Abstract
Ritualized and repetitive behaviours are included in the diagnostic criteria for both autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). OCD often co-occurs in young people with ASD, yet there is little clinical research on its phenomenology or treatment. The extant research in this area is largely composed of qualitative and single-subject study designs. In this chapter, we synthesize this body of research and provide recommendations for differential and dual diagnostic decision-making and treatment planning. The case of a 16-year-old male with comorbid ASD and OCD is presented, in which we demonstrate how standard cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) for OCD may be modified, for instance, to address problems with emotion regulation that hinder progression through an exposure-based therapy.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abramowitz, J. S., & Houts, A. C. (2002). What is OCD and what is not? Problems with the OCD spectrum concept. Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice, 1, 139–156.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Barrett, P. M., Farrell, L., Pina, A. A., Peris, T. S., & Piacentini, J. (2008). Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for child and adolescent obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 37, 131–155. doi:10.1080/15374410701817956.
Boyd, B. A., Woodard, C. R., & Bodfish, J. W. (2013). Feasibility of exposure response prevention to treat repetitive behaviors of children with autism and an intellectual disability: A brief report. Autism, 17, 196–204. doi:10.1177/1362361311414066.
Calvocoressi, L., Lewis, B., Harris, M., Trufan, B. S., Goodman, W. K., McDougle, C. J., & Price, L. H. (1995). Family accommodation in obsessive compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 441–443.
Chasson, G. S., Timpano, K. R., Greenberg, J. L., Shaw, A., Singer, T., & Wilhelm, S. (2011). Shared social competence impairment: Another link between the obsessive-compulsive and autism spectrums? Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 653–662. doi:10.1016/ j.cpr.2011.02.006.
Constantino, J. N., & Gruber, C. P. (2005). Social responsiveness scale (SRS). Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.
Frost, R. O., & Steketee, G. (Eds.). (2002). Cognitive approaches to obsessions and compulsions: Theory, assessment and treatment. Amsterdam: Pergamon.
Gray, C. A. (1998). Social stories and comic strip conversations with students with Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism. In E. Schopler, G. B. Mesibov, & L. J. Kunce (Eds.), Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism? (pp. 167–198). New York: Plenum.
Greene, R. W. (2010). The explosive child. New York: Harper.
Interactive Autism Network (IAN). (2011). IAN research report: Elopement and wandering. Interactive Autism Network: Kennedy Krieger Institute (producer). www.iancommunity.org/cs/ian_research_reports/ian_research_report_elopement#? viewType=print. Accessed 2 April 2011.
Ivarsson, T., & Melin, K. (2008). Autism spectrum traits in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 969–978. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.10.003.
Kovacs, M. (1992). Children’s depression inventory (CDI). Tonawanda: Multi-Health Systems.
Lehmkuhl, H. D., Storch, E. A., Bodfish, J. W., & Geffken, G. R. (2008). Brief report: Exposure and response prevention for obsessive compulsive disorder in a 12-year-old with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38, 977–981. doi:10.1007/s10803-007-0457-2.
Lewin, A. B., Wood, J. J., Gunderson, S., Murphy, T. K., & Storch, E. A. (2011). Phenomenology of comorbid autism spectrum and obsessive-compulsive disorders among children. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 23, 543–553. doi:10.1007/s10882-011-9247-z.
Leyfer, O. T., Folstein, S. E., Bacalman, S., Davis, N. O., Dinh, E., Morgan, J., & Lainhart, J. E. (2006). Comorbid psychiatric disorders in children with autism: Interview development and rates of disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36, 849–861. doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0123-0.
Lickel, A., MacLean, W. E., Blakeley-Smith, A., & Hepburn, S. (2012). Assessment of the prerequisite skills for cognitive behavioral therapy in children with and without autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42, 992–1000. doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1330-x.
Lord, C., Rutter, M., & Le Couteur, A. (1994). Autism diagnostic interview-revised: A revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24, 659–685. doi:10.1007/BF02172145.
Mack, H., Fullana, M. A., Russell, A. J., Mataix-Cols, D., Nakatani, E., & Heyman, I. (2010). Obsessions and compulsions in children with Asperger’s syndrome or high-functioning autism: A case-control study. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 44, 1082–1088. doi:10.3109/00048674.2010.515561.
March, J., & Mulle, K. (1998). OCD in children and adolescents: A cognitive-behavioral treatment manual. New York: Guilford.
March, J., Parker, J., Sullivan, K., Stallings, P., & Conners, C. (1997). The multidimensional anxiety scale for children (MASC): Factor structure, reliability and validity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 554–565.
McKinlay, B. D., Stewart, S. L., & Cullion, C. (2006). The “Brake Shop”: Intervention for Co-Morbid Tourette Syndrome and Intermittent Explosive Disorder. Poster presented at the Tourette Syndrome Foundation of Canada International Symposium on Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Edmonton, AB.
Nadeau, J., Sulkowski, M. L., Ung, D., Wood, J. J., Lewin, A. B., Murphy, T. K., et al. (2011). Treatment of comorbid anxiety and autism spectrum disorders. Neuropsychiatry, 1, 567–578.
Ollendick, T. H., Öst, L.-G., Reuterskiöld, L., Costa, N., Cederlund, R., Sirbu, C., Davis, T. E., III., & Jarrett, M. A. (2009). One-session treatment of specific phobias in youth: A randomized clinical trial in the United States and Sweden. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77, 504–516. doi:10.1037/a0015158.
Reaven, J., & Hepburn, S. (2003). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder in a child with Asperger syndrome: A case report. Autism, 7, 145–164. doi:10.1177/1362361303007002003.
Reaven, J., Blakeley-Smith, A., Culhane-Shelburne, K., & Hepburn, S. (2012). Group cognitive behavior therapy for children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders and anxiety: A randomized trial. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53, 410–419. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02486.x.
Rooney, M., Alfano, C. A., Walsh, K. S., & Parr, A. F. (2011). Differential Diagnosis and Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive, Inattentive, and Sleep Symptoms in a 7-Year-Old With PDD-NOS. Clinical Case Studies, 10(2), 133–146.
Russell, A. J., Jassi, A., Fullana, M. A., Mack, H., Johnston, K., Heyman, I., et al. (2013). Cognitive behavior therapy for comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder in high-functioning autism spectrum disorders: A randomized controlled trial. Depression and Anxiety, 30, 697–708. doi:10.1002/da.22053.
Russell, A. J., Mataix-Cols, D., Anson, M. A., – Murphy, D. G. (2009). Psychological treatment for obsessive compulsive disorder in people with autism spectrum disorders—a pilot study. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 78, 59–61.
Russell, G., Rodgers, L. R., Ukoumunne, O. C., & Ford, T. (2014). Prevalence of parent-reported ASD and ADHD in the UK: Findings from the millennium cohort study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44, 31–40. doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1849-0.
Scahill, L., Riddle, M. A., McSwiggin-Hardin, M., Ort, S. I., King, R. A., Goodman, W. K., et al. (1997). Children’s Yale Brown obsessive compulsive scale: Reliability and validity. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 844–852. doi:10.1097/00004583-199706000-00023.
Schaffer, D., Gould, M. S., Brasic, J., Ambrosini, P., Fisher, P., Bird, H. R., & Aluwahlia, S. A. (1983). A children’s global assessment scale (CGAS). Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 1228–1231.
Silverman, W. K., & Albano, A. M. (1996). The anxiety disorders interview schedule for DSM-IV—child and parent versions. London: Oxford University Press.
Simonoff, E., Pickles, A., Charman, T., Chandler, S., Loucas, T., & Baird, G. (2008). Psychiatric disorders in children with autism spectrum disorders: Prevalence, comorbidity, and associated factors in a population-derived sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47, 921–929. doi:10.1097/CHI.0b013e318179964f.
Spiker, M. A., Lin, C. E., van Dyke, M., & Wood, J. J. (2012). Restricted interests and anxiety in children with autism. Autism, 16, 306–320. doi:10.1177/1362361311401763.
Storch, E. A., Geffken, G. R., Merlo, L. J., Jacob, M. L., Murphy, T. K., Goodman, W. K., et al. (2007a). Family accommodation in pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 36, 207–216. doi:10.1080/15374410701277929.
Storch, E. A., Geffken, G. R., Merlo, L. J., Mann, G., Duke, D., Munson, M., et al. (2007b). Family-based cognitive-behavioral therapy for pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: Comparison of intensive and weekly approaches. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46(4), 469–478. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/chi.0b013e31803062e7.
Storch, E. A., Lehmkuhl, H. D., Ricketts, E., Geffken, G. R., Marien, W., & Murphy, T. K. (2010). An open trial of intensive family based cognitive-behavioral therapy in youth with obsessive-compulsive disorder who are medication partial responders or nonresponders. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 39, 260–268. doi:10.1080/15374410903532676.
South, M., Ozonoff, S., & McMahon, W. M. (2005). Repetitive behavior profiles in Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 35, 145–158.
van Steensel, F. J. A., Bögels, S. M., & Perrin, S. (2011). Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents with autistic spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 14, 302–317. doi:10.1007/s10567-011-0097-0.
Varni, J. W., Seid, M., & Rode, C. A. (1999). The PedsQL™: Measurement model for the pediatric quality of life inventory. Medical Care, 37(2), 126–139. doi:10.2307/3767218.
White, S. W., Oswald, D., Ollendick, T., & Scahill, L. (2009). Anxiety in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 216–229. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.01.003.
Whiteside, S. P., & Jacobsen, A. B. (2010). An uncontrolled examination of a 5-day intensive treatment for pediatric OCD. Behavior Therapy, 41(3), 414–422. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2009.11.003.
Wood, J. J., Drahota, A., Sze, K., Har, K., Chiu, A., & Langer, D. A. (2009). Cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety in children with autism spectrum disorders: A randomized, controlled trial. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 224–234. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01948.x.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Farrell, L., James, S., Maddox, B., Griffiths, D., White, S. (2016). Treatment of Comorbid Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Youth with ASD: The Case of Max. In: Storch, E., Lewin, A. (eds) Clinical Handbook of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17139-5_23
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17139-5_23
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-17138-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-17139-5
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)