Skip to main content

Treatment of Comorbid Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Youth with ASD: The Case of Max

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Clinical Handbook of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

Abstract

Ritualized and repetitive behaviours are included in the diagnostic criteria for both autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). OCD often co-occurs in young people with ASD, yet there is little clinical research on its phenomenology or treatment. The extant research in this area is largely composed of qualitative and single-subject study designs. In this chapter, we synthesize this body of research and provide recommendations for differential and dual diagnostic decision-making and treatment planning. The case of a 16-year-old male with comorbid ASD and OCD is presented, in which we demonstrate how standard cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) for OCD may be modified, for instance, to address problems with emotion regulation that hinder progression through an exposure-based therapy.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abramowitz, J. S., & Houts, A. C. (2002). What is OCD and what is not? Problems with the OCD spectrum concept. Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice, 1, 139–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, P. M., Farrell, L., Pina, A. A., Peris, T. S., & Piacentini, J. (2008). Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for child and adolescent obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 37, 131–155. doi:10.1080/15374410701817956.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, B. A., Woodard, C. R., & Bodfish, J. W. (2013). Feasibility of exposure response prevention to treat repetitive behaviors of children with autism and an intellectual disability: A brief report. Autism, 17, 196–204. doi:10.1177/1362361311414066.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Calvocoressi, L., Lewis, B., Harris, M., Trufan, B. S., Goodman, W. K., McDougle, C. J., & Price, L. H. (1995). Family accommodation in obsessive compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 441–443.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chasson, G. S., Timpano, K. R., Greenberg, J. L., Shaw, A., Singer, T., & Wilhelm, S. (2011). Shared social competence impairment: Another link between the obsessive-compulsive and autism spectrums? Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 653–662. doi:10.1016/ j.cpr.2011.02.006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Constantino, J. N., & Gruber, C. P. (2005). Social responsiveness scale (SRS). Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frost, R. O., & Steketee, G. (Eds.). (2002). Cognitive approaches to obsessions and compulsions: Theory, assessment and treatment. Amsterdam: Pergamon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray, C. A. (1998). Social stories and comic strip conversations with students with Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism. In E. Schopler, G. B. Mesibov, & L. J. Kunce (Eds.), Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism? (pp. 167–198). New York: Plenum.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Greene, R. W. (2010). The explosive child. New York: Harper.

    Google Scholar 

  • Interactive Autism Network (IAN). (2011). IAN research report: Elopement and wandering. Interactive Autism Network: Kennedy Krieger Institute (producer). www.iancommunity.org/cs/ian_research_reports/ian_research_report_elopement#? viewType=print. Accessed 2 April 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ivarsson, T., & Melin, K. (2008). Autism spectrum traits in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 969–978. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.10.003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kovacs, M. (1992). Children’s depression inventory (CDI). Tonawanda: Multi-Health Systems.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehmkuhl, H. D., Storch, E. A., Bodfish, J. W., & Geffken, G. R. (2008). Brief report: Exposure and response prevention for obsessive compulsive disorder in a 12-year-old with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38, 977–981. doi:10.1007/s10803-007-0457-2.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewin, A. B., Wood, J. J., Gunderson, S., Murphy, T. K., & Storch, E. A. (2011). Phenomenology of comorbid autism spectrum and obsessive-compulsive disorders among children. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 23, 543–553. doi:10.1007/s10882-011-9247-z.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leyfer, O. T., Folstein, S. E., Bacalman, S., Davis, N. O., Dinh, E., Morgan, J., & Lainhart, J. E. (2006). Comorbid psychiatric disorders in children with autism: Interview development and rates of disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36, 849–861. doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0123-0.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lickel, A., MacLean, W. E., Blakeley-Smith, A., & Hepburn, S. (2012). Assessment of the prerequisite skills for cognitive behavioral therapy in children with and without autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42, 992–1000. doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1330-x.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lord, C., Rutter, M., & Le Couteur, A. (1994). Autism diagnostic interview-revised: A revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24, 659–685. doi:10.1007/BF02172145.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mack, H., Fullana, M. A., Russell, A. J., Mataix-Cols, D., Nakatani, E., & Heyman, I. (2010). Obsessions and compulsions in children with Asperger’s syndrome or high-functioning autism: A case-control study. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 44, 1082–1088. doi:10.3109/00048674.2010.515561.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • March, J., & Mulle, K. (1998). OCD in children and adolescents: A cognitive-behavioral treatment manual. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • March, J., Parker, J., Sullivan, K., Stallings, P., & Conners, C. (1997). The multidimensional anxiety scale for children (MASC): Factor structure, reliability and validity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 554–565.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKinlay, B. D., Stewart, S. L., & Cullion, C. (2006). The “Brake Shop”: Intervention for Co-Morbid Tourette Syndrome and Intermittent Explosive Disorder. Poster presented at the Tourette Syndrome Foundation of Canada International Symposium on Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Edmonton, AB.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nadeau, J., Sulkowski, M. L., Ung, D., Wood, J. J., Lewin, A. B., Murphy, T. K., et al. (2011). Treatment of comorbid anxiety and autism spectrum disorders. Neuropsychiatry, 1, 567–578.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ollendick, T. H., Öst, L.-G., Reuterskiöld, L., Costa, N., Cederlund, R., Sirbu, C., Davis, T. E., III., & Jarrett, M. A. (2009). One-session treatment of specific phobias in youth: A randomized clinical trial in the United States and Sweden. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77, 504–516. doi:10.1037/a0015158.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reaven, J., & Hepburn, S. (2003). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder in a child with Asperger syndrome: A case report. Autism, 7, 145–164. doi:10.1177/1362361303007002003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reaven, J., Blakeley-Smith, A., Culhane-Shelburne, K., & Hepburn, S. (2012). Group cognitive behavior therapy for children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders and anxiety: A randomized trial. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53, 410–419. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02486.x.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rooney, M., Alfano, C. A., Walsh, K. S., & Parr, A. F. (2011). Differential Diagnosis and Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive, Inattentive, and Sleep Symptoms in a 7-Year-Old With PDD-NOS. Clinical Case Studies, 10(2), 133–146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell, A. J., Jassi, A., Fullana, M. A., Mack, H., Johnston, K., Heyman, I., et al. (2013). Cognitive behavior therapy for comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder in high-functioning autism spectrum disorders: A randomized controlled trial. Depression and Anxiety, 30, 697–708. doi:10.1002/da.22053.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, A. J., Mataix-Cols, D., Anson, M. A., – Murphy, D. G. (2009). Psychological treatment for obsessive compulsive disorder in people with autism spectrum disorders—a pilot study. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 78, 59–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell, G., Rodgers, L. R., Ukoumunne, O. C., & Ford, T. (2014). Prevalence of parent-reported ASD and ADHD in the UK: Findings from the millennium cohort study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44, 31–40. doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1849-0.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scahill, L., Riddle, M. A., McSwiggin-Hardin, M., Ort, S. I., King, R. A., Goodman, W. K., et al. (1997). Children’s Yale Brown obsessive compulsive scale: Reliability and validity. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 844–852. doi:10.1097/00004583-199706000-00023.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schaffer, D., Gould, M. S., Brasic, J., Ambrosini, P., Fisher, P., Bird, H. R., & Aluwahlia, S. A. (1983). A children’s global assessment scale (CGAS). Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 1228–1231.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Silverman, W. K., & Albano, A. M. (1996). The anxiety disorders interview schedule for DSM-IV—child and parent versions. London: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simonoff, E., Pickles, A., Charman, T., Chandler, S., Loucas, T., & Baird, G. (2008). Psychiatric disorders in children with autism spectrum disorders: Prevalence, comorbidity, and associated factors in a population-derived sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47, 921–929. doi:10.1097/CHI.0b013e318179964f.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spiker, M. A., Lin, C. E., van Dyke, M., & Wood, J. J. (2012). Restricted interests and anxiety in children with autism. Autism, 16, 306–320. doi:10.1177/1362361311401763.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Storch, E. A., Geffken, G. R., Merlo, L. J., Jacob, M. L., Murphy, T. K., Goodman, W. K., et al. (2007a). Family accommodation in pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 36, 207–216. doi:10.1080/15374410701277929.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Storch, E. A., Geffken, G. R., Merlo, L. J., Mann, G., Duke, D., Munson, M., et al. (2007b). Family-based cognitive-behavioral therapy for pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: Comparison of intensive and weekly approaches. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46(4), 469–478. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/chi.0b013e31803062e7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Storch, E. A., Lehmkuhl, H. D., Ricketts, E., Geffken, G. R., Marien, W., & Murphy, T. K. (2010). An open trial of intensive family based cognitive-behavioral therapy in youth with obsessive-compulsive disorder who are medication partial responders or nonresponders. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 39, 260–268. doi:10.1080/15374410903532676.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • South, M., Ozonoff, S., & McMahon, W. M. (2005). Repetitive behavior profiles in Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 35, 145–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Steensel, F. J. A., Bögels, S. M., & Perrin, S. (2011). Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents with autistic spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 14, 302–317. doi:10.1007/s10567-011-0097-0.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Varni, J. W., Seid, M., & Rode, C. A. (1999). The PedsQL™: Measurement model for the pediatric quality of life inventory. Medical Care, 37(2), 126–139. doi:10.2307/3767218.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • White, S. W., Oswald, D., Ollendick, T., & Scahill, L. (2009). Anxiety in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 216–229. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.01.003.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Whiteside, S. P., & Jacobsen, A. B. (2010). An uncontrolled examination of a 5-day intensive treatment for pediatric OCD. Behavior Therapy, 41(3), 414–422. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2009.11.003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, J. J., Drahota, A., Sze, K., Har, K., Chiu, A., & Langer, D. A. (2009). Cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety in children with autism spectrum disorders: A randomized, controlled trial. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 224–234. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01948.x.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Farrell, L., James, S., Maddox, B., Griffiths, D., White, S. (2016). Treatment of Comorbid Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Youth with ASD: The Case of Max. In: Storch, E., Lewin, A. (eds) Clinical Handbook of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17139-5_23

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics