Skip to main content
Log in

Siblings of handicapped children: A review

  • Published:
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Research is critically reviewed and evaluated, first, in order to determine if the presence of a handicapped child in a family uniquely affects the nonhandicapped siblings, and, second, to identify factors mediating the nature and power of those effects. In addition, projects involving sibling therapy, education, and training are described. Currently there are few well-controlled empirical investigations supporting the popular belief that, as a group, siblings are adversely affected by their handicapped brothers or sisters. Rather, only certain siblings appear to be vulnerable to negative reactions, depending on such factors as sibling sex and birth order, family socioeconomic status, and parental responses to the handicapped child. Recommendations are offered for improved research strategies and questions and for the careful evaluation of future educational and support services for siblings.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Beardslee, W. R. (1981). Self-understanding and coping with cancer. In G. P. Koocher & J. E. O'Malley (Eds.),The Damocles syndrome: Psychosocial consequences of surviving childhood cancer. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, C. W. (1973). A four-and-a-half year old as a teacher of her hearing-impaired sister: A case study.Journal of Communication Disorders, 6, 67–75.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benson, F. (1982, November).Siblings: Research and implications for family programming. Paper presented at the meeting of The Association for the Severely Handicapped, Denver.

  • Binger, C. M., Ablin, A. R., Feuerstein, R. C., Kushner, J. H., Zoger, S., & Mikkelsen, C. (1969). Childhood leukemia: Emotional impact on patient and family.New England Journal of Medicine, 280, 414–418.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blackard, M. K., & Barsh, E. T. (1982). Parents' and professionals' perceptions of the handicapped child's impact on the family.Journal of the Association for the Severely Handicapped, 7, 62–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breslau, N., Weitzman, M., & Messenger, K. (1981). Psychologic functioning of siblings of disabled children.Pediatrics, 67, 344–353.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caldwell, B. M., & Guze, G. B. (1960). A study of the adjustment of parents and siblings institutionalized and non-insitutionalized retarded children.American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 64, 849–861.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carr, J. (1974). The effect of the severely subnormal on their families. In A. M. Clarke & A. D. B. Clarke (Eds.),Mental deficiency: The changing outlook. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cash, W. M., & Evans, I. M. (1975). Training preschool children to modify their retarded siblings' behavior.Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 6, 13–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cicirelli, V. G. (1976). Siblings teaching siblings. In V. L. Allen (Ed.),Children as teachers: Theory and research in tutoring. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cleveland, D. W., & Miller, N. B. (1977). Attitudes and life commitments of older siblings of mentally retarded adults: An exploratory study.Mental Retardation, 15, 38–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeMyer, M. K. (1979). Comments on “Siblings of Autistic Children.”Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 9, 296–298.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deveraux, R. (1979). The psychological effects of a handicapped child on parents and siblings.Spina Bifida Therapy, 1, 146–155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunn, J., & Kendrick, C. (1982).Siblings: Love, envy, and understanding. Cambridge Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farber, B. (1959). Effects of a severely mentally retarded child on family integration.Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 24, (Whole No. 71).

  • Farber, B. (1960). Family organization and crisis: Maintenance of integration in families with a severely mentally retarded child.Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 25 (Whole No. 75).

  • Farber, B. (1963). Interactions with retarded siblings and life goals of children.Marriage and Family Living, 25, 96–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farber, B., Jenne, W., & Toigo, R. (1960). Family crisis and the decision to institutionalize the retarded child.Council for Exceptional Children, Research Monograph Series A, No. 1.

  • Farber, B., & McHale, J. (1959). Marital integration and parents' agreement on satisfaction with their child's behavior.Marriage and Family Living, 21, 65–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farber, B., & Ryckman, D. B. (1965). Effects of severely mentally retarded children on family relationships.Mental Retardation Abstracts, 2, 1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farkas, A. (1973). Adaptation of patients, siblings, and mothers to cystic fibrosis.Dissertation Abstracts International, 4659-B.

  • Fotheringham, J., Skelton, M., & Hodinott, B. (1971).The retarded child and his family. Monograph Series II, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, Toronto.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fowle, C. (1968). The effect of the severely mentally retarded child on the family.American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 73, 68–473.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gabel, H., McDowell, J., & Cerreto, M. C. (1982). Family adaptation to the handicapped infant. In S. G. Garwood & R. R. Fewell (Ed.),Educating handicapped infants: Issues in development and intervention. Marryland: Aspen Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gath, A. (1972). The school age siblings of mongol children.British Journal of Psychiatry, 123, 161–167.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gath, A. (1973). The mental health of siblings of congenitally abnormal children.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 13, 211–218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gath, A. (1974). Sibling reactions to mental handicap: A comparison of brothers and sisters of mongol children.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 15, 187–198.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gogan, J. L., Koocher, G. P., Foster, D. J., & O'Malley, J. E. (1977). Impact of childhood cancer on siblings.Health and Social Work, 2, 42–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gogan, J. L., & Slavin, L. A. (1981). Interviews with brothers and sisters. In G. P. Koocher & J. E. O'Malley (Eds.),The Damocles syndrome: Psychosocial consequences of surviving childhood cancer. New York. McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graliker, B., Fischler, K., & Koch, R. (1962). Teenage reactions to a mentally retarded sibling.American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 66, 838–843.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grossman, F. K. (1972).Brothers and sisters of retarded children. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayden, V. (1974, July/August). The other children.Exceptional Parent, 26–29.

  • Holt, K. (1958). The home care of severely retarded children.Pediatrics, 22, 744–755.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, F. (1969). Siblings of the retarded. In S. Sarason & J. Doris (Eds.),Psychological problems in mental deficiency. New York: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, F., & Fox, E. (1968). Siblings of the retardate: An adolescent group experience.Community Mental Health Journal, 4, 499–508.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein, S. D. (1972). Brother to sister: Sister to brother.Exceptional Parent, 2, 10–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, M. E., & Sutton-Smith, B. (Eds.). (1982).Sibling relationships: Their nature and significance across the lifespan. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langer, T. S., Gersten, J. C., & McCarthy, E. D. (1976). A Screening inventory for assessing psychiatric impairment in children 6 to 18.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 44, 286.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lavine, M. B. (1977). An exploratory study of the siblings of blind children.Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness, 71, 102–197.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leanza, V. F. (1970). Tension in the adjustment of normal siblings of mildly retarded children.Dissertation Abstracts International, 2739-A.

  • Lobato, D. (1981, August).Multiple assessment of a workshop program for siblings of handicapped children. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Los Angeles.

  • Lobato, D., & Tlaker, A. (1982, November).Sibling intervention with a retarded child. Paper presented at the annual meeting of The Association for the Severely Handicapped, Denver.

  • Miller, N., & Cantwell, D. P. (1976). Siblings as therapists: A behavioral approach.American Journal of Psychiatry, 133, 447–450.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olshansky, S. (1962). Chronic sorrow: A response to having mentally defective child.Social Casework, 43, 190–193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richey, L. S., Ysseldyke, J., Potter, M., Regan, R. R., & Grenner, J. (1981). Teachers' attitudes and expectations for siblings of learning disabled children. (Research Report No. 39). University of Minnesota Institute for Research on Learning Disabilities.Educational Resources Information Center [ERIC] Document No. 203613).

  • Rutter, M., Tizard, J., & Whitmore, K. (Eds.). (1970).Education, health, and behavior. London: Longsman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, J. L. (1980). The effects of sibling sex and parental sex role orientation on sibling role tension, anxiety, and depression in middle class families with developmentally disabled children.Dissertation Abstracts International, 41, 2025-A.

    Google Scholar 

  • San Martino, M., & Newman, M. B. (1974). Siblings of the retarded: A population at risk.Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 4, 168–177.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schipper, M. T. (1959). The child with mongolism in the home.Pediatrics, 24, 132–144.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schreiber, M., Feeley, M. (1965). Siblings of the retarded: A guided group experience.Children, 12, 221–225.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwirian, P. M. (1976). Effects of the presence of a hearing-impaired preschool child in the family on behavior patterns of older “normal” sibling.American Annals of the Deaf, 121, 373–380.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shere, M. O. (1956, February). Socio-emotional factors in families of the twin with cerebral palsy.Exceptional Children, 197–199, 206–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simeonsson, R. J., & McHale, S. M. (1981). Review: Research on handicapped children: Sibling relationships.Child: Care, Health and Development, 7, 153–171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Solnit, A., & Stark, M. (1961). Mourning and the birth of a defective child.Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 16, 523–527.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spinetta, J. J., & Mahoney, L. J. (1978). The child with cancer: Patterns of communication and denial.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46, 1540–1541.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stott, D. (1963).The social adjustment of children. London: University of London Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, R. C. (1979). Siblings of autistic children.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 9, 287–296.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sutton-Smith, B., & Rosenberg, B. G. (1970).The sibling. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tew, B., & Laurence, K. M. (1973). Mothers, brothers, and sisters of patients with spina bifida.Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 15, 69–76.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trevino, F. (1979, October). Siblings of handicapped children: Identifying those at risk.Social Casework, 488–493.

  • Waisbren, S. E. (1980). Parents' reactions after the birth of a developmentally disabled child.American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 84, 345–351.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weinrott, M. R. (1974). A training program in behavior modification for siblings of the retarded.American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 44, 362–375.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Lobato, D. Siblings of handicapped children: A review. J Autism Dev Disord 13, 347–364 (1983). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01531585

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01531585

Keywords

Navigation