Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Gas Embolism

  • Chapter
Handbook on Hyperbaric Medicine

Abstract

Entry of gas into the circulation (gas embolism) is a condition that often occurs in young, healthy individuals, and can cause major neurological morbidity or death. Appropriate treatment of gas embolism can result in an excellent clinical outcome. An understanding of the pathophysiology and principles of treatment are therefore essential for any diving or hyperbaric physician.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Albin MS (1993) Air embolism. Anesthesiol Clin North Am 11: 1–24

    Google Scholar 

  2. Atkinson JR (1963) Experimental air embolism. Northwest Med 62: 699–703

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Baggish MS, Daniell JF (1989) Catastrophic injury secondary to the use of coaxial gas-cooled fibers and artificial sapphire tips for intrauterine surgery: a report of five cases. Lasers Surg Med 9: 581–584

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Balldin UI (1980) Venous gas bubbles while flying with cabin altitudes of airliners or general aviation aircraft 3 hours after diving. Aviat Space Environ Med 51: 649–652

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Bayne CG, Hunt WS, Johanson DC, Flynn ET, Weathersby PK (1985) Doppler bubble detection and decompression sickness: a prospective clinical trial. Undersea Biomed Res 12: 327–332

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Bayne CG, Wurzbacher T (1982) Can pulmonary barotrauma cause cerebral air embolism in a non-diver? Chest 81: 648–650

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Braakman R, Schouten HJA, Dishoeck MB-V, Minderhoud JM (1983) Megadose steroids in severe head injury. Results of a prospective double-blind clinical trial. J Neurosurg 58: 326–330

    Google Scholar 

  8. Bracken MB, Holford TR (1993) Effects of timing of methylprednisolone or naloxone administration on recovery of segmental and long-tract neurological function in NASCIS 2. J Neurosurg 79: 500–507

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Bracken MB, Shepard MJ, Collins WF, Holford TR, Young W, Baskin DS, Eisenberg HM, Flamm E, Leo-Summers L, Maroon J, Marshall LF, Perot PLJ, Piepmeyer J, Sonntag VKH, Wagner FC, Wilberger JE, Winn HR (1990) A randomized, controlled trial of methylprednisolone or naloxone in the treatment of acute spinal-cord injury. Results of the Second National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study. N Engl J Med 322: 1405–1411

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Bunegin L, Albin MS, Helsel PE, Hoffman A, Hung T-K (1981) Positioning the right atrial catheter: a model for reappraisal. Anesthesiology 55: 343–358

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Butler BD, Conkin J, Luehr S (1989) Pulmonary hemodynamics, extravascular lung water and residual gas bubbles following low dose venous gas embolism. Aviat Space Environ Med 60: 1178–1182

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Butler BD, Hills BA (1979) The lung as a filter for microbubbles. J Appl Physiol 47: 537–543

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Butler BD, Hills BA (1985) Transpulmonary passage of venous air emboli. J Appl Physiol 59: 543–547

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Butler BD, Laine GA, Leiman BC, Warters D, Kurusz M, Sutton T, Katz J (1988) Effects of Trendelenburg position on the distribution of arterial air emboli in dogs. Ann Thorac Surg 45: 198–202

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Calder IM (1985) Autopsy and experimental observations on factors leading to pulmonary barotrauma in man. Undersea Biomed Res 12: 165–182

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Chen WJ, Kuan P, Lien WP, Lin FY (1992) Detection of patent foramen ovale by contrast transesophageal echocardiography. Chest 101: 1515–1520

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Clark CC, Weeks DB, Gusdon JP (1977) Venous carbon dioxide embolism during laparoscopy. Anesth Analg 56: 650–652

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Colebatch HJ, Ng CK (1991) Decreased pulmonary distensibility and pulmonary baro-trauma in divers. Respir Physiol 86: 293–303

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Colebatch HJH, Smith MM, Ng CKY (1976) Increased elastic recoil as a determinant of pulmonary barotrauma in divers. Respir Physiol 26: 55–64

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Colley PS, Artru AA (1987) Bunegin-Albin catheter improves air retrieval and resuscitation from lethal venous air embolism in dogs. Anesth Analg 66: 991–994

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Cooper PR, Moody S, Clark WK, Kirkpatrick J, Maravilla K, Gould AL, Drane W (1979) Dexamethasone and severe head injury. A prospective double-blind study. J Neurosurg 51: 307–316

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Cujec B, Polasek P, Mayers I, Johnson D (1994) Positive end-expiratory pressure increases the right-to-left shunt in mechanically ventilated patients with patent foramen ovale. Ann Intern Med 119: 887–894

    Google Scholar 

  23. DAN, 1993 Report on Diving Accidents and Fatalities. ( 1995 ), Divers Alert Network: Durham, NC

    Google Scholar 

  24. De la Torre E, Meredith J, Netsky M (1962) Cerebral air embolism in the dog. Arch Neurol 6: 307–316

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Debatin JF, Moon RE, Spritzer CE, MacFall J, Sostman HD (1992) MRI of absent left pulmonary artery. J Comput Assist Tomogr 16: 641–645

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Dubourg O, Bourdarias JP, Farcot JC, Gueret P, Terdjman M, Ferrier A, Rigaud M, Bardet JC (1984) Contrast echocardiographic visualization of cough-induced right-to-left shunt through a patent foramen ovale. J Am Coll Cardiol 4: 587–594

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Durant TM, Oppenheimer MS, Webster MR, Long J (1949) Arterial air embolism. Am Heart J 38: 481–500

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Dutka AJ (1990) Therapy for dysbaric central nervous system ischemia: adjuncts to recompression. In: Bennett PB, Moon RE (eds), Diving accident management, Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Bethesda, M, pp 222–234

    Google Scholar 

  29. Dutka AJ (1991) Air or gas embolism. In: Camporesi EM, Barker AC (eds), Hyperbaric oxygen therapy: a critical review, Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society: Bethesda, M, pp 1–10

    Google Scholar 

  30. Dutka AJ, Mink R, McDermott J, Clark JB, Hallenbeck JM (1992) Effect of lidocaine on somatosensory evoked response and cerebral blood flow after canine cerebral air embolism. Stroke 23: 1515–1520

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Elliott DH, Harrison JAB, Barnard EEP (1978) Clinical and radiological features of 88 cases of decompression barotrauma. In: Shilling CW, Beckett MW (eds), Underwater Physiology VI. Proceedings of the Sixth Symposium on Underwater Physiology, FASEB: Bethesda, M, pp 527–535

    Google Scholar 

  32. Ence TJ, Gong H, Jr (1979) Adult respiratory distress syndrome after venous air embolism. Am Rev Respir Dis 119: 1033–1037

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Ericsson JA, Gottlieb JD, Sweet RB (1964) Closed-chest cardiac massage in the treatment of venous air embolism. N Engl J Med 270: 1353–1354

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Evans DE, Catron PW, McDermott JJ, Thomas LB, Kobrine AI, Flynn ET (1989) Therapeutic effect of lidocaine in experimental cerebral ischemia induced by air embolism. J Neurosurg 70: 97–102

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Evans DE, Kobrine AI, LeGrys DC, Bradley ME (1984) Protective effect of lidocaine in acute cerebral ischemia induced by air embolism. J Neurosurg 60: 257–263

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Fraker TD Jr (1979) Detection and exclusion of interatrial shunts by two-dimensional echocardiography and peripheral venous injection. Circulation 59: 379–384

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Frances TJR, Dutka AJ (1989) Methylprednisolone in the treatment of acute spinal cord decompression sickness. Undersea Biomed Res 16: 165–174

    Google Scholar 

  38. Fries CC, Levowitz B, Adler S, Cook AW, Karlson KE, Dennis C (1957) Experimental gas embolism. Ann Surg 145: 461–470

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Gorman DF, Browning DM, Parsons DW (1987) Redistribution of cerebral arterial gas emboli: a comparison of treatment regimens. In: Bove AA, Bachrach AJ, Greenbaum LJ Jr, (eds), Underwater and hyperbaric physiology I X. Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Underwater and Hyperbaric Physiology, Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Bethesda, M

    Google Scholar 

  40. Gorman DF, Browning DN (1987) Cerebral vaso-reactivity and arterial gas embolism. Undersea Biomed Res 13: 317–335

    Google Scholar 

  41. Gorman DF, Edmonds CW, Parsons DW, Beran RG, Anderson TA, Green RD, Loxton MJ, Dillon TA (1987) Neurologic sequelae of decompression sickness: a clinical report. In: Bove AA, Bachrach, AJ Greenbaum LJ Jr (eds), Underwater and hyperbaric physiology IX. Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Underwater and Hyperbaric Physiology, Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Bethesda, M, pp 993–998

    Google Scholar 

  42. Greene KM (1978) Causes of death in submarine escape training casualties: analysis of cases and review of the literature. AMTE Physiological Laboratory: Alverstoke, UK

    Google Scholar 

  43. Grulke DC, Hills BA (1978) Experimental cerebral air embolism and its resolution. In: Shilling CW, Beckett MW (eds), Underwater Physiology VI. Proceedings of the Sixth Symposium on Underwater Physiology, FASEB: Bethesda, M, pp 587–594

    Google Scholar 

  44. Gudeman SK, Miller JD, Becker DP (1979) Failure of high-dose steroid therapy to influence intracranial pressure in patients with severe head injury. J Neurosurg 51: 301–306

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Habegger R, Siebenmann R, Kieser C (1989) Lethal air embolism during arthroscopy. A case report. J Bone Joint Surg Br 71: 314–316

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Hallenbeck JM, Leitch DR, Dutka AJ, Greenbaum LJ (1982) The amount of circumscribed brain edema and the degree of postischemic neuronal recovery do not correlate well. Stroke 13: 797–804

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Hallenbeck JM, Leitch DR, Dutka AJ, Greenbaum LJ Jr, McKee AE (1982) Prostaglandin I2, indamethacin and heparin and heparin promote postischemic neuronal recovery in dogs. Ann Neurol 12: 145–156

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Harker CP, Neuman TS, Olson LIC,Tacoby I, Santos A (1993) The roentgenographic findings associated with air embolism in sport scuba divers. J Emerg Med 11: 443–449.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Helps SC, Gorman DF (1991) Air embolism of the brain in rabbits pre-treated with mechlorethamine Stroke 22: 351–354

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Helps SC, Meyer-Witting M, Rilley PL, Gorman DF (1990) Increasing doses of intracarotid air and cerebral blood flow in rabbits. Stroke 21: 1340–1345

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Hills BA, James PB (1991) Microbubble damage to the blood-brain barrier: relevance to decompression sickness. Undersea Biomed Res 18: 111–116

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Hodgson M, Beran RG, Shirtley G (1988) The role of computed tomography in the assessment of neurologic sequelae of decompression sickness. Arch Neurol 45: 1033–1035

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Iwa T, Fell EH, Weinberg MJ (1966) Effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on cerebral air embolism. Dis Chest 50333

    Google Scholar 

  54. Jaffe RA, Pinto FJ, Schnittger I, Brock-Utne JG (1991) Intraoperative ventilator-induced right-to-left intracardiac shunt. Anesthesiology 75: 153–155

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Jaffe RA, Pinto FJ, Schnittger I, Siegel LC, Wranne B, Brock-Utne JG (1992) Aspects of mechanical ventilation affecting interatrial shunt flow during general anesthesia. Anesth Analg 75: 484–488

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Jenkins C, Anderson SD, Wong R, Veale A (1993) Compressed air diving and respiratory disease. A discussion document of the Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand. Med J Aust 158: 275–279

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Kao DK, Tierney DF (1977) Air embolism with positive-pressure ventilation of rats. J Appl Physiol 42: 368–371

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Karson EM, Saltzman D, Davis MR (1984) Pneumomediastinum in pregnancy: two case reports and a review of the literature, pathophysiology and management. Obstet Gynecol 64 (Suppl): 39–43

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Kaufman BS, Kaminsky SJ, Rackow EC, Weil MH (1987) Adult respiratory distress syn- drome following orogenital sex during pregnancy. Crit Care Med 15: 703–704

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Kizer KW (1981) Corticosteroids in treatment of serious decompression sickness. Ann Emerg Med 10: 485–488

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Kizer KW (1981) The role of computed tomography in the management of dysbaric diving accidents. Radiology 140: 705–707

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Lanier WL, Stangland KJ, Scheithauer BW, Milde JH, Mitchenfelder JD (1987) The effect of dextrose solution and head position on neurologic outcome after complete cerebral ischemia in primates: examination of a model. Anesthesiology 66: 39–48

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Leitch DR, Green RD (1985) Additional pressurization for treating nonresponding cases of serious air decompression sickness. Aviat Space Environ Med 56: 1139–1143

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Leitch DR, Green RD (1986) Pulmonary barotrauma in divers and the treatment of cerebral arterial gas embolism. Aviat Space Environ Med 57: 931–938

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Leitch DR, Greenbaum LJ Jr, Hallenbeck JM (1984) Cerebral arterial air embolism. I Is there benefit in beginning HBO treatment at 6 bar? Undersea Biomed Res 11: 221–235

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Leitch DR, Greenbaum LJ Jr, Hallenbeck JM (1984) Cerebral arterial air embolism: II. Effect of pressure and time on cortical evoked potential recovery. Undersea Biomed Res 11: 237–248

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Leitch DR, Greenbaum LJ Jr, Hallenbeck JM (1984) Cerebral arterial air embolism: III. Cerebral blood flow after decompression from various pressure treatments. Undersea Biomed Res 11: 249–263

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Levin HS, Goldstein FC, Norcross K, Amparo EG, Guinto FC, Mader JT (1989) Neurobehavioral and magnetic resonance imaging findings in two cases of decompression sickness. Aviat Space Environ Med 60: 1204–1210

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Liebow AA, Stark JE, Vogel J, Schaefer KE (1959) Intrapulmonary air trapping in submarine escape training casualties. US Armed Forces Med J 10: 265–289

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Lynch PR, Krasner LJ, Vinciguerra T, Shaffer TH (1989) Effects of intravenous perfluorocarbon and oxygen breathing on acute decompression sickness in the hamster. Undersea Biomed Res 16: 275–281

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Macklin MT, Macklin CC (1944) Malignant interstitial emphysema of the lungs and mediastinum as an important occult complication in many respiratory diseases and other conditions: an interpretation of the clinical literature in the light of laboratory experiment. Medicine 23: 281–358

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Malhotra MS, Wright HC (1961) The effects of a raised intrapulmonary pressure on the lungs of fresh unchilled cadavers. J Path Bact 82: 198–202

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Massey EW, Moon RE, Shelton D, Camporesi EM (1990) Hyperbaric oxygen therapy of iatrogenic air embolism. J Hyperb Med 5: 15–21

    Google Scholar 

  74. McDermott JJ, Dutka AJ, Evans DE, Flynn ET (1990) Treatment of experimental cerebral air embolism with lidocaine and hyperbaric oxygen. Undersea Biomed Res 17: 525–534

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Mehlhorn U, Burke EJ, Butler BD, Davis KL, Katz J, Melamed E, Morris WP, Allen SJ (1994) Body position does not affect the hemodynamic response to venous air embolism in dogs. Anesth Analg 79: 734–739

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Meijne NG, Boerema I (1970) Hyperbaric oxygen and its clinical value. Thomas, Springfield, Ill

    Google Scholar 

  77. Mellem H, Emhjellen S, Horgen O (1990) Pulmonary barotrauma and arterial gas embolism caused by an emphysematous bulla in a SCUBA diver. Aviat Space Environ Med 61: 559–562.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Menasché P, Pinard E, Desroches AM, Seylaz J, Laget P, Geyer RP, Piwnica A (1985) Fluorocarbons: a potential treatment of cerebral air embolism in open heart surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 40: 494–497

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Michenfelder JD, Martin JT, Altenburg BM, Rehder K (1969) Air embolism during neurosurgery. An evaluation of right-atrial catheters for diagnosis and treatment. JAMA 208: 1353–1358

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Moon RE, Camporesi EM (1994) Clinical care at altered environmental pressure. In: Miller RD, (ed) Anesthesia, Churchill Livingstone, New York, pp 2277–2305

    Google Scholar 

  81. Moon RE, Gorman DF (1993) Treatment of the decompression disorders. In: Bennett PB, Elliott DH (eds) The physiology and medicine of diving, Saunders: Philadelphia. pp 506–541

    Google Scholar 

  82. Morris WP, Butler BD, Tonnesen AS, Allen SJ (1993) Continuous venous air embolism in patients receiving positive end-expiratory pressure. Am Rev Respir Dis 147: 1034–1037

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Moskop RJ Jr, Lubarsky DA (1994) Carbon dioxide embolism during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. South Med J 87: 414–415

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Navy Department. US Navy diving manual. vol 1: air diving. NAVSEA 0994-LP-001–9110. (1993), Best, Flagstaff, Ariz

    Google Scholar 

  85. Neuman TS, Bove (1990) Combined arterial gas embolism and decompression sickness following no-stop dives. Undersea Biomed Res 17: 429–436

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Neuman TS, Bove AA, O’Connor RD, Kelsen SG (1994) Asthma and diving. Ann Allergy 73: 344–350

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Nishimoto K, Wolman M, Spatz M, Klatzo I (1978) Pathophysiologic correlation in the blood-brain barrier damage due to air embolism. Adv Neurol 22: 237–244

    Google Scholar 

  88. Ohkuda K, Nakahara K, Binder A, Staub NC (1981) Venous air emboli in sheep: reversible increase in lung microvascular permeability. J Appl Physiol 51: 887–894

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Palmer M, Miller CW, Van Way CW III, Orton EC (1993) Venous gas embolism associated with argon-enhanced coagulation of the liver. J Invest Surg 6: 391–399

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Pearson RR, Goad RF (1982) Delayed cerebral edema complicating cerebral arterial gas embolism: Case histories. Undersea Biomed Res 9: 283–296

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Peirce EC, 2nd (1980) Cerebral gas embolism (arterial) with special reference to iatrogenic accidents. HBO Rev 1: 161–184

    Google Scholar 

  92. Pereira P (1993) A fatal case of cerebral artery gas embolism following fine needle biopsy of the lung. Med J Aust 159: 755–757

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Persson LI, Johannsson DB, Hanssen AJ (1978) Ultrastructual studies on blood-brain barriers and dysfunction after cerebral air embolism in the rat. Acta Neuropathol 44: 53–56

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Polak B, Adams H (1932) Traumatic air embolism in submarine escape training. US Navy Med Bull 30: 165–173

    Google Scholar 

  95. Richter A, Tegtmeyer FK, Möller J (1991) Air embolism and pulmonary interstitial emphy- sema in a preterm infant with hyaline membrane disease. Pediatr Radiol 21: 521–522

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Rudge FW (1992) Altitude-induced arterial gas embolism: a case report. Aviat Space Environ Med 63: 203–205

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Russell GB, Snider MT, Richard RB, Loomis JL (1991) Venous air emboli with 15N2: pulmonary excretion and physiologic responses in dogs. Undersea Biomed Res 18: 37–45

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Sato S, Toya S, Ohira T, Mine T, Greig NH (1986) Echocardiographic detection and treatment of intraoperative air embolism. J Neurosurg 64: 440–444

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Savani RC, Merten DF, Brazy JE (1990) Air embolism with survival in a neonate. Pediatr Radiol 20: 480–482

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Schaefer KE, McNulty WPJ, Carey C, Liebow A (1958) Mechanisms in development of interstitial emphysema and air embolism on decompression from depth. J Appl Physio 113: 15–29

    Google Scholar 

  101. Smith RM, Neuman TS (1994) Elevation of serum creatine kinase in divers with arterial gas embolization. N Engl J Med 330: 19–24

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Smith RM, Van Hoesen KB, Neuman TS (1994) Arterial gas embolism and hemoconcentration. J Emerg Med 12: 147–153

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Snyder RW, Michel HS, Christensen GCI (1990) Mediastinal emphysema after sax orgy. N Engl J Med 323: 758–759

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Spencer MP (1976) Decompression limits for compressed air determined by ultrasonically detected bubbles. J Appl Physiol 40: 229–235

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Spiess BD, McCarthy R, Piotrowski D, Ivankovich AD (1986) Protection from venous air embolism with fluorocarbon emulsion FC-43. J Surg Res 41: 439–444

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Spiess BD, McCarthy RJ, Tuman KJ (1988) Treatment of decompression sickness with a perfluorocarbon emulsion (FC-43). Undersea Biomed Res 15: 31–37

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Tuman KJ, Spiess BD, McCarthy RJ, Ivankovich AD (1986) Cardiorespiratory effects of venous air embolism in dogs receiving a perfluorocarbon emulsion. J Neurosurg 65: 238–244

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Ulyatt DB, Judson JA, Trubuhovich RV, Galler LH (1991) Cerebral air embolism associated with coughing on a continuous positive airway pressure circuit. Crit Care Med 19: 985–987

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Van Allen CM, Hrdina LS, Clark J (1929) Air embolism from the pulmonary vein. Arch Surg 19: 567–599

    Article  Google Scholar 

  110. Van Blankenstein JH, Slager CJ, Schuurbiers JC, Strikweida S, Verdouw PD (1993) Heart function after injection of small air bubbles in coronary artery of pigs. J Appl Physiol 75: 1201–1207

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Vik A, Jenssen BM, Brubakk AO (1994) Comparison of haemodynamic effects during venous air infusion and after decompression in pigs. Eur J Appl Physiol 68: 127–133

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Voorhies RM, Fraser RAR (1984) Cerebral air embolism occurring at angiography and diagnosed by computerized tomography. J Neurosurg 60: 177–178

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Waite CL, Mazzone WF, Greenwood ME, Larsen RT (1967) Cerebral air embolism I. Basic studies. US Navy Submarine Research Laboratory, Panama City, Fla

    Google Scholar 

  114. Ward MK, Shadforth M, Hill AVL, Kerr DN (1971) Air embolism during haemodialysis. Br Med J 3: 74–78

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Warren LP, Djang WT, Moon RE, Camporesi EM, Sallee DS, Anthony DC (1988) Neuro-imaging of scuba diving injuries to the CNS. AJNR 9: 933–938

    Google Scholar 

  116. Wolf HK, Moon RE, Mitchell PR, Burger PC (1990) Barotrauma and air embolism in hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 11: 149–153

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Workshop Panel (1990) Final summary of recommendations: Diving Accident Workshop 1990. In: Bennett PB, Moon RE (eds), Diving accident management, Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Bethesda, M, pp 366–369

    Google Scholar 

  118. Yiannikas C, Beran R (1988) Somatosensory evoked potentials, electroencephalography and CT scans in the assessment of the neurological sequelae of decompression sickness. Clin Exp Neurol 25: 91–96

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Zwillich CW, Pierson DJ, Creagh CE, Sutton FD, Schatz E, Petty TL (1974) Complications of mechanical ventilation. A prospective study of 354 episodes. Am J Med 57: 161–170

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Zwirewich CV, Müller NL, Abboud RT, Lepawsky M (1987) Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema caused by decompression sickness: rapid resolution following hyperbaric therapy. Radiology 163: 81–82

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Hyperbaric Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA

    R. E. Moon (Medical Director)

  2. Divers Alert Network, Durham, NC, 27710, USA

    R. E. Moon (Medical Director)

Authors
  1. R. E. Moon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Anaesthesia, Intensive and Hyperbaric Care Department, Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via Riccardo Galeazzi 4, 20161, Milano, Italy

    G. Oriani

  2. Divers Alert Network Europe, Via Puglie 82, 64026, Roseto degli Abruzzi, Italy

    A. Marroni

  3. Service de Réanimation Mèdicale et de Médicine Hyperbare, Hôpital Albert Calmette, Blvd. du Prof. Leclercq, 59037, Lille Cedex, France

    F. Wattel

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1996 Springer-Verlag Italia, Milano

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Moon, R.E. (1996). Gas Embolism. In: Oriani, G., Marroni, A., Wattel, F. (eds) Handbook on Hyperbaric Medicine. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2198-3_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2198-3_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Milano

  • Print ISBN: 978-88-470-2200-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-88-470-2198-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation