Skip to main content

Current Issues and Future Directions in Research into the Stress Process

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Handbook of the Sociology of Mental Health

Part of the book series: Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research ((HSSR))

Abstract

This chapter presents an overview of the stress process, which is the conceptual framework that examines the interrelationships among the stressors to which people might be exposed, and the mediating and moderating conditions that help to regulate the impact of the stressors on various aspects of people’s mental health. Of salient sociological importance, the stress process also takes into account the bearing of status placement on the stressors people experience, the mediating and moderating resources and conditions to which they have access, and the symptoms of mental health they manifest. Over the 30 years since its inception, it has helped to lead researchers to a greater understanding of the connections between mental health and its complex psychosocial causes. Yet, there are many gaps in this understanding, and some of these have been singled out here as promising targets for future research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 299.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Agnew, R. (2002). Experienced, vicarious, and anticipated strain: An exploratory study on physical victimization and delinquency. Justice Quarterly, 19, 603–632.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aneshensel, C. S. (1992). Social stress: Theory and research. Annual Review of Sociology, 18, 15–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aneshensel, C. S. (2002). Theory-based data analysis for the social sciences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aneshensel, C. S. (2005). Research in mental health: Social etiology versus social consequences. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 46, 221–228.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aneshensel, C. S., & Huba, G. J. (1984). An integrative causal model of the antecedents and consequences of depression over one year. In J. R. Greenley (Ed.), Research in community and mental health (Vol. 4, pp. 35–72). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aneshensel, C. S., Rutter, C. M., & Lachenbruch, P. A. (1991). Social structure, stress, and mental health: Competing conceptual and analytical models. American Sociological Review, 56, 166–178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Zur, H. (2002). Coping, affect and aging: The roles of mastery and self-esteem. Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 357–372.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bertera, E. M. (2005). Mental health in U.S. adults: The role of positive social support and social negativity in personal relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 22, 33–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bierman, A., & Pearlin, L. I. (2012). SES, trajectories of physical limitations, and change in depression in late life. Society and Mental Health, 1, 139–152

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Birditt, K. S., Brown, E., Orbuch, T. L., & McIlvane, J. M. (2010). Marital conflict behaviors and implications for divorce over 16 years. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72, 1188–1204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cairney, J., Corna, L. M., Veldhuizen, S., Kurdyak, P., & Streiner, D. L. (2008). The social epidemiology of affective and anxiety disorders in later life in Canada. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 53, 104–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caplan, L. J., & Schooler, C. (2007). Socioeconomic status and financial coping strategies: The mediating role of perceived control. Social Psychology Quarterly, 70, 43–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cobb, S. (1976). Social support as a moderator of life stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 38, 300–314.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conger, K. J., Williams, S. T., Little, W. M., Masyn, K. E., & Shebloski, B. (2009). Development of mastery during adolescence: The role of family problem-solving. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 50, 99–114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1980). An analysis of coping in a middle-aged community sample. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 21, 219–239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gadalla, T. M. (2009). Determinants, correlates and mediators of psychological distress: A longitudinal study. Social Science & Medicine, 68, 2199–2205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gayman, M. D., Turner, R. J., & Cui, M. (2008). Physical limitations and depressive symptoms: Exploring the nature of the association. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 63B, S219–S228.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glavin, P., Schieman, S., & Reid, S. (2011). Boundary-spanning work demands and their consequences for guilt and psychological distress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 52, 43–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gracia, E., & Herrero, J. (2004). Personal and situational determinants of relationship-specific perceptions of social support. Social Behavior and Personality, 32, 459–476.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Green, B. L., & Rodgers, A. (2001). Determinants of social support among low-income mothers: A longitudinal analysis. American Journal of Community Psychology, 29, 419–440.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Green, J. G., McLaughlin, K. A., Berglund, P. A., Gruber, M. J., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., et al. (2010). Childhood adversities and adult psychiatric disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication I: Associations with first onset of DSM-IV disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 113–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horwitz, A. V. (2007). Transforming normality into pathology: The DSM and the outcomes of stressful social arrangements. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 48, 211–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horwitz, A. V., & Wakefield, J. C. (2007). The loss of sadness: How psychiatry transformed normal sorrow into depressive disorder. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horwitz, A. V., Widom, C. S., McLaughlin, J., & White, H. R. (2001). The impact of childhood abuse and neglect on adult mental health: A prospective study. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 42, 184–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • House, J. S., & Kahn, R. L. (1985). Measures and concepts of social support. In S. Cohen & S. L. Syme (Eds.), Social support and health (pp. 83–108). New York: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hyman, H. H. (1953). The value system of different classes: A social psychological contribution to the analysis of stratification. In R. Bendix & S. M. Lipset (Eds.), Class, status, and power: A reader in social stratification (pp. 426–441). New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahn, J. R., & Pearlin, L. I. (2006). Financial strain over the life course and health among older adults. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 47, 17–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, R. C., & McLeod, J. D. (1984). Sex differences in vulnerability to undesirable life events. American Sociological Review, 49, 620–631.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R. S. (1966). Psychological stress and the coping process. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lincoln, K. D. (2008). Personality, negative interactions, and mental health. The Social Service Review, 82, 223–251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McLeod, J. D. (2003). Social aspects of stress: Networks, choices, and values. In S. H. Zarit, L. I. Pearlin, & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Personal control in social and life course contexts (pp. 173–188). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Menaghan, E. G. (1983). Individual coping efforts: Moderators of the relationship between life stress and mental health outcomes. In H. B. Kaplan (Ed.), Psychosocial stress: Trends in theory and research (pp. 157–191). New York: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mensah, F. K., & Hobcraft, J. (2008). Childhood deprivation, health and development: Associations with adult health in the 1958 and 1970 British prospective birth cohort studies. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 62, 599–606.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milkie, M. A., Bierman, A., & Schieman, S. (2008). How adult children influence older parents’ mental health: Integrating stress-process and life-course perspectives. Social Psychology Quarterly, 71, 86–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mirowsky, J., & Ross, C. E. (2002). Measurement for a human science. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43, 152–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newsom, J. T., Nishishiba, M., Morgan, D. L., & Rook, K. S. (2003). The relative importance of three domains of positive and negative social exchanges: A longitudinal model with comparable measures. Psychology and Aging, 18, 746–754.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pearlin, L. I. (1983). Role strains and personal stress. In H. B. Kaplan (Ed.), Psychosocial stress: Trends in theory and research (pp. 3–32). New York: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearlin, L. I. (1988). Social structure and social values: The regulation of structural effects. In H. J. O’Gorman, C. Bay, & C. Bay (Eds.), Surveying social life: Papers in honor of Herbert H. Hyman (pp. 252–264). Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearlin, L. I. (1989). The sociological study of stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 30, 241–256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pearlin, L. I. (1991). The study of coping: An overview of problems and directions. In J. Eckenrode (Ed.), The social context of coping (pp. 261–276). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearlin, L. I. (1999). The stress process revisited: Reflections on concepts and their interrelationships. In C. S. Aneshensel & J. C. Phelan (Eds.), Handbook of the sociology of mental health (pp. 395–415). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearlin, L. I., & Aneshensel, C. S. (1986). Coping and social supports: Their functions and applications. In L. H. Aiken & D. Mechanic (Eds.), Application of social science to clinical medicine and health policy. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearlin, L. I., Aneshensel, C. S., & LeBlanc, A. J. (1997). The forms and mechanisms of stress proliferation: The case of AIDS caregivers. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 38, 223–236.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pearlin, L. I., & Johnson, J. S. (1977). Marital status, life strains and depression. American Sociological Review, 42, 704–715.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pearlin, L. I., & Kohn, M. L. (1966). Social class, occupation, and parental values: A cross-national study. American Sociological Review, 31, 466–479.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pearlin, L. I., & McCall, M. E. (1990). Occupational stress and marital support: A description of microprocesses. In J. Eckenrode & S. Gore (Eds.), Stress between work and family (pp. 39–60). New York: Plenum Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Pearlin, L. I., Menaghan, E. G., Lieberman, M. A., & Mullan, J. T. (1981). The stress process. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 22, 337–356.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pearlin, L. I., Nguyen, K. B., Schieman, S., & Milkie, M. A. (2007). The life-course origins of mastery among older people. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 48, 164–179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pearlin, L. I., & Radabaugh, C. W. (1976). Economic strains and the coping functions of alcohol. The American Journal of Sociology, 82, 652–663.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pearlin, L. I., & Schooler, C. (1978). The structure of coping. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 19, 2–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pearlin, L. I., & Skaff, M. M. (1996). Stress and the life course: A paradigmatic alliance. The Gerontologist, 36, 239–247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pudrovska, T., Schieman, S., Pearlin, L. I., & Nguyen, K. (2005). The sense of mastery as a mediator and moderator in the association between economic hardship and health in late life. Journal of Aging and Health, 17, 634–660.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rook, K. S. (1984). The negative side of social interaction: Impact on psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 1097–1108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, M., & McCullough, B. C. (1981). Mattering: Inferred significance and mental health among adolescents. Research in Community and Mental Health, 2, 161–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross, C. E., & Jang, S. J. (2000). Neighborhood disorder, fear, and mistrust: The buffering role of social ties with neighbors. American Journal of Community Psychology, 28, 401–420.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, C. E., & Mirowsky, J. (1989). Explaining the social patterns of depression: Control and problem-solving–or support and talking? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 30, 206–219.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schieman, S., & Meersman, S. C. (2004). Neighborhood problems and health among older adults: Received and donated social support and the sense of mastery as effect modifiers. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 59, S89–S97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schieman, S., Nguyen, K., & Elliott, D. (2003). Religiosity, socioeconomic status, and the sense of mastery. Social Psychology Quarterly, 66, 202–221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schieman, S., & Plickert, G. (2008). How knowledge is power: Education and the sense of control. Social Forces, 87, 153–183.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simon, R. W. (1997). The meanings individuals attach to role identities and their implications for mental health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 38, 256–274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Springer, K. W., Sheridan, J., Kuo, D., & Carnes, M. (2007). Long-term physical and mental health consequences of childhood physical abuse: Results from a large population-based sample of men and women. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31, 517–530.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Starcke, K., Wolf, O. T., Markowitsch, H. J., & Brand, M. (2008). Anticipatory stress influences decision making under explicit risk conditions. Behavioral Neuroscience, 122, 1352–1360.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stice, E., Ragan, J., & Randall, P. (2004). Prospective relations between social support and depression: Differential direction of effects for parent and peer support? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113, 155–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, J., & Turner, R. J. (2001). A longitudinal study of the role and significance of mattering to others for depressive symptoms. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 42, 310–325.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, S. E., & Stanton, A. L. (2007). Coping resources, coping processes, and mental health. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 3, 377–401.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thoits, P. A. (1982). Conceptual, methodological, and theoretical problems in studying social support as a buffer against life stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 23, 145–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thoits, P. A. (1983). Multiple identities and psychological well-being: A reformulation and test of the social isolation hypothesis. American Sociological Review, 48, 174–187.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thoits, P. A. (2011). Mechanisms linking social ties and support to physical and mental health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 52, 145–161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, R. J. (1981). Social support as a contingency in psychological well-being. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 22, 357–367.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, R. J. (2010). Understanding health disparities: The promise of the stress process model. In W. R. Avison, C. S. Aneshensel, S. Schieman, & B. Wheaton (Eds.), Advances in the conceptualization of the stress process: Essays in honor of Leonard I. Pearlin (pp. 3–21). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, J. E. (2005). Job stress, depression and work-to-family conflict: A test of the strain and buffer hypotheses. Relations Industrielles/Industrial Relations, 60, 510–539.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warner, D. F., & Hayward, M. D. (2006). Early-life origins of the race gap in men’s mortality. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 47, 209–226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wethington, E. (2000). Contagion of stress. Advances in Group Processes, 17, 229–253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wheaton, B. (1994). Sampling the stress universe. In W. R. Avison & I. H. Gotlib (Eds.), Stress and mental health: Contemporary issues and prospects for the future (pp. 77–114). New York: Plenum Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Wheaton, B. (2010). The stress process as a successful paradigm. In W. R. Avison, C. S. Aneshensel, S. Schieman, & B. Wheaton (Eds.), Advances in the conceptualization of the stress process: Essays in honor of Leonard I. Pearlin (pp. 231–252). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wickrama, K. A. S., Conger, R. D., & Abraham, W. T. (2005). Early adversity and later health: The intergenerational transmission of adversity through mental disorder and physical illness. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 60B, S125–S129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wickrama, K. A. S., Conger, R. D., Wallace, L. E., & Elder, G. H., Jr. (2003). Linking early social risks to impaired physical health during the transition to adulthood. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 44, 61–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, K. (2003). Has the future of marriage arrived? A contemporary examination of gender, marriage, and psychological well-being. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 44, 470–487.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, G., & Mossakowski, K. (2009). Fear of job loss: Racial/ethnic differences in privileged occupations. Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race, 6, 357–374.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, Y. (2006). How does functional disability affect depressive symptoms in late life? The role of perceived social support and psychological resources. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 47, 355–372.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zivin, K., Paczkowski, M., & Galea, S. (2011). Economic downturns and population mental health: Research findings, gaps, challenges and priorities. Psychological Medicine, 41, 1343–1348.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Leonard I. Pearlin .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Pearlin, L.I., Bierman, A. (2013). Current Issues and Future Directions in Research into the Stress Process. In: Aneshensel, C.S., Phelan, J.C., Bierman, A. (eds) Handbook of the Sociology of Mental Health. Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4276-5_16

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics