Skip to main content

Part of the book series: NATO ASI Series ((ASID,volume 44))

Abstract

The NATO Conference at Ciocco focused on cognitive theories of emotion. This included both the hermeneutic development of older views, along with the exposure of space-age models from artificial intelligence. In attending to these presentations and the discussion they engendered, I was struck by the diversity of phenomena being addressed, and the many different definitions of emotion that drove efforts at explanation. Is there a common data base that theories of emotion should address? The following is an effort to respond to this question. Two major issues are elucidated: (1) the problem of discordance and desynchrony among measures of emotion; (2) the question of whether emotions are best conceived as discrete organismic states, or as affective dimensions. The paper concludes with some suggestions for theorists, and a listing of problems that the data compel any theory of emotion to address.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Ax, A.F. (1953). The physiological differentiation between fear and anger in humans. Psychosomatic Medicine, 15, 433–442.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ax, A.F. (1962). Psychophysiological methodology for the study of schizophrenia. In R. Roessler & N.S. Greenfield (Eds.), Physiological correlates of psychological disorders. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barlow, D.H., Mavissakalian, M., & Schofield, L. (1980). Patterns of desynchrony in agoraphobia. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 441–448.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berkowitz, L. (1978). Whatever happened to the frustration-aggression hypothesis? American Behavioral Scientist, 21, 691–708.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buss, A.H. (1962). Critique and notes: Two anxiety factors in psychiatric patients. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 426–427.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cannon, W.B. (1927). The James-Lange theory of emotions: A critical examination of an alternative theory. American Journal of Psychology, 39, 106–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dennenberg, V.H. (1964). Critical periods; stimulus input, and emotional reactivity. Psychological Review, 71, 335–351.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duffy, E. (1972). Activation. In N.S. Greenfield & R.A. Sternbach (Eds.), Handbook of psychophysiology, New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duffy, E. (1941). An explanation of “emotional” phenomena without the use of the concept “emotion.” Journal of General Psychology, 25, 283–293.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekman, P. (1973). Cross-cultural studies of facial expression. In P. Ekman (Ed.), Darwin and facial expression. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekman, P., Levenson, R.W., & Friesen, W.V. (1983). Autonomic nervous system activity distinguishes among emotions. Science, 221, 1208–1210.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Emde, R.N. (1980). Levels of meaning for infant emotions: A biosocial view. In W.A. Collins (Ed.), Development of cognition, affect and social relations. Minnesota Symposia in Child Psychology, Vol. 13. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eysenck, H.J. (1961). The handbook of abnormal psychology. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fenz, W.D. (1967). Specificity in somatic responses to anxiety. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 24, 1183–1190.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fenz, W.D.,& Epstein, S. (1965). Manifest anxiety: Unifactorial or multifactorial composition? Perceptual and Motor Skills, 20, 773–780.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frankenhaeuser, M. (1971). Behavior and circulating catecholamines. Brain Research, 31, 241–262.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Funkenstein, D.H., Greenblatt, M., & Solomon, H.C. (1952). Nor-epinephrine-like and epinephrine-like substances in psychotic and psychoneurotic patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 108, 652–661.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geer, J., Morokoff, P., & Greenwood, P. (1974). Sexual arousal in women: The development of a measurement device for vaginal blood volume. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 3, 559–564.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gellhorn, E. (1964). Motion & emotion: The role of proprioception in the physiology and pathology of the emotions. Psychological Review, 71, 457–472.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gellhorn, E., & Loofbourrow, N. (1963). Emotions and emotional disorders: A neurophysiological study. New York: Harper and Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, D.T. (1972). Psychosomatic medicine. In N.S. Greenfield & R.A. Sternbach (Eds.), Handbook of psychophysiology. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, D.T., Kabler, J.D., & Graham, F.K. (1962). Physiological responses to the suggestion of attitudes specific for hives and hypertension. Psychosomatic Medicine, 24, 159–169.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gray, J.A. (1985). Issues in the neuropsychology of anxiety. In A.H. Tuma & J. Maser (Eds.), Anxiety and the anxiety disorders. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Assoc, 5–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, M. (1959). The assessment of anxiety states by rating. British Journal of Medical Psychology. 32, 50–59.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hebb, D.O. (1946). On the nature of fear. Psychological Review, 53, 259–276.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hebb, D.O. (1949). Organization of behavior. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hull, C.L. (1933). Hypnosis and suggestibility: An experimental approach. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Izard, C.E. (1972). Patterns of emotions. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • James, W. (1884). What is emotion? Mind. 19, 188–205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • James, W. (1890). The principles of psychiatry. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Klein, D.F. (1981). Anxiety reconceptualized. In D.F. Klein & J. Rabkin (Eds.), Anxiety: New research and changing concepts. New York: Raven Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lader, M.H., and Wing, L. (1966). Physiological measures, sedative drugs, and morbid anxiety. New York: Oxford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lang, P.J. (1964). Experimental studies of desensitization psychotherapy. In J. Wolpe (Ed.), The conditioning therapies. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lang, P.J. (1968). Fear reduction and fear behavior: Problems in treating a construct. In J.M. Shlien (Ed.), Research in psychotherapy, Vol, III. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 90–103.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Lang, P.J. (1977). Psychophysiological assessment of anxiety and fear. In J.D. Cone & R.P. Hawkins (Eds.), Behavioral assessment: New directions in clinical psychology. New York: Bruner-Mazel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R.S. (1968). Emotions & adaptation: Conceptual & empirical relations. In W.J. Arnold (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation: 1968. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leitenberg, H., Agras, S., Butz, R., & Wincze, J. (1971). Relationships between heart rate and behavior change during the treatment of phobias. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 78, 58–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levi, L. (1975). Emotions: Their parameters and measurement. New York: Raven Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindsley, D.B. (1951). Emotion. In S.S. Stevens (Ed.), Handbook of experimental psychology. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mandler, G. (1975). Mind and emotion. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mandler, G., Mandler, J.M., Kremen, I., & Sholiton, R. (1961). The response to threat: Relations among verbal and physiological indices. Psychological Monographs, 75, Whole No. 513.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mandler, G., Mandler, J.M., & Uviller, E.T. (1958). Autonomic feedback: The perceptions of autonomic activity. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 56, 367–373.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McNair, D.M., & Lorr, M. (1964). An analysis of mood in neurotics. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 69, 620–627.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McNair, D.M., Lorr, M., & Droppleman, L.F. (1971). Manual: Profile of mood states. San Diego, Calif.: Educational and Industrial Testing Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meddis, R. (1972). Bipolar factors in mood adjective checklists. British Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology, 11, 178–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mehrabian, A., & Russell, J.A. (1974). An approach to environmental psychology. Cambridge Mass: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, G.A., Levin, D.N., Kozak, M.J., Cook, E.W., III, McLean, A., & Lang, P.J. (in press). Emotional imagery: Effects of individual differences in perceptual imagery on physiological response. Cognition & Emotion.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nowlis, V., & Nowlis, H.H. (1956). The description and analysis of mood. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 65, 345–355.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Öhman, A. (1979). Fear relevance, autonomic conditioning, and phobias: A laboratory model. In P.O. Sjoden & S. Bates (Eds.), Trends in behavior therapy. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osgood, C, Suci, G., & Tannenbaum, P. (1957). The measurement of meaning. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois.

    Google Scholar 

  • Papez, J.W. (1937). A proposed mechanism of emotion. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 38, 725–743.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rachman, S., & Hodgson, R.I. (1974). Synchrony and desynchrony in fear and avoidance. Behavior Research & Therapy, 12, 311–318.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, R.J., & Weerts, T.C. (1982). Cardiovascular responding during anger and fear imagery. Psychological Reports, 50, 219–230.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Routtenberg, A. (1968). The two-arousal hypothesis: Reticular formation and limbic system. Psychological Review, 75, 51–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, J.A. (1979). Affective space is bipolar. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 37, 345–356.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, J.A. (1980). A circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 6, 1161–1178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, J.A., & Mehrabian, A. (1977). Evidence for a three-factor theory of emotions. Journal of Research in Personality, 11, 273–294.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryman, D.H., Biersner, R.J., & La Rocco, J.M. (1974). Reliabilities and validities of the mood questionnaire. Psychological Reports, 35, 479–484.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sarason, I.G. (1985). Cognitive processes, anxiety, and the treatment of anxiety disorders. In A.H. Tuma & J.D. Maser (Eds.), Anxiety and the anxiety disorders. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Assoc, 87–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sartory, G. (1981). Some psychophysiological issues in behavioral psychotherapy, Behavioral Psychotherapy, 9, 215–230.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sartory, G., Rachman, S.J., & Gray, S. (1977). An investigation of the relation between reported fear and heart rate. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 15, 435–438.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schachter, J. (1957). Pain, fear, and anger in hypertensives and normotensives. Psychosomatic Medicine, 19, 17–28.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schachter, S. (1964). The interaction of cognitive and physiological determinants of emotional state. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, Vol. 1. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaefer, E.S., & Plutchik, R. (1966). Interrelationships of emotions, traits, and diagnostic constructs. Psychological Reports, 18, 399–419.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schlosberg, H. (1952). The description of facial expression in terms of two dimensions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 44, 229–237.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schneiria, T.C. (1959). An evolutionary and developmental theory of bi-phasic processes underlying approach and withdrawal. In M.R. Jones (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium On Motivation. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, G.E., Brown, S.L., & Shern, G.L. (1980). Facial muscle patterning and subjective experience during affective imagery: Sex differences. Psychophysiology, 17, 75–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spielberger, C.D. (1972). Conceptual and methodological issues in anxiety research. In C.D. Spielberger (Ed.), Anxiety: Current trends in theory & research. Vol. II. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spence, J.T., & Spence, K.W. (1966). The motivational components of manifest anxiety: drive and drive stimuli. In C.D. Spielberger (Ed.), Anxiety and behavior. London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sroufe, L.A., Waters, E., & Matas, L. (1974). Contextual determinants of infant affective response. In M. Lewis & L.A. Rosenblum (Eds.), The origins of fear. New York: Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tinbergen, N. (1951). The study of instincts. New York: Oxford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wenger, M.A., Clemens, T.L., Darsie, M.L., Engel, B.T., Estess, F.M., & Sonnenschein, R.R. (1960). Autonomic response patterns during intravenous infusion of epinepherine and norepinepherine. Psychosomatic Medicine, 22, 294–307.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, S., & Wolff, H.G. (1943). Human gastric function. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, S. & Wolff, H.G. (1947). Human gastric function: An experimental study of a man and his stomach. (2nd ed.) New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1988 Kluwer Academic Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lang, P.J. (1988). What are the Data of Emotion?. In: Hamilton, V., Bower, G.H., Frijda, N.H. (eds) Cognitive Perspectives on Emotion and Motivation. NATO ASI Series, vol 44. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2792-6_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2792-6_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-7756-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-2792-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics