Skip to main content

Religious Cognitions and Well-Being: A Meaning Perspective

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

The vast majority of research on the topic of religion and well-being has focused on behaviors (e.g., service attendance, prayer), motivation (e.g., intrinsic religiousness), or inner experiences (e.g., transcendence). Instead, the present chapter focuses on the important and understudied intersection of religious beliefs and well-being. First, religious beliefs are defined and described as a central feature of meaning making systems. The relevant literature linking religious beliefs and well-being is reviewed and limitations of current research are discussed. A more comprehensive model is then proposed. Directions for future research conclude this chapter.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Altemeyer, B., & Hunsberger, B. (1992). Authoritarianism, religious fundamentalism, quest, and prejudice. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 2, 113–133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, J. L. (2013). Exploring religion’s basement: The cognitive science of religion. In R. F. Paloutzian & C. L. Park (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality (2nd ed., pp. 234–255). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, J. L., & Lanman, J. A. (2008). The science of religious beliefs. Religion, 38, 109–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blaine, B., & Crocker, J. (1995). Religiousness, race, and psychological well-being: Exploring social psychological mediators. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 1031–1041.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bradshaw, M., Ellison, C. G., & Flannelly, K. J. (2008). Prayer, God imagery, and symptoms of psychopathology. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 47, 644–659.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carlucci, L., Tommasi, M., Balsamo, M., Furnham, A., & Saggino, A. (2015). Religious fundamentalism and psychological well-being: An Italian study. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 43, 23–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carone, D. A., & Barone, D. F. (2001). A social cognitive perspective on religious beliefs: Their functions and impact on coping and psychotherapy. Clinical Psychology Review, 21, 989–1003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chaiwutikornwanich, A. (2014). Belief in the afterlife, death anxiety, and life satisfaction of Buddhists and Christians in Thailand: Comparisons between different religiosity. Social Indicators Research, 124, 1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, A. B., & Hall, D. E. (2009). Existential beliefs, social satisfaction, and well-being among Catholic, Jewish, and Protestant older adults. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 19, 39–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, A. B., Pierce, J. D., Chambers, J., Meade, R., Gorvine, B. J., & Koenig, H. G. (2005). Intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity, belief in the afterlife, death anxiety, and life satisfaction in young Catholics and Protestants. Journal of Research in Personality, 39, 307–324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Colzato, L. S., van Beest, I., van den Wildenberg, W. P. M., Scorolli, C., Dorchin, S., Meiran, N., et al. (2010). God: Do I have your attention? Cognition, 117, 87–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dezutter, J., Luyckx, K., Schaap-Jonker, H., Büssing, A., Corveleyn, J., & Hutsebaut, D. (2010). God image and happiness in chronic pain patients: The mediating role of disease interpretation. Pain Medicine, 11, 765–773.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diener, E., & Clifton, D. (2002). Life satisfaction and religiosity in broad probability samples. Psychological Inquiry, 13, 206–209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellison, C. G., Boardman, J. D., Williams, D. R., & Jackson, J. S. (2001). Religious involvement, stress, and mental health: Findings from the 1995 Detroit Area Study. Social Forces, 80, 215–249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ellison, C. G., Burdette, A. M., & Hill, T. D. (2009). Blessed assurance: Religion, anxiety, and tranquility among US adults. Social Science Research, 38, 656–667.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fetzer/NIA. (1999). Religiousness/spirituality for use in health research: A report of the Fetzer Institute/National Institute on aging working group. (pp 31-33). Kalamazoo, MI: Fetzer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finocchario-Kessler, S., Catley, D., Berkley-Patton, J., Gerkovich, M., Williams, K., Banderas, J., & Goggin, K. (2011). Baseline predictors of ninety percent or higher antiretroviral therapy adherence in a diverse urban sample: The role of patient autonomy and fatalistic religious beliefs. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 25, 103–111.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Francis, L. J., & Kaldor, P. (2002). The relationship between psychological well-being and Christian faith and practice in an Australian population sample. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 41, 179–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galen, L. (2015). Atheism, wellbeing, and the wager: Why not believing in God (with others) is good for you. Science, Religion and Culture, 2, 54–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galen, L. W., & Kloet, J. D. (2011). Mental well-being in the religious and the non-religious: Evidence for a curvilinear relationship. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 14, 673–689.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gall, T. L., Miguez de Renart, R. M., & Boonstra, B. (2000). Religious resources in long-term adjustment to breast cancer. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 18, 21–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gallup. (2009). Religion. Retrieved from http://www.gallup.com/poll/1690/Religion.aspx

  • Genia, V. (1996). I, E, quest, and fundamentalism as predictors of psychological and spiritual well-being. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 56–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hackett, C., Grim, B., Stonawski, M., Skirbekk, V., Potancokova, M., & Abel, G. (2012). The global religious landscape: A report on the size and distribution of the world’s major religious groups as of 2010. Retrieved 1/1/2016 from http://www.pewforum.org/global-religious-landscape.aspx

  • Hale-Smith, A., Park, C. L., & Edmondson, D. (2012). Measuring religious beliefs about suffering: Development of the views of suffering scale. Psychological Assessment, 24, 855–866.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hank, K., & Schaan, B. (2008). Cross-national variations in the correlation between frequency of prayer and health among older Europeans. Research on Aging, 30, 36–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harris Interactive. (2005, December 14). The religious and other beliefs of Americans 2005. Retrieved from http://www.harrisinteractive.com/harris_poll/index.asp?PID=618

  • Harris Interactive. (2008, December 10). More Americans believe in the devil, hell and angels than in Darwin’s theory of evolution. Retrieved from http://www.harrisinteractive.com/harris_poll/index.asp?PID=982

  • Hill, P. C. (2005). Measurement in the psychology of religion and spirituality: Current status and evaluation. In R. F. Paloutzian & C. L. Park (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality (pp. 43–61). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hood, R. W., Hill, P. C., & Spilka, B. (2009). The psychology of religion: An empirical approach (4th ed.). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Idler, E. (1999). Beliefs. Religiousness/spirituality for use in health research: A report of the Fetzer Institute/National Institute on aging working group (pp. 31–33). Kalamazoo, MI: Fetzer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Imamura, Y., Mizoguchi, Y., Nabeta, H., Matsushima, J., Watanabe, I., Kojima, N., et al. (2015). Belief in life after death, salivary 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol, and well-being among older people without cognitive impairment dwelling in rural Japan. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 30, 256–264.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jervis, R. (2006). Understanding beliefs. Political Psychology, 27, 641–663.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jung, J. H. (2015). Sense of divine involvement and sense of meaning in life: Religious tradition as a contingency. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 54, 119–133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koenig, H. G., King, D. A., & Carson, V. B. (2012). Handbook of religion and health (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krause, N., Liang, J., Shaw, B. A., Sugisawa, H., Kim, H. K., & Sugihara, Y. (2002). Religion, death of a loved one, and hypertension among older adults in Japan. Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 57, 96–107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, B. Y., & Newberg, A. B. (2005). Religion and health: A review and critical analysis. Zygon, 40, 443–468.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loewenthal, K. M., MacLeod, A. K., Goldblatt IV, V., Lubitsh, G., & Valentine, J. D. (2000). Comfort and joy? Religion, cognition, and mood in Protestants and Jews under stress. Cognition & Emotion, 14, 355–374.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Macavei, B., & Miclea, M. (2008). An empirical investigation of the relationship between religious beliefs, irrational beliefs, and negative emotions. Journal of Cognitive and Behavioral Psychotherapies, 8, 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moreira-Almeida, A., Lotufo Neto, F., & Koenig, H. G. (2006). Religiousness and mental health: A review. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 28(3), 242–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Opinion Research Center (2008). http://www.norc.org/NewsEventsPublications/PressReleases/Pages/international-perspectives-on-theism.aspx

  • Nell, W. (2014). Exploring the relationship between religious fundamentalism, life satisfaction, and meaning in life. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 24, 159–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newton, T., & McIntosh, D. N. (2013). Unique contributions of religion to meaning. In J. A. Hicks & C. Routledge (Eds.), The experience of meaning in life (pp. 257–269). Springer Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osarchuk, M., & Tatz, S. J. (1973). Effect of induced fear of death on belief in afterlife. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 27, 256–260.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ozorak, E. W. (2005). Cognitive approaches to religion. In R. F. Paloutzian & C. L. Park (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality (pp. 216–234). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Park, C. L. (2005). Religion as a meaning-making framework in coping with life stress. Journal of Social Issues, 61, 707–729.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park, C. L. (2010). Making sense of the meaning literature: An integrative review of meaning making and its effects on adjustment to stressful life events. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 257–301.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Park, C. L. (2012a). Meaning, spirituality, and growth: Protective and resilience factors in health and illness. In A. S. Baum, T. A. Revenson, & J. E. Singer (Eds.), Handbook of health psychology (2nd ed., pp. 405–430). New York: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Park, C. L. (2012b). Attending to the construct of beliefs in research on religion/spirituality and health: Commentary on beyond belief. Journal of Health Psychology, 17, 969–973.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Park, C. L. (2013). Religion and meaning. In R. F. Paloutzian & C. L. Park (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality (2nd ed., pp. 357–379). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Park, C. L., & Folkman, S. (1997). The role of meaning in the context of stress and coping. Review of General Psychology, 1, 115–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park, C. L., & Gutierrez, I. (2013). Global and situational meaning in the context of trauma: Relations with psychological well-being. Counseling Psychology Quarterly, 26, 8–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park, C. L., Lim, H., Newlon, M., Suresh, D. P., & Bliss, D. (2014). Dimensions of religiousness and spirituality as predictors of well-being in advanced CHF patients. Religion and Health, 53, 579–590.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pew Forum on Religious and Public Life. (2009, October 3). U.S. religious landscape survey. Retrieved from http://religions.pewforum.org/reports#

  • Poloma, M. M., & Pendleton, B. F. (1990). Religious domains and general well-being. Social Indicators Research, 22, 255–276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosmarin, D. H., Bigda-Peyton, J. S., Kertz, S. J., Smith, N., Rauch, S. L., & Björgvinsson, T. (2013). A test of faith in God and treatment: The relationship of belief in God to psychiatric treatment outcomes. Journal of Affective Disorders, 146, 441–446.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salsman, J. M., Fitchett, G., Merluzzi, T. V., Sherman, A. C., & Park, C. L. (2015). Religion, spirituality, and health outcomes in cancer: A case for a meta-analytic investigation. Cancer, 121, 3754–3759.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sanderson, S. K. (2008). Adaptation, evolution, and religion. Religion, 38, 114–156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schieman, S., Bierman, A., & Ellison, C. G. (2010). Religious involvement, beliefs about God, and the sense of mattering among older adults. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 49, 517–535.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silberman, I. (2005). Religion as a meaning system: Implications for the new millennium. Journal of Social Issues, 61, 641–663.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slattery, J. M., & Park, C. L. (2012). Religious and spiritual beliefs in psychotherapy: A meaning perspective. In J. Aten, K. O’Grady, & E. V. Worthington (Eds.), The psychology of religion and spirituality for clinicians: Using research in your practice (pp. 189–215). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stark, R., & Glock, C. Y. (1968). American piety. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stroope, S., Draper, S., & Whitehead, A. L. (2013). Images of a loving God and sense of meaning in life. Social Indicators Research, 111, 25–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vilchinsky, N., & Kravetz, S. (2005). How are religious belief and behavior good for you? An investigation of mediators relating religion to mental health in a sample of Israeli Jewish students. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 44, 459–471.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vishkin, A., Bigman, Y. E., Porat, R., Solak, N., Halperin, E., & Tamir, M. (2016). God rest our hearts: Religiosity and cognitive reappraisal. Emotion, 16, 252–262.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiegand, K. E., & Weiss, H. M. (2006). Affective reactions to the thought of “God”: Moderating effects of image of God. Journal of Happiness Studies, 7, 23–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, D. R., & Sternthal, M. J. (2007). Spirituality, religion and health: evidence and research directions. Medical Journal of Australia, 186, S47–S50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wong-McDonald, A., & Gorsuch, R. L. (2004). A multivariate theory of God concept, religious motivation, locus of control, coping, and spiritual well-being. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 32, 318–334.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zahl, B. P., & Gibson, N. J. (2012). God representations, attachment to God, and satisfaction with life: A comparison of doctrinal and experiential representations of God in Christian young adults. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 22, 216–230.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zuckerman, P. (2009). Atheism, secularity, and well-being: How the findings of social science counter negative stereotypes and assumptions. Sociology Compass, 3, 949–971.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Crystal L. Park .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Park, C.L. (2017). Religious Cognitions and Well-Being: A Meaning Perspective. In: Robinson, M., Eid, M. (eds) The Happy Mind: Cognitive Contributions to Well-Being. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58763-9_24

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics