Abstract
Scientists and laypersons alike have been fascinated with lying in children since the dawn of developmental psychology (Darwin 1877). This fascination stems from the fact that the seemingly innocent and poorly crafted lies told by children are kaleidoscopes from which one can glean a multitude of information about children’s development including their level of moral development (Praget 1932), their ability to understand of others’ minds (Peskin 1992), personal character and integrity (Hartshorne and May 1928), delinquent tendencies (Stouthamer-Loeber 1986), and credibility as witnesses in legal cases (Bala et al. 2001; Bussey et al. 1993; Goodman et al. 2006, Lyon 2000).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Baddeley AD (1986) Working memory. Claredon Press, Oxford, MA
Bala N, Lee K, Lindsay RCL, Talwar V (2001) A legal & psychological critique of the present approach to the assessment of the competence of child witnesses. Osgoode Hall Law J 38:409–451
Banerjee R, Yuill N (1999) Children’s understanding of self-presentational display rules: Associations with mental understanding. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 17:111–124
Barnes JA (1994) A pack of lies: towards a sociology of lying. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
Batson CD, Thompson ER (2001) Why don’t moral people act morally? Motivational considerations current directions in psychological. Science 10:54–57
Bok S (1978) Lying: moral choice in public and private life. Quartet Books, London
Bond CF Jr, Omar A, Pitre U, Lashley BR, Skaggs LM, Kirk CT (1992) Fishy-looking liars: deception judgement from expectancy violation. J Pers Soc Psychol 63:969–977
Bottoms BL, Goodman GS, Schwartz-Keeney BA, Thomas SN (2002) Understanding children’s use of secrecy in the context of eyewitness reports. Law Hum Behav 26: 285–314
Broomfield KA, Robinson EJ, Robinson WP (2002) Children’s understanding about white lies. Br J Dev Psychol 20:47–65
Bussey K (1992) Lying and truthfulness: children’s definitions, standards, and evaluative reactions. Child Dev 63:129–137
Bussey K (1999) Children’s categorization and evaluation of different types of lies and truths. Child Dev 70:1338–1347
Bussey K, Lee K, Grimbeek EJ (1993) Lies and secrets: implications for children’s reporting of sexual abuse. In: Goodman GS, Bottoms BL (eds) Child victims, child witnesses: understanding and improving testimony. Guildford, New York, pp 147–168
Carlson SM, Moses LJ (2001) Individual differences in inhibitory control and children’s theory of mind. Child Dev 72:1032–1053
Carlson SM, Moses LJ, Breton C (2002) How specific is the relation between executive functioning and theory of mind? Contribution of inhibitory control and working memory. Infant Child Dev 11:73–92
Carlson SM, Moses LJ, Hix HR (1998) The role of inhibitory control in young children’s difficulties with deception and false belief. Child Dev 69:672–691
Chandler M, Fritz AS, Hala S (1989) Small-scale deceit: deception as a marker of two-, three-, and four-year-olds’ early theories of mind. Child Dev 60:1263–1277
Chrisholm RM, Freehan TD (1977) The intent to deceive. J Philos 75:143–59
Cole K, Mitchell P (1998) Family background in relation to deceptive ability and understanding of the mind. Soc Dev 7:181–197
Cole PM (1986) Children’s spontaneous control of facial expression. Child Dev 57: 1309–1321
Coleman L, Kay P (1981) Prototype semantics: the English word lie. Language 1:26–44
Darwin C (1877) A biographical sketch of an infant. Mind 2:285–294
DePaulo BM, Kashy DA (1998) Everyday lies in close and casual relationships. J Pers Soc Psychol 74:63–79
DePaulo BM, Kashy DA, Kirkendol SE, Wyer MM, Epstein JA (1996) Lying in everyday life. J Pers Soc Psychol 70:979–995
Ekman P (1985) Telling lies: clues to deceit in the marketplace, polities, and marriage. W. Norton, New York
Ekman P, O’Sullivan M (1991) Who can catch a liar? Am Psychol 46:913–920
Feldman R, Jenkins L, Popoola O (1979) Detection of deception in adults and children via facial expression. Child Dev 50:350–355
Feldman RS, White JB (1980) Detecting deception in children. J Commun 30:121–128
Fu G, Xu F, Cameron CA, Heyman G, Lee K (2007) Cross-cultural differences in children’s choices, categorizations and evaluations of truths and lies. Dev Psychol 43:278–293
Fu G, Wang L, Evans A, Lee K (in press) Lying in the name of collective good: a developmental study. Dev Sci (in press)
Gervais J, Tremblay RE, Desmarais-Gervais L, Vitaro F (2000) Children’s persistent lying, gender differences, and disruptive behaviours: a longitudinal perspective. Int J Behav Dev 24:213–221
Goodman GS, Myers JEB, Qin J, Quas JA, Castelli P, Redlich AD, Rogers L (2006) Hearsay versus children’s testimony: effects of truthful and deceptive statements on juror’s decisions. Law Hum Behav 30:363–401
Greenglass ER (1972) Effects of age and prior help on “altruistic lying”. J Genet Psychol 121:303–313
Hala S, Hug S, Henderson A (2003) Executive functioning and theory of mind in preschool children: two tasks are harder than one. J Cogn Dev 4:275–298
Hall GS (1891) The psychology of conjuring deception. The American Journal of Psychology 11:439–510
Hartshorne H, May MS (1928) Studies in the nature of character: vol. I. Studies in deceit. Macmillan, New York
Hogrefe GJ, Wimmer H, Perner J (1986) Ignorance versus false belief: a developmental lag in attribution of epistemic states. Child Dev 57:567–582
Hughes C (1998) Finding your marbles: does preschoolers strategic behaviour predict later understanding of mind? Dev Psychol 34:1326–1339
Leach A, Talwar V, Lee K, Bala N, Lindsay RCL (2004) Intuitive lie detection of children’s deception by law enforcement officials and university students. Law Hum Behav 28:661–685
Lee K (2000). The development of lying: how children do deceptive things with words. In: Astington JW (ed) Minds in the making. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 177–196
Lee K, Evans A (in press) Development of social pragmatics of deceptive communication. In: Matsui T (ed) Pragmaties and theory of mind. John Benjamins, New York
Lee K, Cameron CA, Xu F, Fu G, Board J (1997) Chinese and Canadian children’s evaluations of lying and truth-telling. Child Dev 64:924–934
Leekam S (1993). Children’s understanding of mind. In: Bennett M (ed) The development of social cognition: the child as psychologist. Guilford Press, New York, pp 26–61
Lewis M (1993). The development of deception. In: Lewis M, Saarni C (eds) Lying and deception in everyday life. Guilford Press, New York, pp 90–105
Lewis M, Stanger C, Sullivan MW (1989a) Deception in 3-Year-Olds. Dev Psychol 25: 439–443
Lewis M, Sullivan MW, Stanger C, Weiss M (1989b) Self development and self-conscious emotions. Child Dev 60:146–156
Lyon TD (2000) Child witnesses and the oath: empirical evidence. South Calif Law Rev 73:1017–1074
Morency NL, Krauss RM (1982) Children’s nonverbal encoding and decoding affect. In: Feldman RS (ed) Nonverbal communication in children. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp 181–201
Newton P, Reddy V, Bull R (2000) Children’s everyday deception and performance on false-belief tasks Br J Dev Psychol 18:297–317
Oreutt HK, Goodman GS, Tobey AE, Batterman-Faunce JM, Thomas S (2001) Detecting deception in children’s testimony: Factfinders’ abilities to reach the truth in open court and closed-circuit trails. Law Hum Behav 25:339–372
Perner J (1988). Higher-order beliefs and intentions in children’s understanding of social interaction. In: Astington JW, Harris PL, Olson DR (eds) Developing theories of mind. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, NY, pp 271–294
Perner J, Lang B, Kloo D (2002) Theory of mind and self-control: more than a common problem of inhibition. Child Dev 73:752–767
Peskin J (1992) Ruse and representations: on children’s ability to conceal information. Dev Psychol 28:84–89
Peterson CC, Peterson JL, Seeto D (1983) Developmental changes in ideas about lying. Child Dev 54:1529–1535
Piaget J (1932/1963) The moral judgment of the child. Free Press, New York
Pipe M, Wilson JC (1994) Cues and secrets: Influences on children’s event reports. Dev Psychol 30:515–525
Polak A, Harris PL (1999) Deception by young children following noncompliance. Dev Psychol 35, 561–568
Popliger M, Talwar V, Lee K, Xu F, Fu G (2007) The development of white lie-telling among children 3-to 5-years. Presented at Society for Research in Child Development Biennial Meeting, Boston, MA
Saarni C (1979) Children’s understanding of display rules for expressivebehaviour. Dev Psychol 15:424–429
Saarni C (1984) An observational study of children’s attempts to monitor their expressive behaviour. Child Dev 55:1504–1513
Saarni C, von Salisch M (1993), The socialization of emotional dissemblance. In: Lewis M, Saarni C (eds) Lying and deception in everyday life. Guilford Press, New York, pp 106–125
Sabbagh MA, Xu F, Carlson SM, Moses LJ, Lee K (2006) The development of executive functioning and theory of mind. Psychological Science 17:74–81
Sears R, Rau L, Alpert R (1965) Identification and child rearing. John Wiley, New York
Siegal M, Peterson CC (1996) Breaking the mold: a fresh look at children’s understanding of questions about lies and mistakes. Dev Psychol 32:322–334
Siegal M, Peterson CC (1998) Preschooler’s understanding of lies and innocent and negligent mistakes. Dev Psychol 34:332–342
Sodian B (1991) The development of deception in young children. Br J Dev Psychol 9:173–188
Sodian B, Taylor C, Harris P, Perner J (1991) Early deception and the child’s theory of mind: false trails and genuine markers. Child Dev 62:468–483
Stern C, Stern W (1909) The origins of lying and its prevention. Reproduced in: Stern C, Stern W, Lamiell JT (Trans) (1999) Recollection, testimony, and lying in early childhood. American Psychological Association, Washington DC
Stouthamer-Loeber M (1986) Lying as a problem behaviour in children: a review. Clin Psychol Rev 6:267–289
Stouthamer-Loeber M, Loeber R (1986) Boys who lie. J Abnorm Child Psychol 14: 551–564
Sweetser E (1987). The definition of “lie”. An examination of the folk models underlying a semantic prototype. In: Hollard D, Quinn N (eds) Cultural models in language and thought. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp 43–66
Talwar V, Lee K (2002a) Development of lying to conceal a transgression: children’s control of expressive behaviour during verbal deception. Int J Behav Dev 26:436–444
Talwar V, Lee K (2002b) Emergence of white lie-telling in children between 3 and 7 years of age. Merrill-Palmer Quart 48:160–181.
Talwar V, Lee K (2004) Maltreated children’s truth-and lie-telling behaviour, Paper presented at the American Psychological Law Society Annual Conference, Scottsdale, AZ
Talwar V, Lee K (under review) Social and Cognitive correlates of children’s lying behavior, Child Dev
Talwar V, Lee K, Bala N, Lindsay RCL (2002a) Children’s conceptual knowledge of lietelling and its relation to their actual behaviours: implications for court competence examination. Law Hum Behav 26:395–415
Talwar V, Lee K, Murphy S, Griffin K (2002b) Conceptual understanding, theory of mind and executive functioning: Relation to lie-telling behaviour in children. The International Society for behavioural Development Conference
Talwar V, Murphy S, Samonte S (2002c) Family correlates to children’s lie-telling behaviour. Poster presented at the International Society for behavioural Development Conference, Ottawa, ON
Talwar V, Lee K, Bala N, Lindsay RCL (2004) Children’s lie-telling to conceal a parent’s transgression: legal implications. Law Hum Behav 28:411–435
Talwar V, Gordon H, Lee K (2007a) Lying in the elementary school: verbal deception and its relation to second-order belief understanding. Dev Psychol 43:804–810
Talwar V, Murphy S, Lee K (2007b) White lie-telling in children, Int J Behav Dev 31:1–11
Vrij A (2002) Telling and deteeting lies. In: Brace N, Westcott HL (eds) Applying psychology. Open University, Milton Keynes, pp 179–241
Wellman HM, Cross D, Watson J (2001) Meta-analysis of theory-of-mind development: the truth about false belief. Child Dev 72:655–584
Welsh MC, Pennington BF (1988) Assessing frontal lobe functioning in children: views from developmental psychology. Dev Neuropsychol 4:131–149
Welsh MC, Pennington BF, Groisser DB (1991) A normative-developmental study of executive function: a window on prefrontal function in children. Dev Neuropsychol 7:131–149
Wilson AE, Smith MD, Ross HD (2003) The nature and effects of young children’s lies. Soc Dev 12:21–45
Wilson JC, Pipe M (1995) Children’s disclosure of secrets: Implications for interviewing. In: Davies G, Lloyd-Bostock S, McCann M, Wilson C (eds) Psychology, Law and Criminal Justice, International Developments in Research and Practice, Waller de Gruyter, Berlin, pp 181–187
Xu F, Lee K (2007) Promoting honesty. Presented at the Society for Research in Child Development Biennial Meeting, Boston, MA
Xu F, Bao X, Talwar V, Lee K (under review) Prosocial lying in children: from concept to action Dev Psychol
Zelazo PD, Muller U (2002). Executive function in typical and atypical development. In: Goswami U (ed) Blackwell handbook of childhood cognitive development. Blackwell Publishers, Malden, MA, pp 445–470
Zelazo PD, Carter A, Reznick JS, Frye D (1997) Early development of executive function: a problem-solving framework. Rev Gen Psychol 1:1–29
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Talwar, V., Lee, K. (2008). Little Liars: Origins of Verbal Deception in Children. In: Itakura, S., Fujita, K. (eds) Origins of the Social Mind. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-75179-3_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-75179-3_8
Publisher Name: Springer, Tokyo
Print ISBN: 978-4-431-75178-6
Online ISBN: 978-4-431-75179-3
eBook Packages: Behavioral ScienceBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)