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The depressed woman as a mother

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Summary

Maternal role performance was examined in a group of acutely depressed women and compared with matched normal controls. The depressed women were significantly more impaired mothers. Their impairments with the children included diminished emotional involvement, impaired communication, disaffection, increased hostility and resentment. These disturbances were examined clinically within the context of the family life cycle from post partum to the “empty nest”. The specific problems between mother and children were found to vary with the stages of the life cycle. Depressed mothers of infants were helpless in caring for the children, over concerned or directly hostile, laying the ground work for future problems with the child. Mothers of school age children were irritable, uninvolved and intolerant of the children's noise and activity. Most school age children, however, did not develop overt psychological symptoms. The most severe problems occurred with the adolescents who reacted to the mothers hostility and withdrawal with serious deviant behavior. While conflict existed between the depressed mothers and the children leaving home, most children were able to make the physical break from home. These findings are discussed in light of scattered reports about the effect of maternal depression on children. Early and intensive treatment of the depressed mother can facilitate major preventive work for the entire family.

Résumé

L'accomplissement du rôle maternel a été examiné dans un groupe de femmes souffrant de dépression aiguë et comparé avec des cas normaux de contrôle correspondants. Les femmes déprimées présentaient, de façon significative, davantage de troubles dans leur fonction maternelle. Ce comportement pertubé avec leurs enfants se traduisait par une réduction de l'investissement émotionnel, des troubles de la communication, de l'indifférence, une augmentation de l'hostilité et du ressentiment. Ces troubles ont été examinés cliniquement dans le cadre du cycle de l'a vie familiale, du post-partum à ce qu'il est convenu d'appeler le moment du “nid vide”. On a trouvé que les problèmes spécifiques entre mère et enfants variaient selon les stades de ce cycle. Les mères déprimées d'enfants en bas âge étaient incapables de s'occuper convenablement d'eux, trop concernées ou carrément hostiles, jettant ainsi les bases des problèmes futurs avec l'enfant. Les mères d'enfants en âge scolaire étaient irritables, désinvesties et intolérantes au bruit et à l'activité des enfants. La plupart des enfants en âge scolaire, cependant, ne présentaient pas de symptômes psychologiques manifestes. Les problèmes les plus graves sont apparus chez les adolescents, qui réagissaient à l'hostilité et au désintérêt de leur mère par un comportement sérieusement perturbé. Bien qu'il existât un conflit entre les mères déprimées et les enfants quittant la maison, la plupart des enfants étaient capables de réaliser la rupture physique d'avec leur foyer. Ces résultats sont discutés à la lumière de travaux dispersés sur l'effet de la dépression maternelle sur les enfants. Un traitement précoce et intensif de la mère déprimée peut faciliter un important travail de prévention pour la famille tout entière.

Zusammenfassung

In einer Gruppe akut depressiver Frauen wurde die Erfüllung der mütterlichen Rolle untersucht und mit entsprechenden normalen Kontrollfällen verglichen. Die depressiven Frauen waren als Mütter signifikant mehr beeinträchtigt. Ihre Behinderung im Umgang mit den Kindern äusserte sich in verminderter emotionaler Zuwendung, schlechter Kommunikation, Unzufriedenheit, vermehrter Feindseligkeit und Ressentiment. Diese Störungen wurden klinisch innerhalb des Kontextes des familiären Lebenscyclus von der Geburt an bis zum “leeren Nest” untersucht. Danach variieren die besonderen Probleme zwischen Mutter und Kindern mit den jeweiligen Stadien des Lebenscyclus. Depressive Mütter von Säuglingen waren hilflos bei der Versorgung ihrer Kinder, übermäßig besorgt oder direkt feindselig und legten damit den Grund für zukünftige Probleme mit dem Kind. Mütter von Kindern im Schulalter waren reizbar, unengagiert und intolerant gegenüber dem Lärm und der Aktivität der Kinder. Die meisten Kinder im Schulalter entwickelten jedoch keine deutlichen psychischen Probleme. Die schwersten Probleme ereigneten sich mit Jugendlichen, die auf die Feindseligkeit und das Zurückziehen der Mütter mit ernstlich abnormen Verhaltensweisen reagierten. Obwohl zwischen den depressiven Müttern und den Kindern, wenn sie das Elternhaus verließen, ein Konflikt bestand, konnten die meisten Kinder sich physisch vom Elternhaus lösen. Diese Befunde werden im Hinblick auf verstreute Berichte über die Wirkung mütterlicher Depression auf Kinder diskutiert. Frühzeitige und intensive Behandlung der depressiven Mutter kann einen Großteil der präventiven Arbeit für die gesamte Familie erleichtern.

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This study was supported by U. S. P. H. S. Grant MH 13738 from the National Institute of Mental Health, Department of Health, Education and Welfare. Mrs. Weissman is a Assistant Professor in Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 34 Park Street, New Haven, Connecticut, 06519. Drs. Paykel and Klerman were at Yale University when this research was done. Dr. Paykel is currently Consultant Psychiatrist, St. George's Hospital, London, S. W. 17, England and Dr. Klerman is Professor of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114.

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Weissman, M.M., Paykel, E.S. & Klerman, G.L. The depressed woman as a mother. Soc Psychiatry 7, 98–108 (1972). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00583985

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