Skip to main content
Log in

Psychotropic drug treatment among learning-disabled, educable mentally retarded, and seriously emotionally disturbed students

  • Published:
Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Psychotropic drug treatment in learning-disabled (LD), educable mentally retarded (EMR), and seriously emotionally disturbed (ED) children and adolescents receiving public school special education services was examined. The findings indicated that while treatment prevalence rates for EMR and ED groups were comparable, the rate for LD students was much lower. In the LD sample, pharmacotherapy was associated with higher ratings of behavioral deviance, longer placement in special education, less social integration, and greater peer rejection, which suggests that symptom severity is an important determiner of pharmacotherapy in this population.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aman, M. G., Field, C. J., & Bridgman, G. D., (1985). City-wide survey of drug patterns among non-institutionalized retarded persons.Applied Research in Mental Retardation, 6, 159–171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conners, C. K. (1973). Rating scales for use in drug studies with children.Psychopharmacology Bulletin (Special issue,Pharmacotherapy of Children), 24–84.

  • Cullinan, D., & Epstein, M. H. (1985). Adjustment problems of mildly handicapped and nonhandicapped students.Remedial and Special Education, 6(2), 5–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cullinan, D., Epstein, M. H., & Dembinski, R. J. (1979). Behavior problems of educationally handicapped and normal pupils.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 7, 495–502.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, M. H., Cullinan, D., & Gadow, K. D. (1986). Teacher rating of hyperactivity in learning disabled, emotionally disturbed, and mentally retarded children.Journal of Special Education, 20, 219–229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gadow, K. D. (1976, April).Psychotropic and anticonvulsant drug usage in early childhood special education programs I. Phase One: A preliminary report: Prevalence, attitude, training and problems. Paper presented at the meeting of the Council for Exceptional Children, Chicago. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 125 198).

  • Gadow, K. D. (1981). Prevalence of drug treatment for hyperactivity and other childhood behavior disorders. In K. D. Gadow & J. Loney (Eds.),Psychosocial aspects of drug treatment for hyperactivity (pp. 13–76). Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gadow, K. D. (1986).Children on medication (Vol 1):Hyperactivity, learning disabilities, and mental retardation. San Diego: College-Hill Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gadow, K. D., & Kalachnik, J. (1981). Prevalence and pattern of drug treatment for behavior and seizure disorders of TMR students.American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 85, 588–595.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gajar, A. (1979). Educable mentally retarded, learning disabled, emotionally disturbed: Similarities and differences.Exceptional Children, 45, 470–472.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerber, M. M. (1984). Is Congress getting the full story?Exceptional Children, 51, 209–224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, B. K., Balow, E. A., & Bruininks, R. H. (1983).A national study of prescribed drugs in institutions and community residential facilities for mentally retarded people (Brief No. 20). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, Department of Educational Psychology.

  • Intagliata, J., & Rinck, C. (1985). Psychoactive drug use in public and community residential facilities for mentally retarded persons.Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 21, 268–278.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirman, B. (1975). Drug therapy in mental handicap.British Journal of Psychiatry, 127, 545–549.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krager, J. M., Safer, D., & Earhart, J. (1979). Type and prevalence of medication used to treat hyperactive school children: Follow-up survey results.Journal of School Health, 49, 317–321.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lipman, R. S. (1970). The use of psychopharmacological agents in residential facilities for the retarded. In F. J. Menolascino (Ed.),Psychiatric approach to mental retardation (pp. 387–398). New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loney, J. (1987). Hyperactivity and aggression in the diagnosis of attention deficit disorder. In B. B. Lahey & A. E. Kazdin (Eds.),Advances in clinical child psychology (Vol. 10, pp. 99–135). New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, J., & Agran, M. (1985). Psychotropic and anticonvulsant drug use by mentally retarded adults across community residential and vocational placements.Applied Research in Mental Retardation, 6, 33–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy, J. M., & Paraskevopoulos, J. (1969). Behavior patterns of learning disabled, emotionally disturbed, and average children.Exceptional Children, 36, 69–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross, R. P. (1979). Drug therapy for hyperactivity: Existing practices in physician-school communication. In M. J. Cohen (Ed.),Drugs and the special child (pp. 99–109). New York: Gardner Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Safer, D. J., & Krager, J. M. (1984). Trends in medication treatment of hyperactive school children. In K. D. Gadow (Ed.),Advances in learning and behavioral disabilities (Vol. 3, pp. 125–149). Greenwich, Connecticut: JAI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schrag, P., & Divoky, D. (1975).The myth of the hyperactive child. New York: Pantheon Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sewell, J., & Werry, J. S. (1976). Some studies in an institution for the mentally retarded.New Zealand Medical Journal, 84, 317–319.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sleator, E. K., & von Neumann, A. (1974). Methylphenidate in the treatment of hyperkinetic children.Clinical Pediatrics, 13, 19–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sprafkin, J., & Gadow, K. D. (1987). An observational study of emotionally disturbed and learning-disabled children in school settings.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 15, 393–408.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sprague, R. L. (1977). Overview of psychopharmacology for the retarded in the United States. In P. Mittler (Ed.),Research to practice in mental retardation (Vol. 3, pp. 199–202). Baltimore: University Park Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sprague, R. L., Cohen, M., & Werry, J. S. (1974).Normative data on the Conners Teacher Rating Scale and Abbreviated Scale. Champaign: University of Illinois, Children's Research Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tu, J. B. (1979). A survey of psychotropic medication in mental retardation facilities.Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 40, 125–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ullmann, R. K., Sleator, E. K., & Sprague, R. L. (1985). A change of mind: The Conners Abbreviated Rating Scales reconsidered.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 13, 553–565.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Department of Education. (1985).Seventh annual report to Congress of the Implementation of P. L. 94-142: The Education for All Handicapped Childrens Act. Washington, D.C.: Author.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Cullinan, D., Gadow, K.D. & Epstein, M.H. Psychotropic drug treatment among learning-disabled, educable mentally retarded, and seriously emotionally disturbed students. J Abnorm Child Psychol 15, 469–477 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00917234

Download citation

  • Revised:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00917234

Keywords

Navigation