Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Proactive and Reactive Aggression

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Book cover Encyclopedia of Adolescence

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Arsenio, W. F., Adams, E., & Gold, J. (2009). Social information processing, moral reasoning, and emotion attributions: Relations with adolescents’ reactive and proactive aggression. Child Development, 80, 1739–1755.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1973). Aggression: A social learning analysis. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barker, E. D., Tremblay, R. E., Nagin, D. S., Vitaro, F., & Lacourse, E. (2006). Development of male proactive and reactive physical aggression during adolescence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47(8), 783–790.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barker, D. E., Vitaro, F., Lacourse, E., Fontaine, N. M. G., Carbonneau, R., & Tremblay, R. E. (2010). Testing the developmental distinctiveness of male proactive and reactive aggression with a nested longitudinal experimental intervention. Aggressive Behavior, 36, 127–140.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berkowitz, L. (1978). Whatever happened to the frustration-aggression hypothesis? The American Behavioral Scientist, 32, 691–708.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bierman, K.-L. (2004). Peer rejection: Developmental processes and intervention strategies. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bobadilla, L., Wampler, M., & Taylor, J. (2012). Proactive and reactive aggression are associated with different physiological and personality profiles. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 31(5), 458–487.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brendgen, M., Vitaro, F., Tremblay, R. E., & Lavoie, F. (2001). Reactive and proactive aggression: Predictions to physical violence in different contexts and moderating effects of parental monitoring and caregiving behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 29(4), 293–304.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brendgen, M., Vitaro, F., Boivin, M., Ginette, D., & Perusse, D. (2006). Examining genetic and environmental effects on reactive versus proactive aggression. Developmental Psychology, 42, 1299–1312.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, K., Atkins, M. S., Osborne, M. L., & Milnamow, M. (1996). A revised teacher rating scale for reactive and proactive aggression. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 24(4), 473–480.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. Trends in Neurosciences, 31, 120–129.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bushman, B. J., & Anderson, C. A. (2001). Is it time to pull the plug on hostile versus instrumental aggression dichotomy? Psychological Review, 108(1), 273–279.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Camodeca, M., Goossens, F., Meerum, T. M., & Schuengel, C. (2002). Bullying and victimization among school-age children: Stability and links to proactive and reactive aggression. Social Development, 11, 332–345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Card, N. A., & Little, T. D. (2006). Proactive and reactive aggression in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analysis of differential relations with psychosocial adjustment. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 30(5), 466–480.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Card, N. A., & Little, T. D. (2007). Differential relations of instrumental and reactive aggression with maladjustment: Does adaptivity depend on function? In P. H. Hawley, T. D. Little, & P. C. Rodkin (Eds.), Aggression and adaptation: The bright side to bad behavior (pp. 107–134). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J. (1983). The cost of dichotomization. Applied Psychological Measurement, 7, 249–253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conner, K. R., Duberstein, P. R., Conwell, Y., & Caine, E. D. (2003). Reactive aggression and suicide: Theory and evidence. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 8(4), 413–432.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Connor, D. F., Steingard, R. J., Cunningham, J. A., Anderson, J. J., & Melloni, R. H. (2004). Proactive and reactive aggression in referred children and adolescents. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 74, 129–136.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coralijn, N. N., Orobio de Castro, B., & Koops, W. (2005). Social information processing in delinquent adolescents. Psychology, Crime & Law, 11, 363–375.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crick, N. R., & Dodge, K. A. (1996). Social information-processing mechanisms on reactive and proactive aggression. Child Development, 67(3), 993–1002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Day, D. M., Bream, L. A., & Pal, A. (1992). Proactive and reactive aggression: An analysis of subtypes based on teacher perceptions. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 21(3), 210–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dodge, K. A. (1991). The structure and function of proactive and reactive aggression. In D. J. Pepler & K. H. Rubin (Eds.), The development and treatment of childhood aggression (pp. 201–218). Hillsdale: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dodge, K. A., & Coie, J. D. (1987). Social-information-processing factors in reactive and proactive aggression in children’s peer groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(6), 1146–1158.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dodge, K. A., Lochman, J. E., Harnish, J. D., Bates, J. E., & Pettit, G. S. (1997). Reactive and proactive aggression in school children and psychiatrically impaired chronically assaultive youth. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106(1), 37–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, S. C., Fite, P. J., Hendrickson, M. L., Rubens, S. L., & Mages, A. (2015). The role of reactive aggression in the link between hyperactive-impulsive behaviors and peer rejection in adolescents. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 46, 903–912.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fite, P. J., Colder, C. R., & Pelham, W. E., Jr. (2006). A factor analytic approach to distinguish pure and co-occurring dimensions of proactive and reactive aggression. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 35(4), 578–582.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fite, P. J., Colder, C. R., Lochman, J. E., & Wells, K. C. (2007). Pathways from proactive and reactive aggression to substance use. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 21(3), 355–364.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fite, P. J., Colder, C. R., Lochman, J. E., & Wells, K. C. (2008a). Developmental trajectories of proactive and reactive aggression from fifth to ninth grade. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 37(2), 412–421.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fite, P. J., Colder, C. R., Lochman, J. E., & Wells, K. C. (2008b). The relation between childhood proactive and reactive aggression and substance use initiation. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36(2), 261–271.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fite, P. J., Stoppelbein, L., & Greening, L. (2009a). Proactive and reactive aggression in a child psychiatric inpatient population. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 38(2), 199–205.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fite, P. J., Stoppelbein, L., & Greening, L. (2009b). Proactive and reactive aggression in a child psychiatric inpatient population: Relations to psychopathic characteristics. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 36, 481–493.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fite, P., Stoppelbein, L., Greening, L., & Gaertner, A. (2009c). Further validation of a measure of proactive and reactive aggression within a clinical child population. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 40(3), 367–382.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fite, P. J., Wynn, P., Lochman, J., & Wells, K. (2009d). The effect of neighborhood disadvantage on proactive and reactive aggression. Journal of Community Psychology, 37(4), 542–546.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fite, P. J., Raine, A., Loeber, R., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., & Pardini, D. A. (2010a). Reactive and proactive aggression in adolescent males: Examining differential outcomes 10-years later in early adulthood. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 37, 141–157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fite, P. J., Vitulano, M., Wynn, P., Wimsatt, A., Gaertner, A., & Rathert, J. (2010b). Influence of perceived neighborhood safety on proactive and reactive aggression. Journal of Community Psychology, 38(6), 757–768.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fite, P. J., Rathert, J. L., Stoppelbein, L., & Greening, L. (2012a). Social problems as a mediator of the link between reactive aggression and withdrawn/depressed symptoms. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 21, 184–189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fite, P. J., Schwartz, S. S., & Hendrickson, M. (2012b). Childhood proactive and reactive aggression: Differential risk for substance use? Aggression and Violent Behavior, 17, 240–246.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fite, P. J., Hendrickson, M., Rubens, S. L., Gabrielli, J., & Evans, S. (2013a). The role of peer rejection in the link between reactive aggression and academic performance. Child & Youth Care Forum, 42, 193–205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fite, P. J., Rubens, S., Preddy, T. M., Raine, A., & Pardini, D. A. (2013b). Reactive/proactive aggression and the development of internalizing problems: The moderating effect of parent and peer relationships. Aggressive Behavior, 40, 69–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fite, P. J., Hendrickson, M., Evans, S., Rubens, S. L., Johnson-Motoyama, M., & Savage, J. (2014). Associations between proactive and reactive subtypes of aggression and lifetime substance use in a sample of predominantly hispanic adolescents. Journal of Child and Adolescent Substance Abuse, 23, 398–406.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frick, P. J., & Morris, A. S. (2004). Temperament and developmental pathways to conduct problems. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33(1), 54–68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gao, Y., Tuvblad, C., Schell, A., Baker, L., & Raine, A. (2015). Skin conductance fear conditioning impairments and aggression: A longitudinal study. Psychophysiology, 52, 288–295.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giancola, P. R., Moss, H. B., Martin, C. S., Kirisci, L., & Tarter, R. E. (1996). Executive cognitive functioning predicts reactive aggression in boys at high risk for substance abuse: A prospective study. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 20(4), 740–744.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Godar, S. C., Fite, P. J., McFarlin, K. M., & Bortolato, M. (2016). The Role of Monoamine Oxidase A in Aggression: Current translational developments and future challenges. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 69, 90–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greening, L., Stoppelbein, L., Luebbe, A., & Fite, P. J. (2010). Aggression and the risk of suicidal behavior among children. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 40, 337–345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hubbard, J. A., Dodge, K. A., Cillessen, A. H. N., Coie, J. D., & Schwartz, D. (2001). The dyadic nature of social information processing in boys’ reactive and proactive aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(2), 268–280.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hubbard, J. A., Smithmyer, C. M., Ramsden, S. R., Parker, E. H., Flanagan, K. D., Dearing, K. F., Relyea, N., & Simons, R. F. (2002). Observational, physiological, and self-report measures of children’s anger: Relations to reactive versus proactive aggression. Child Development, 73(4), 1101–1118.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hubbard, J. A., Parker, E. H., Ramsden, S. R., Flanagan, K. D., Relyea, N., Dearing, K. F., Smithmyer, C. M., Simons, R. R., & Hyde, C. T. (2004). The relations among observational, physiological, and self-report measures of children’s anger. Social Development, 13, 14–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hubbard, J. A., McAuliffe, M. D., Morrow, M. T., & Romano, L. J. (2010). Reactive and proactive aggression in childhood and adolescence: Precursors, outcomes, processes, experiences, and measurement. Journal of Personality, 78(1), 95–118.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kempes, M., Matthys, W., Maassen, G., van Goozen, S., & van Engeland, H. (2006). A parent questionnaire for distinguishing between reactive and proactive aggression in children. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 15(1), 38–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lansford, J., Dodge, K., Pettit, G., & Bates, J. (2002). Developmental trajectories of reactive and proactive aggression: Similarities and differences over time. Paper presented at the International Society for Research on Aggression, Montreal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Little, T. D., Jones, S. M., Heinrich, C. C., & Hawley, P. H. (2003). Disentangling the “whys” from the “whats” of aggressive behavior. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 27, 122–133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lobbestael, J., Cima, M., & Arntz, A. (2013). The relationship between adult reactive and proactive aggression, hostile interpretation bias, and antisocial personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 27(1), 53–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lobbestael, J., Cima, M., & Lemmens, A. (2015). The relationship between personality disorder traits and reactive versus proactive motivation for aggression. Psychiatry Research, 229, 155–160.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lochman, J. E., Baden, R. E., Boxmeyer, C. L., Powell, N. P., Qu, L., Salekin, K. L., & Windle, M. (2014). Does a booster intervention augment the preventive effects of an abbreviated version of the coping power program for aggressive children? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 42, 367–381.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • MacCallum, R. C., Zhang, S., Preacher, K. J., & Rucker, D. D. (2002). On the practice of dichotomization of quantitative variables. Psychological Methods, 7, 19–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Markon, K. E., Chmielewski, M., & Miller, C. J. (2011). The reliability and validity of discrete and continuous measures of psychopathology: A quantitative review. Psychological Bulletin, 137, 865–879.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsee, M. A., & Frick, P. J. (2007). Exploring the cognitive and emotional correlates to proactive and reactive aggression in a sample of detained girls. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35, 969–981.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McAuliffe, M. D., Hubbard, J. A., Rubin, R. M., Morrow, M. T., & Dearing, K. F. (2007). Reactive and proactive aggression: Stability of constructs and relations to correlates. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 167, 365–382.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Merk, W., de Castro, B. O., Koops, W., & Matthys, W. (2005). The distinction between reactive and proactive aggression: Utility for theory, diagnosis and treatment? The European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 2(2), 197–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J. D., & Lynam, D. R. (2006). Reactive and proactive aggression: Similarities and differences. Personality and Individual Differences, 41(8), 1469–1480.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moffitt, T. E. (1993). Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review, 100(4), 674–701.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nas, C. N., Orobio de Castro, B., & Koops, W. (2005). Social information processing in delinquent adolescents. Psychology, Crime & Law, 11, 363–375.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, N. C., & Lochman, J. E. (2003). Experimentally manipulated change in children’s proactive and reactive aggressive behavior. Aggressive Behavior, 29(3), 215–227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pitts, T. B. (1997). Reduced heart rate levels in aggressive children. In A. Raine, P. A. Brennan, D. P. Farrington, & S. A. Mednick (Eds.), Biosocial bases of violence (pp. 317–320). New York: Plenum.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Polman, H., de Castro, B. O., Koops, W., van Boxtel, H. W., & Merk, W. W. (2007). A meta-analysis of the distinction between reactive and proactive aggression in children and adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35(4), 522–535.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poulin, F., & Boivin, M. (1999). Proactive and reactive aggression and boys’ friendship quality in mainstream classrooms. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 7(3), 168–177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poulin, F., & Boivin, M. (2000a). Reactive and proactive aggression: Evidence of a two-factor model. Psychological Assessment, 12(2), 115–122.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poulin, F., & Boivin, M. (2000b). The role of proactive and reactive aggression in the formation and development of boys’ friendships. Developmental Psychology, 36(2), 233–240.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Price, J. M., & Dodge, K. A. (1989). Reactive and proactive aggression in childhood: Relations to peer status and social context dimensions. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 17(4), 455–471.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prinstein, M. J., & Cillessen, A. H. (2003). Forms and functions of adolescent peer aggression associated with high levels of peer status. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 49(3), 310–342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raine, A., Dodge, K., Loeber, R., Gatzke-Kopp, L., Lynam, D., Reynolds, C., et al. (2006). The reactive-proactive aggression questionnaire: Differential correlates of reactive and proactive aggression in adolescent boys. Aggressive Behavior, 32(2), 159–171.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Raine, A., Fung, A. L. C., Portnoy, J., Choy, O., & Spring, V. L. (2014). Low heart rate as a risk factor for child and adolescent proactive aggression and impulsive psychopathic behavior. Aggressive Behavior, 40, 290–299.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rathert, J., Fite, P. J., Gaertner, A. E., & Vitulano, M. (2011). Associations between effortful control, psychological control and proactive and reactive aggression. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 42, 609–621.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salmivalli, C., & Helteenvuori, T. (2007). Reactive, but not proactive aggression predicts victimization among boys. Aggressive Behavior, 33, 198–2006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scarpa, A. (2015). Physiological arousal and its dysregulation in child adjustment. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24(5), 345–351.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schippell, P. L., Vasey, M. W., Cravens-Brown, L. M., & Bretveld, R. A. (2003). Suppressed attention to rejection, ridicule, and failure cues: A unique correlate of reactive but not proactive aggression in youth. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32(1), 40–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shields, A., & Cicchetti, D. (1998). Reactive aggression among maltreated children: the contributions of attention and emotion dysregulation. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27, 381–395.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smithmyer, C. M., Hubbard, J. A., & Simons, R. F. (2000). Proactive and reactive aggression in delinquent adolescents: Relational to aggression outcome expectancies. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 29, 86–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swogger, M. T., Walsh, Z., Maisto, S. A., & Conner, K. R. (2014). Reactive and proactive aggression and suicide attempts among criminal offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 41(3), 337–344.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tuvblad, C., Raine, A., Zheng, M., & Baker, L. A. (2009). Genetic and environmental stability differs in reactive and proactive aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 35, 437–452.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Vitaro, F., & Brendgen, M. (2005). Proactive and reactive aggression: A developmental perspective. In R. E. Tremblay, W. W. Hartup, & J. Archer (Eds.), The developmental origins of aggression (pp. 202–222). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vitaro, F., & Brendgen, M. (2011). Subtypes of aggressive behaviors: Etiologies, development and consequences. In T. Bliesner, A. Beelman, & M. Stemmler (Eds.), Antisocial behavior and crime: Contributions of theory and evaluation research to prevention and intervention. Goettingen: Hogrefe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vitaro, F., Gendreau, P. L., Tremblay, R. E., & Oligny, P. (1998). Reactive and proactive aggression differentially predict later conduct problems. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 39(3), 377.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vitaro, F., Brendgen, M., & Tremblay, R. E. (2002). Reactively and proactively aggressive children: Antecedent and subsequent characteristics. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43(4), 495–506.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vitaro, F., Brendgen, M., & Barker, E. D. (2006). Subtypes of aggressive behaviors: A developmental perspective. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 30(1), 12–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waschbusch, D. A., Willoughby, M. T., & Pelham, W. E., Jr. (1998). Criterion validity and the utility of reactive and proactive aggression: Comparisons to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, and other measures of functioning. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27(4), 396–405.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • White, B. A., & Turner, K. A. (2014). Anger rumination and effortful control: Mediation effects on reactive but not proactive aggression. Personality and Individual Differences, 56, 186–189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, B. A., Jarrett, M. A., & Ollendick, T. H. (2013). Self-regulation deficits explain the link between reactive aggression and internalizing and externalizing behavior problems in children. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 35, 1–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu, Y., Raine, A., Yu, L., & Krieg, A. (2014). Resting heart rate, vagal tone, and reactive and proactive aggression in Chinese children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 42, 501–514.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Clinical Child Psychology Program and Consortium for Translational Research on Aggression and Drug Abuse (ConTRADA), University of Kansas, Dole HDC 2012, 66045, Lawrence, KS, USA

    Paula J. Fite

  2. Psychology and Behavior Center, 1190 Old Fannin Rd. Suite D, Brandon, MS, 39047, USA

    Jamie Craig

  3. Department of Psychology, State University of New York University at Buffalo, Park Hall, Box 604110, Buffalo, NY, 14260-4110, USA

    Craig R. Colder

  4. Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA

    John E. Lochman

  5. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, 718 Rutherford St., Box 2917 Med Ctr, Durham, NC, 27710, USA

    Karen C. Wells

Authors
  1. Paula J. Fite
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jamie Craig
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Craig R. Colder
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. John E. Lochman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Karen C. Wells
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Paula J. Fite .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA

    Roger J.R. Levesque

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this entry

Cite this entry

Fite, P.J., Craig, J., Colder, C.R., Lochman, J.E., Wells, K.C. (2016). Proactive and Reactive Aggression. In: Levesque, R. (eds) Encyclopedia of Adolescence. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32132-5_211-2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32132-5_211-2

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-32132-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Behavioral Science and PsychologyReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation