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Autism Spectrum Disorders and Ataxia

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Handbook of the Cerebellum and Cerebellar Disorders

Abstract

Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by pervasive deficits in language, behavior, and cognition. Pathology exists throughout the brains of subjects with autism including the cerebellum. These changes include changes in cerebellar and vermal volume, changes in pyramidal cell density, and changes in gray and white matter. Additionally, a number of brain markers associated with GABAergic function, brain development, inflammation, immune system function, and apoptosis have shown altered expression in the cerebellum of subjects with autism. The initial focus was on the contribution of cerebellar pathology on movement disorder. Over the past 15 years there has been an increased understanding that the cerebellum is involved in emotional processing, cognition, and other higher brain functions, many of which are impaired in autism. Ataxia, or abnormal gait, is often accompanied by degeneration of the cerebellum. Moreover, similar to autism, ataxia is often associated with deficits in executive function, emotional processing, and cognition. The purpose of this chapter is to summarize findings of cerebellar pathology in autism and how cerebellar pathology may contribute to the behavioral and cognitive aspects of autism and ataxia.

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Acknowledgments

Funding from NIH (5R01HD052074-04 and 3R01HD052074-03 S1) to SHF is gratefully acknowledged.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, Division of Neuroscience Research, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St SE, MMC 392, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA

    S. Hossein Fatemi M.D., Ph.D. (Associate Chair for Neuroscience and Translational Research, Professor of Psychiatry, Adjunct Professor of Neuroscience and Pharmacology) & Timothy D. Folsom B.S., M.S (Junior Scientist, Department of Psychiatry)

  2. Departments of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St SE, MMC 392, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA

    S. Hossein Fatemi M.D., Ph.D. (Associate Chair for Neuroscience and Translational Research, Professor of Psychiatry, Adjunct Professor of Neuroscience and Pharmacology)

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  1. S. Hossein Fatemi M.D., Ph.D.
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  2. Timothy D. Folsom B.S., M.S
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Correspondence to S. Hossein Fatemi M.D., Ph.D. .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Unité d'Etude du Mouvement (UEM), FNRS, Neurologie ULB Erasme, Bruxelles, Belgium

    Mario Manto

  2. Ataxia Unit, Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Jeremy D. Schmahmann

  3. Neuroscience Institute of the Cavalieri-Ottolenghi Foundation (NICO), University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy

    Ferdinando Rossi

  4. Molecular and Integrative Neuroscience Department (MIND), The Scripps Research Institute, California, CA, USA

    Donna L. Gruol

  5. Department of Integrative Physiolgy, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan

    Noriyuki Koibuchi

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Fatemi, S.H., Folsom, T.D. (2013). Autism Spectrum Disorders and Ataxia. In: Manto, M., Schmahmann, J.D., Rossi, F., Gruol, D.L., Koibuchi, N. (eds) Handbook of the Cerebellum and Cerebellar Disorders. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1333-8_87

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