Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Spezifische Phobien

  • Chapter
Book cover Lehrbuch der Verhaltenstherapie

Zusammenfassung

Die spezifischen Phobien sind seit den 60er Jahren in der wissenschaftlichen Literatur als eigenständiges Krankheitsbild anerkannt. Marks (1969) beschrieb in seinem klassischen Lehrbuch vier Kategorien von Phobien: Agoraphobie, Sozialphobie, Tierphobien und verschiedene spezifische Phobien. Die letzten beiden Kategorien wurden im DSM-III (APA, 1980) und DSM-III-R (APA, 1987) zu einer Kategorie, den einfachen Phobien, zusammengefaßt. Da allerdings das Wort »einfach« zu dem falschen Eindruck führen könnte, daß diese Phobien definitionsgemäß einfach zu behandeln seien, wurde die Bezeichnung im DSM-IV (APA, 1994) in »spezifische« Phobie geändert.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Literatur

  • Agras, W. S., Sylvester, D. & Oliveau, D. (1969). The epidemiology of common fears and phobias. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 10, 151–156.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., DSM-III). Washington/DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.-Revised, DSM-III-R9). Washington/DC: Author. [dt. Übersetzung: Saß, H., Wittchen, H. U. & Zaudig, M. (1996). Diagnostisches und statistisches Manual psychischer Störungen (DSM-IV). Göttingen: Hogrefe].

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., DSM- IV). Washington/DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arntz, A. & Lavy, E. (1993). Does Stimulus elaboration potentiate exposure in vivo treatment? Two forms of one- session treatment of spider phobia. Behavioural Psychotherapy, 21, 1–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, B. L., Cohen, D. C. & Saunders, T. J. (1973). Self- directed desensitisation for acrophobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 11, 79–89.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. & Barab, P. G. (1973). Processes governing disinhibitory effects through symbolic modelling. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 82, 1–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A., Blanchard, E. B. & Ritter, B. (1969). Relative efficacy of densitisation and modelling approaches for inducing behavioral, affective, and attitudinal changes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 13, 173–199.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A., Jeffery, R. W. & Wright, C. L. (1974). Efficacy of participant modelling as a function of response aids. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 83, 56–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A., leffery, R. W & Gajdos, E. (1975). Generalizing change through participant modelling with self-directed mastery. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 13, 141–152.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A., Adams, N. E. & Beyer, J. (1977). Cognitive processes mediating behavioral change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 125–139.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A., Adams, N. E., Hardy, A. B. & Howells, G. N. (1980). Tests of generality of self-efficacy theory. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 4, 39–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A., Reese, L. & Adams, N. E. (1982). Microanalysis of action and fear arousal as a function of differential levels of perceived self-efficacy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 5–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barrera Jr., M. & Rosen, G. M. (1977). Detrimental effects of a self-reward contracting program of subjects’ involvement in self-administered desensitisation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 45, 1180–1181.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beckham, J. C, Vrana, S. R., May, J. G., Gustafson, D. J. & Smith, G. R. (1990). Emotional processing and fear measurement synchrony as indicators of treatment outcome in fear of flying. Journal of Behaviour Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 21, 153–162.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berggren, U. (1986). Long-term effects of two different treatments for dental fear and avoidance. Journal of Dental Research, 65, 874–876.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berggren, U. & Carlsson, S. (1984). A psychophysiological therapy for dental fear. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 22, 487–492.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berggren, U. & Linde, A. (1984). Dental fear and avoidance: A comparison of two modes of treatment. Journal of Dental Research, 63, 1223–1227.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, D. A. & Kleinknecht, R. A. (1982). Multiple approaches to the reduction of dental fear. Journal of Behaviour Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 13, 287–292.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biran, M. & Wilson, G. T. (1981). Treatment of phobic disorders using cognitive and exposure methods: a self-efficacy analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 49, 886–899.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bland, R. C, Orn, H. & Newman, S. C. (1988a). Lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Edmonton. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 77 [Suppl. 338], 24–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bland, R. C, Newman, S. C. & Orn, H. (1988b). Period prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Edmonton. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 77 [Suppl. 338], 33–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bourdon, K. H., Boyd, J. H., Rae, D. S., Burns, B. J., Thompson, J. W. & Locke, B. Z. (1988). Gender differences in phobias — results of the ECA community survey. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 2, 227–241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Booth, R. & Rachman, S. (1992). The reduction of claustrophobia — I. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 30, 207–221.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bourque, R & Ladouceur, R. (1980). An investigation of various performance based treatments with acrophobics. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 18, 161–170.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, J. H., Rae, D. S., Thompson, J. W, Burns, B. J., Bourdon, K. H., Locke, B. Z. & Regier, D. A. (1990). Phobia: prevalence and risk factors. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 25, 314–323.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Canino, G. J., Bird, H. R., Shrout, P. E. et al. (1987). The prevalence of specific psychiatric disorders in Puerto Rico. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 727–735.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, D. C. (1977). Comparison of self-report and overt- behavioral procedures for assessing acrophobia. Behaviour Therapy, 8, 17–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Costello, C. G. (1982). Fears and phobias in women: a community study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 91, 280–286.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Denholtz, M. S. & Mann, E. T. (1975). An automated audiovisual treatment of phobias administered by non-professionals. Journal of Behaviour Therapy & Experimental Psychiatry, 6, 111–115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Denholtz, M. S., Hall, L. A. & Mann, E. (1978). Automated treatment for flight phobia: a 3.5-year follow-up. American Journal of Psychiatry, 135, 1340–1343.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ekeberg, O., Seeberg, I. & Ellertsen, B. B. (1989). The prevalence of flight anxiety in Norway. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 43, 443–448.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emmelkamp, P. M. G. & Feiten, M. (1985). The process of exposure in vivo: cognitive and physiological changes during treatment of acrophobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 23, 219–223.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freidson, E. & Feldman, J. J. (1958). The public looks at dental care. Journal of American Dental Association, 57, 325–330.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gatchel, R. J. (1980). Effectiveness of two procedures for reducing dental fear: Group-administered desensitisation and group education and discussion. Journal of American Dental Association, 101, 634–637.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gauthier, J., Savard, E, Halle, J.-P. & Dufour, L. (1985). Flooding and coping skills training in the management of dental fear. Scandinavian Journal of Behaviour Therapy, 14, 3–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Getka, E. J. & Glass, C. R. (1992). Behavioral and cognitive- behavioral approaches to the reduction of dental anxiety. Behaviour Therapy, 23, 433–448.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, J. A., Berggren, U. & Carlsson, S. G. (1989). Treatment of dental fear: Systematic desensitisation or coping? Behavioural Psychotherapy, 17, 125–133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Håkansson, J. (1978). Dental care habits, attitudes towards dental health and dental status among 20–60-year-old individuals in Sweden. Dissertation, University of Lund, Sweden.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hällström, T. & Hailing, A. (1984). Prevalence of dentistry phobia and its relation to missing teeth, alveolar bone loss and dental care habits in an urban community sample. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 70, 438–446.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haug, T., Brenne, L., Johnsen, B. H., Berntzen, D., Götestam, K.-G. & Haugdahl, K. (1987). A three-systems analysis of fear of flying: A comparison of a consonant vs a nonconsonant treatment method. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 25, 187–194.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hellström, K. & Öst, L.-G. (1995). One-session therapist directed exposure vs. two forms of manual directed self- exposure in the treatment of spider phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hellström, K., Fellenius, J. & Öst, L.-G. (1996). One vs. five sessions of applied tension in the treatment of blood phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34, 101–112.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Howard, W. A., Murphy, S. M. & Clarke, J. C. (1983). The nature and treatment of fear of flying: a controlled investigation. Behaviour Therapy, 14, 557–567.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson, N. S., Follette, W. C. & Revenstorf, D. (1984). Psychotherapy outcome research: methods for reporting variability and evaluating clinical significance. Behaviour Therapy, 15, 336–352.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jerremalm, A., Jansson, L. & Öst, L.-G. (1986). Individual response patterns and the effects of different behavioral methods in the treatment of dental phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 24, 587–596.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katz, R. C., Stout, A., Taylor, C. B., Horne, M. & Agras, W. S. (1983). The contribution of arousal and performance in reducing spider avoidance. Behavioural Psychotherapy, 11, 127–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirkpatrick, D. R. (1984). Age, gender, and patterns of common intense fears among adults. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 22, 141–150.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ladouceur, R. (1983). Participant modelling with or without cognitive treatment for phobias. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 942–944.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leitenberg, H. & Callahan, E. J. (1983). Reinforced practice and reductions of different kinds of fears in adults and children. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 11, 19–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, W. L. (1985). The effects of variable exposure in flooding therapy. Behaviour Therapy, 16, 117–135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marks, I. M. (1969). Fears and phobias. London: Heineman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mathews, A. & Rezin, V. (1977). Treatment of dental fears by imaginai flooding and rehearsal of coping behaviour. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 15, 321–338.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, M. P., Murphy, R J. & Miller, T. R (1978). Comparison of electromyographic feedback and progressive relaxation training in treating circumscribed anxiety stress reactions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46, 1291–1298.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, R. (1991). Dental fear treatment: comparison of a video training procedure and clinical rehearsals. Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research, 99, 229–235.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, R., Brodsgaard, I., Berggren, U. & Carlsson, S. G. (1991). Generalisation effects of dental fear treatment in a self-referred population of odontophobics. Journal of Behaviour Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 22, 243–253.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morris, R. J. & McGrath, K. H. (1979). Contribution of therapist warmth to the contact desensitisation treatment of acrophobia. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 47, 786–788.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moses III, A. N. & Hollandsworth Jr., J. G. (1985). Relative effectiveness of education alone vs. stress inoculation training in the treatment of dental phobia. Behaviour Therapy, 16, 531–537.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Myers, J. K., Weissman, M. M., Tischler, G. L. et al. (1984). Six-month prevalence of psychiatric disorders in three communities. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 959–967.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ning, L. & Liddell, A. (1991). The effect of concordance in the treatment of clients with dental anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 29, 315–322.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nordlund, C. L. (1983). A questionnaire study of Swede’s fear of flying. Scandinavian Journal of Behaviour Therapy, 12, 150–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oakley-Browne, M. A., Joyce, R R., Wells, E., Bushnell, J. A. & Hornblow, A. R. (1989). Christchurch psychiatric epidemiology study, part II: Six month and other period prevalences of specific psychiatric disorders. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 23, 327–340.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Öst, L.-G. (1978). Fading vs. systematic desensitisation in the treatment of snake and spider phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 16, 379–389.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Öst, L.-G. (1989a). One-session treatment for specific phobias. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 27, 1–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Öst, L.-G. (1989 b). A maintenance program for behavioral treatment of anxiety disorders. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 27, 123–130.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Öst, L.-G. (1992). Blood and injection phobia: Background, cognitive, physiological, and behavioral variables. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 68–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Öst, L.-G. & Sterner, U. (1987). Applied tension: a specific behavioral method for treatment of blood phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 25, 25–29.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Öst, L.-G., Johansson, J. & Jerremalm, A. (1982). Individual response patterns and the effects of different behavioral methods in the treatment of claustrophobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 20, 445–460.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Öst, L.-G., Lindahl, I.-L., Sterner, U. & Jerremalm, A. (1984). Exposure in vivo vs applied relaxation in the treatment of blood phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 22, 205–216.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Öst, L.-G., Sterner, U. & Lindahl, I.-L. (1984b). Physiological responses in blood phobics. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 22, 109–117.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Öst, L.-G., Sterner, U. & Fellenius, J. (1989). Applied tension, applied relaxation, and the combination in the treatment of blood phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 27, 109–121.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Öst, L.-G., Salkovskis, P. M. & Hellström, K. (1991a). One- session therapist-directed exposure vs self-exposure in the treatment of spider phobia. Behaviour Therapy, 22, 407–422.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Öst, L.-G., Fellenius, J. & Sterner, U. (1991b). Applied tension, exposure in vivo, and tension-only in the treatment of blood phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 29, 561–574.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Öst, L.-G., Hellström, K. & Kåver, A. (1992). One vs. five sessions of exposure in the treatment of injection phobia. Behaviour Therapy, 23, 263–282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pendleton, M. G. & Higgins, R.L. (1983). A comparison of negative practice and systematic desensitisation in the treatment of acrophobia. Journal of Behaviour Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 14, 317–323.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rachman, S. J. (1990). Fear and courage. New York: WH Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ritter, B. (1969 a). Treatment of acrophobia with contact desensitisation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 7, 41–45.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ritter, B. (1969b). The use of contact desensitisation, demonstration-plus-participation and demonstration-alone in the treatment of acrophobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 7, 157–164.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robins, L. N. & Regier, D. A. (1991). Psychiatric Disorders in America: The Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study. New York: The Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robins, L. N., Heizer, J. E., Weissman, M. M. et al. (1984). Lifetime prevalence of specific psychiatric disorders in three sites. Archives of General Psychiatric, 41, 949–958.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, G. M., Glasgow, R. E. & Barrera Jr., M. (1976). A controlled study of assess the clinical efficacy of totally self-administered systematic desensitisation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 44, 208–217.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, G. M., Glasgow, R. E. & Barrera Jr., M. (1977). A two-year follow-up on systematic desensitisation with data pertaining to the external validity of laboratory fear assessment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 45, 1188–1189.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, D. W., Thoresen, C. E. (1974). Effects of modelling and desensitisation in reducing dentist phobia. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 21, 415–420.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Solyom, L., Shugar, R., Bryntwick, S. & Solyom, C. (1973). Treatment of fear of flying. American Journal of Psychiatry, 130, 423–427.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whitehead, W. E., Robinson, A., Blackwell, B. & Stutz, R. M. (1978). Flooding treatment of phobias: Does chronic diazepam increase effectiveness? Journal of Behaviour Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 9, 219–225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, S. L., Dooseman, G. & Kleifeld, E. (1984). Comparative effectiveness of guided mastery and exposure treatments for intractable phobias. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52, 505–518.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, S. L., Turner, S. M. & Peer, D. F. (1985). Guided mastery and performance desensitisation treatments for severe acrophobia. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 237–247.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wittchen, H.-U. (1986). Epidemiology of panic attacks and panic disorders. In I. Hand & H.-U. Wittchen (Eds.), Panic and phobias, Vol. 1. Berlin: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wroblewski, P. E, Jacob, T. & Rehm, L. P. (1978). The contribution of relaxation to symbolic modelling in the modification of dental fears. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 15, 113–117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Lars-Göran Öst
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie, Psychologisches Institut der Universität Basel und Psychiatrische Universitätsklinik Basel, Wilhelm-Klein-Str. 27, 4025, Basel, Schweiz

    Jürgen Margraf

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2000 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Öst, LG. (2000). Spezifische Phobien. In: Margraf, J. (eds) Lehrbuch der Verhaltenstherapie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-08348-2_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-08348-2_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-08349-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-08348-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation