Skip to main content
Log in

Testing structural equation models for twin data using LISREL

  • Published:
Behavior Genetics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Simple genetic models can be fitted to twin data using software packages such as LISREL (Jöreskog and Sörbom, 1986a). After discussion of data preparation and routine checks on possible violation of assumptions of the twin method, we illustrate univariate, bivariate, and multivariate genetic models which can be tested in cross-sectional twin data using LISREL. These include models for cohort or cohabitation effects, genotype x sex interaction, and certain types of genotype x environment interaction and genotype-environment correlation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Bartlett, M. S. (1947). The use of transformations.Biometrics 3:39–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boomsma, D. I., and Molenaar, P. C. M. (1986). Using LISREL to analyze genetic and evironmental covariance structure.Behav. Genet. 16:237–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boomsma, D. I., and Molenaar, P. C. M. (1987). The genetic analysis of repeated measures. I. Simplex models.Behav. Genet. 17:111–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boomsma, D. I., Martin, N. G., and Molenaar, P. C. M. (1989a). Resembelances of parents and twins in sports participation and heart rate.Behav. Genet. 19:123–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boomsma, D. I., van den Bree, M. B. M., Orbeleke, J. F., and Molenaar, P. C. M. (1989b). Factor and simplex models for repeated measures: Application to two psychomotor measures of alcohol sensitivity in twins.Behav. Genet. 19:79–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, G. W., and Harris, T. (1978).Social Origins of Depression, London, Tavistock.

  • Browne, M. W. (1984). Asymptotically distribution free methods for the analysis of covariance structures.Br. J. Math. Stat. Psychol. 37:62–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carey, G. (1986). Sibling imitation and contrast effects.Behav. Genet. 16:343–354.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carey, G. (1987). A general multivariate approach to linear modelling in human genetics.Am. J. Hum. Genet. 39:775–786.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cloninger, C. R. (1987). Neurogenetic adaptive mechanisms in alcoholism.Science 236:410–416.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cloninger, C. R., Rice, J., and Reich, T. (1979). Multifactorial inheritance with cultural transmission and assortative mating. II. A general model of combined polygenic and cultural inheritance.Am. J. Hum. Genet. 31:135–145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox, A., Rutter, M., Yule, B., and Quinton, D. (1977). Bias resulting from missing information: Some epidemiological findings.Br. J. Prev. Soc. Med. 31:131–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeFries, J., and Fulker, D. W. (1985). Multiple regression analysis of twin data.Behav. Genet. 15:467–474.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eaves, L. J. (1976). A model for sibling effects in man.Heredity 36:205–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eaves, L. J. (1977). Inferring the causes of human variation.J. Roy. Stat. Soc. Ser. B 140:324–355.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eaves, L. J. (1979). The use of twins in the analysis of assortative mating.Heredity 43:399–409.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eaves, L. J. (1982). The utility of twins. In Anderson, V. E. (ed.),Genetic Basis of the Epilepsies, Raven, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eaves, L. J., and Eysenck, H. J. (1975). The nature of extraversion: A genetical analysis.J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 32:102–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eaves, L. J., Last, K. A., Martin, N. G., and Jinks, J. L. (1977). A progressive approach to non-additivity and genotype-environmental covariance in the analysis of human differences.Br. J. Math. Stat. Psychol 30:1–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eaves, L. J., Last, K. A., Young, P. A., and Martin, N. G. (1978). Model fitting approaches to the analysis of human behaviour.Heredity 41:249–320.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eaves, L. J., Fulker, D. W., and Heath, A. (1989). The effects of social homogamy and cultural inheritance on the covariances of twins and their parents: A LISREL model.Behav. Genet. 19:113–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eysenck, H. J., and Eysenck, S. B. G. (1975).Manual of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, Hodder and Stoughton, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Falconer, D. S. (1982).Introduction to Quantitative Genetics, Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fulker, D. W. (1982). Extensions of the classical twin method.Proceedings of the 1981 International Congress of Human Genetics, Jerusalem, Alan R. Liss, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fulker, D. W., Baker, L. A., and Bock, R. D. (1983). Estimating components of covariance using LISREL.Data Anal. Comm. Comp. Data Anal. 1:5–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harman, H. H. (1976).Modern Factor Analysis. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heath, A. C. (1987). The analysis of marital interaction in cross-sectional twin data.Acta Genet. Med. Gemellol. 36:41–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heath, A. C., and Eaves, L. J. (1985). Resolving the effects of phenotype and social back-ground on mate selection.Behav. Genet. 15:15–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heath, A. C., Kendler, K. S., Eaves, L. J., and Markell, D. (1985). The resolution of cultural and biological inheritance: Informativeness of different relationships.Behav. Genet. 15:439–465.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heath, A. C., Jardine, R., Martin, N. G. (1988a). Interactive effects of genotype and social environment on alcohol consumption in female twins.J. Stud. Alcohol (in press).

  • Heath, A. C., Jardine, R., Evans, L. J., and Martin, N. G. (1988b). The genetic structure of personality I.Personal. Indiv. Diff. 9:59–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hewitt, J. K., Eaves, L. J., Neale, M. C., and Meyer, J. M. (1988). Resolving the causes of developmental continuity or “tracking.” I. Longitudinal twin studies during growth.Behav. Genet. 18:133–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holt, S. (1968).The Genetics of Dermal Ridges, Thomas, Springfield, Ill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hopper, J. L., and Culross, P. R. (1983). Covariation between family members as a function of cohabitation history.Behav. Genet. 13:459–471.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hopper, J. L., and Mathews, J. D. (1983). Extensions to multivariate normal models for pedigree analysis. II. Modeling the effect of shared environment in blood lead levels.Am. J. Epidemiol. 117:344–355.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jardine, R. (1985).A Twin Study of Personality, Social Attitudes and Drinking Behavior. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Australian National University.

  • Jardine, R., and Martin, N. G. (1984). Causes of variation in drinking habits in a large twin sample.Acta Genet. Med. Gemellol. 33:435–450.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jöreskog, K. G. (1978). Structural analysis of covariance and correlation matrices.Psychometrika 36:409–426.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jöreskog, K. G., and Sörbom, D. (1986a).LISREL VI, Scientific Software, Mooresville, Ind.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jöreskog, K. G., and Sörbom, D. (1986b).PRELIS: A Preprocessor for LISREL, Scientific Software, Mooresville, Ind.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaprio, J., Koskenvuo, M. D., Langinvainio, H., Romanov, K., Sarna, S., and Rose, R. (1987). Genetic influences on use and abuse of alcohol: A study of 5638 adult Finnish brothers.Alc. Clin. Exp. Res. 11:349–356.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kendler, K. S., Heath, A. C., Martin, N. G., and Eaves, L. J. (1986). Symptoms of anxiety and depression in a volunteer twin population: The etiologic role of genetic and environmental factors.Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 43:213–221.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kendler, K. S., Heath, A. C., Martin, N. G., and Eaves, L. J. (1987). Symptoms of anxiety and symptoms of depression: Same genes, different environments?Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 44:451–460.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, R., and Greenberg, D. F. (1981).Linear Panel Analysis: Models of Quantitative Change, Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lange, K. (1986). Cohabitation, convergence and environmental covariances.Am. J. Med. Genet. 24:483–491.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lange, K., Westlake, J., and Spence, M. A. (1976). Extensions to pedigree analysis. III. Variance components by the scoring method.Ann. Hum. Genet. 39:485–491.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lykken, D. T., Tellegen, A., and DeRubeis, R. (1978). Volunteer bias in twin research: The rule of two-thirds.Soc. Biol. 25:1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lykken, D. T., McGue, M., and Tellegen, A. (1987). Recruitment bias in twin research: The rule of two-thirds reconsidered.Behav. Genet. 17:343–362.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, N. G., and Boomsma, D. I. (1989). Willingness to drive when drunk and personality: A twin study.Behav. Genet. 19:97–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, N. G., and Eaves, L. J. (1977). The genetical analysis of covariance structure.Heredity 28:79–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, N. G., Eaves, L. J., Heath, A. C., Jardine, R., Feingold, L. M., and Eysenck, H. J. (1986). Transmission of social attitudes.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 83:4364–4368.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, N. G., and Wilson, S. R. (1982). Bias in the estimation of heritability from truncated samples of twins.Behav. Genet. 12:467–472.

    Google Scholar 

  • McArdle, J., and Goldsmith, H. H. (1984). Structural equation modeling applied to the twin design: Comparative multivariate models of the WAIS.Behav. Genet. 14:609.

    Google Scholar 

  • Molenaar, P. C. M., and Boomsma, D. I. (1987). Application of nonlinear factor analysis to genotype-environment interaction.Behav. Genet. 17:71–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neale, M. C., and Martin, N. G. (1989). The effects of age, sex, and genotype on self-report drunkenness following a challenge dose of alcohol.Behav. Genet. 19:63–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neale, M. C., Eaves, L. J., Hewitt, J. K., and Kendler, K. S. (1989a). Bias in correlations from truncated samples of twins.Behav. Genet. 19:(in press).

  • Neale, M. C., Heath, A. C., Hewitt, J. K., Eaves, L. J., and Fulker, D. W. (1989b). Fitting genetic models with LISREL: Hypothesis testing.Behav. Genet. 19:37–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olsson, U. (1979). Maximum likelihood estimation of the polychoric correlation coefficient.Psychometrika 44:443–460.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olsson, U., Drasgow, F., and Dorans, N. J. (1982). The polyserial correlation coefficient.Psychometrika 47:337–347.

    Google Scholar 

  • Plomin, R., DeFries, J. C., and Loehlin, J. L. (1977). Genotype-environment interaction and correlation in the analysis of human variation.Psychol. Bull. 84:309–322.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, D. C., Morton, N. E., and Yee, S. (1976). Resolution of cultural and biological inheritance by path analysis.Am. J. Hum. Genet. 28:228–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • SAS Institute (1985).SAS User's Guide: Statistics, Version 5 Edition, SAS, Cary, N.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scarr, S., and McCartney, K. (1983). How people make their own environments: A theory of genotype-environment effects.Child. Dev. 54:424–435.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silberg, J. L., Martin, N. G., and Heath, A. C. (1987). Genetic and environmental factors in primary dysmenorrhea and its relationship to anxiety, depression, and neuroticism.Behav. Genet. 17:363–383.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vogler, G. P., and Fulker, D. W. (1983). Familial resemblance for educational attainment.Behav. Genet. 13:341–354.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, S. (1968).Evolution and the Genetics of Populations, Vol. 1, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Additional information

This research was supported in part by NIH Grants GM30250, AG04954, HD19802, and HD18426 and by ADAMHA Grants AA06781 and MH40828. This paper is modified from a presentation at a workshop on twin data analysis held at the Catholic University of Leuven, supported by NATO Grant 86/0823 and grants from the Belgian National Research Eund, the State University of Gent, and the Catholic University of Leuven.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Heath, A.C., Neale, M.C., Hewitt, J.K. et al. Testing structural equation models for twin data using LISREL. Behav Genet 19, 9–35 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01065881

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01065881

Key Words

Navigation