. (1989). Urinary dopamine metabolites as indicators of the responsiveness to fenfluramine treatment in children with autistic behavior.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 19, 241–254.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barthélémy, C., Roux, S., Adrien, J.L., Hameury, L., Guérin, P., Garreau, B. & Lelord, G. (1995). Validation of the revised Behavior Summarized Evaluation scale (BSE-R).Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, accepted.

  • Bates, E. (1979).The Emergence of Symbols. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benzécri, J.P. (1969). Statistical analysis as a tool to make patterns emerge from data. In S. Watanabe (Ed.)Methodologies of Pattern Recognition. (pp. 35–74). New York: Academic Press Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benzécri, J.P. (1973).L'analyse des données, Tome I: La Taxinomie, Tome II: L'Analyse des Correspondances. Paris: Dunod.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergman, P. & Escalona, S.K. (1949). Unusual sensitivities in very young children.The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 3, 333–353.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruneau, N., Barthélémy, C., Martineau, J., Adrien, J.L., Garreau, B., Muh, J. P. & Lelord, G. (1990). Clinical, electrophysiological, and biochemical markers and monoaminergic hypotheses in autism. In A. Rothenberger (Ed.)Brain and Behavior in Child Psychiatry (pp. 217–234). New York: Springer International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruneau, N., Garreau, B., Roux, S. & Lelord, G. (1987). Modulation of auditory evoked potentials with increasing stimulus intensity in autistic children. In R.J. Johnson, R. Parasuraman, and J.W. Rohrbaugh (Eds.)Current Trends in Event-Related Potential Research (EEG Suppl. 40) (pp. 584–589). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brunet, O. & Lézine, I. (1976). Echelle de développement psychomoteur de le première enfance.Le développement psychologique de la première enfance. Second edition. Paris: PUF.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buitelaar, J.K. (1991).Psychopharmacology of Autism Utrecht, Nederlands.

  • Castelloe, P. & Dawson, G. (1993). Subclassification of children with autism and pervasive developmental disorder: a questionnaire based on Wing's subgrouping scheme.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 23, 229–241.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Charman, T. & Baron-Cohen, S. (1994). Another look at imitation in autism.Development and Psychopathology, 6, 403–413.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, DJ., Paul, R. & Volkmar, F.R. (1987). Issues in the classification of pervasive developmental disorders and associated conditions. In D.J. Cohen and A.M. Donnellan (Eds.)Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders (pp. 20–40). New York: Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, M. (1987). The search for neurological subgroups in autism. In E. Schopler and G. Mesibov (Eds.)Neurobiologkal Issues in Autism (pp. 163–189). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawson, G., Warrenburg, S. & Fuller, P. (1983). Hemisphere functioning and motor imitation in autistic persons.Brain and Cognition, 2, 346–354.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DeMyer, M.K., Alpern, G.D., Barton, S., DeMyer, W.E., Churchill, D.W., Hingtgen, J.N., Bryson, C.Q., Pontius, W. & Kimberlin, C. (1972). Imitation in autistic, early schizophrenic and non-psychotic subnormal children.Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 2, 264–287.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eaves, L.C., Ho, H.H. & Eaves, D.M. (1994). Subtypes of autism by cluster analysis.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24, 3–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farmer, A.E., McGuffin, P. & Spitznagel, E.L. (1983). Heterogeneity in schizophrenia: A cluster-analytic approach.Psychiatry Research, 8, 1–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gillingham, G. (1991). Autism: disability or superability? Designing a therapy based on experiences and feelings as described by individuals with autism.Proceedings from Therapeutic Approaches to Autism Research & Practice. Durham University.

  • Grandin, T. (1984). My experiences as an autistic child and review of selected litterature.Journal of Orthomolecular Psychiatry, 13, 144–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammes, J. & Langdell, T. (1981). Precursors of symbol formation and childhood autism.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 11, 331–346.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heimann, M., Ullstadius, E., Dalhgren, S.O. & Gillberg, C. (1992). Imitation in autism. A preliminary research note.Behavioural Neurology, 5, 219–227.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hertzig, M.E., Snow, M.E. & Sherman, M. (1989). Affect and cognition in autism.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 195–199.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • James, A.L. & Barry, R.J. (1980a). A review of psychophysiology in early onset psychosis.Schizophrenia Bulletin, 6, 506–525.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, V. & Prior, M. (1985). Motor imitation abilities and neurological signs in autistic children.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 15, 37–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kanner, L. (1943). Autistic disturbances of affective contact.Nervous Child, 2, 217–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kistner, J. & Robbins, F. (1986). Brief report: Characteristics of methods of subject selection and description in research on autism.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 20, 591–593.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lebart, L., Morineau, A. & Kenneth, M.W. (1984).Multivariate Descriptive Statistical Analysis: Correspondence Analysis and Related Techniques for Large Matrices. New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lelord, G. (1966). Intérêt des méthodes électrophysiologiques dans l'étude de l'action du film cinématographique chez l'enfant et l'adolescent.Pédopsychiatrie, 1, 159–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lelord, G., Barthélémy, C., Martineau, J., Bruneau, N., Garreau, B. & Hameury, L. (1991). Free acquisition, free imitation, physiological curiosity and exchange and development therapies in autistic children.Brain Dysfunction, 4, 335–347.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohta, M. (1987). Cognitive disorders of infantile autism: a study employing the wise, spatial relationships, conceptualization and gesture imitations.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 17, 45–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ornitz, E.M. & Ritvo, E.R. (1968). Perceptual inconstancy in early infantile autism.Archives of General Psychiatry, 18, 76–98.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ornitz, E.M. (1971). Childhood autism: A disorder of sensorimotor integration. In M. Rutter (Ed.)Infantile Autism: Concepts, Characteristics and Treatment (pp. 50–68). London: Churchill Livingstone.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ornitz, E.M. (1974). The modulation of sensory input and motor output in autistic children.Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 4, 197–215.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ornitz, E.M. (1983). The functional neuroanatomy of infantile autism.International Journal of Neuroscience, 19, 85–124.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ornitz, E.M. (1985). Neurophysiology of infantile autism.Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 24, 251–262.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pretchtl, H.F.R. (1980). The optimality concepts.Early Human Development, 4, 201–205.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rutter, M. & Schopler, E. (1987). Autism and pervasive developmental disorders: Concepts and diagnostic issues.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 17, 159–186.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siegel, B., Anders, T.F., Ciaranello, R.D., Bienenstock, B. & Kraemer, H.C. (1986). Empirically derived subclassification of the autistic syndrome.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 16, 275–293.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sigman, M. & Ungerer, J.A. (1984). Attachment behaviors in autistic children.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 14, 231–244.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skinner, H.A. & Blashfield, R.K. (1982). Increasing the impact of cluster analysis research: The case of psychiatric classification.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 50, 727–735.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Volkmar, F.R., Cohen, D.J., Bregman, J.D., Hooks, M.Y. & Stevenson, J.M. (1989). An examination of social sub typologies in autism.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 82–86.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • WHO (1986).Classification of mental and behavioural disorders. Geneva: World Health Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wing, L. & Gould, J. (1979). Severe impairments of social interaction and association abnormalities in children: Epidemiology and classification.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 9, 11–29.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wing, L. (1988). The continuum of autistic characteristics. In E. Schopler and G. Mesibov (Eds.)Diagnosis and Assessment in Autism. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Roux, S., Malvy, J., Bruneau, N. et al. Identification of behaviour profiles within a population of autistic children using multivariate statistical methods. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 4, 249–258 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01980489

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01980489

Keywords

Navigation