Skip to main content

Psychopathology: Anxiety, Depression and Schizophrenia

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Comorbid Conditions in Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities

Part of the book series: Autism and Child Psychopathology Series ((ACPS))

Abstract

During later childhood, adolescence and adulthood a variety of mental health problems can emerge. This chapter will focus on these particular disorders. How the disorders are defined and expressed along with empirical treatments will be reviewed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Alexander, R. T., Chester, V., Gray, N. S., & Snowden, R. J. (2012). Patients with personality disorders and intellectual disability-closer to personality disorders or intellectual disability? A three-way comparison. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 23(4), 435–451.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alford, J. D., & Locke, B. J. (1984). Clinical responses to psychopathology of mentally retarded persons. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 89, 195–197.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alim, N. (2010). Therapeutic progressions of client and therapist throughout a course of psychodynamic therapy with a man with mild learning disabilities and anger problems. Advances in Mental Health and Learning Disabilities, 4(1), 42–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anslow (née Atkins Furniss), K. (2014). Systemic family therapy using the reflecting team: The experiences of adults with learning disabilities. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 42(3), 236–243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association (2000) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th edn, revised) (DSM IV TR). APA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Azam, K. K., Serfaty, M. M., King, M. M., Martin, S. S., Strydom, A. A., Parkes, C. C., & Hassiotis, A. A. (2012). The development of manualised cognitive behaviour treatment for adults with mild intellectual disability and common mental disorders. Psychiatriki, 23(2), 109–116.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bakken, T., Kildahl, A., Gjersøe, V., Matre, E., Kristiansen, T., Ro, A., & Tveter, A. L., Høidal, S. H. (2014). Identification of PTSD in adults with intellectual disabilities in five patients in a specialised psychiatric inpatient unit. Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities, 8(2), 91–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baum, S., & Lynggaard, H. (2006). Intellectual disabilities: A systemic approach. London: Karnac Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beail, N., Warden, S., Morsley, K., & New man, D. (2005). Naturalistic evaluation of the effectiveness of psychodynamic psychotherapy with adults with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 18(3), 245–251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beail, N., Kellett, S., Newman, D. W., & Warden, S. (2007). The dose-effect relationship in psychodynamic psychotherapy with people with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 20(5), 448–454.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beail, N. N., Mitchell, K. K., Vlissides, N. N., & Jackson, T. T. (2013). Concordance of the mini-psychiatric assessment schedule for adults who have developmental disabilities (pasadd) and the brief symptom inventory. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 59(2), 170–175

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bhaumik, S., Tyrer, F. C., McGrother, C., & Ganghadaran, S. K. (2008). Psychiatric service use and psychiatric disorders in adults with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 52(11), 986–995.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bhaumik, S., Gangadharan, S., Hiremath, A., Russell, P. S. (2011) Psychological treatments in intellectual disability: The challenges of building a good evidence base. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 198, 428–430.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bicknell, J. (1983). The psychopathology of handicap. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 56, 167–178.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blackman, N. (2008). The development of an assessment tool for the bereavement needs of people with learning disabilities. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 36(3), 165–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blagys, M. D., & Hilsenroth, M. J. (2000). Distinctive feature of short-term psychodynamic-interpersonal psychotherapy: A review of the comparative psychotherapy process literature. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 7(2), 167–188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cairns, D., Tolson, D., Brown, J., & Darbyshire, C. (2013). The need for future alternatives: An investigation of the experiences and future of older parents caring for offspring with learning disabilities over a prolonged period of time. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 41, 73–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chambless, D. L., Hollon, S. D. (1998). Defining empirically supported therapies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66(1), 7–18.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, M. J., & Mitchell, D. (2013). Mindfully valuing people now: An evaluation of introduction to mindfulness workshops for people with intellectual disabilities. Mindfulness, 4(2), 168–178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, M. J., Hare, D. J., Caton, S., Donalds, D., McInnis, E., & Mitchell, D. (2013). The use of mindfulness with people with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review and narrative analysis. Mindfulness, 4(2), 179–189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Collishaw, S., Maughan, B., & Pickles, A. (2004). Affective problems in adults with mild learning disability: The roles of social disadvantage and ill health. British Journal of Psychiatry, 185, 350 -351.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, S. A., Smiley, E., Morrison, J., Williamson, A., & Allan, L. (2007). Mental ill-health in adults with intellectual disabilities: Prevalence and associated factors. British Journal of Psychiatry, 190, 27–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corbett, J. (1979) Psychiatric morbidity and mental retardation. In F.E. James & R.P. Snaith (Eds.), Psychiatric Illness and mental handicap (pp. 11–25). London: Gaskell Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Craddock, N., & Sklar, P. (2013). Genetics of bipolar disorder. Lancet, 381(9878), 1654–1662.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dagnan, D., Masson, J., Cavagin, A., Thwaites, R., & Hatton, C. (2014). The development of a measure of confidence in delivering therapy to people with intellectual disabilities. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy. doi:10.1002/cpp.1898

    Google Scholar 

  • Deb, S., Thomas, M., & Bright, C. (2001). Mental disorder in adults with intellectual disability. I: prevalence of functional psychiatric illness among a community-based population aged between 16 and 64 years. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 45, 495–505.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Department of Health. (2001). Valuing people. A new strategy for learning disability for the 21st Century. Cm 5086. London: Stationery Office. (http://www.archive.official-documents.co.uk/document/cm50/5086/5086.htm).

  • Department of Health, Depression in adults: The treatment and management of depression in adults.(2009). http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg90

  • Dosen, A. A. (2007). Integrative treatment in persons with intellectual disability and mental health problems. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 51(1), 66–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Emerson, E. (2007). Poverty and people with intellectual disabilities. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 13, 107–113.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Emerson, E. (2012). Deprivation, ethnicity and the prevalence of intellectual and developmental disabilities. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 66(3), 218–224

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flynn, A. G. (2012). Fact or faith?: On the evidence for psychotherapy for adults with intellectual disability and mental health needs. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 25(5), 342–347.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frankish, P. (2013). Thirty years of disability psychotherapy, a paradigm shift? Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities, 7(5), 257–262.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hassiotis, A., et al. (2011). Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) for anxiety and depression in adults with mild intellectual disabilities (ID): A pilot randomised controlled trial. Trials, 12, 95.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hatton, C. (2002). Psychosocial interventions for adults with intellectual disabilities and mental health problems: A review. Journal of Mental Health, 11, 357–373.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haydon-Laurelut, M., & Nunkoosing, K. (2010). ‘I want to be listened to’: Systemic psychotherapy with a man with intellectual disabilities and his paid supporters. Journal of Family Therapy, 32, 73–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hulbert-Williams, L. L., Hastings, R. R., Owen, D. M., Burns, L. L., Day, J. J., Mulligan, J. J., & Noone, S. J. (2014). Exposure to life events as a risk factor for psychological problems in adults with intellectual disabilities: A longitudinal design. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 58(1), 48–60. doi:10.1111/jir.12050.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Idusohan-Moizer, H., Sawicka, A., Dendle, J., & Albany, M. (2013). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for adults with intellectual disabilities: An evaluation of the effectiveness of mindfulness in reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research: JIDR, 59, 93–104

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, T., & Beail, N. (2013). The practice of individual psychodynamic psychotherapy with people who have intellectual disabilities. Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, 27(2), 108–123. doi:10.1080/02668734.2013.798680.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jennett, H. K., & Hagopian, L. P. (2008). Identifying empirically supported treatments for phobic avoidance in individuals with intellectual disabilities. Behavior Therapy, 39(2), 151–161. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2007.06.003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khan, M. M., & Beail, N. (2013) Service user satisfaction with individual psychotherapy for people with intellectual disabilities. Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities, 7(5), 277–283.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kroese, B., Jahoda, A., Pert, C., Trower, P., Dagnan, D., & Selkirk, M. (2014). Staff expectations and views of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) for adults with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 27(2), 145–153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laska, K. M., Gurman, A. S., & Wampold, B. E. (2013). Expanding the lens of evidence-based practice in psychotherapy: A common factors perspective. Psychotherapy. doi:10.1037/a0034332.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lew, M. (2011). Dialectical behavioral therapy for adults who have intellectual disability. In R. J. Fletcher (Ed.), Psychotherapy for individuals with intellectual disability (pp. 37-65). Kingston: NADD Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay, W. R., Neilson, C., & Lawrenson, H. (1997). Cognitive behaviour therapy for anxiety in people with learning disabilities. In B. S. Kroese, D. Dagnan & K. Loumidis (Eds.), Cognitive behaviour therapy for people with learning disabilities. (pp. 124–140). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay, W. R., Tinsley, S. S., Beail, N. N., Hastings, R. P., Jahoda, A. A., Taylor, J. L., & Hatton, C. C. (2014). A preliminary controlled trial of a trans-diagnostic programme for cognitive behaviour therapy with adults with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research. doi:10.1111/jir.12145

    Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd, J., & Clayton, P. (2013). Cognitive analytic therapy for people with intellectual disabilities and their carers. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lovett, J. (1999). Small wonders: Healing childhood trauma with EMDR. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lund, J. (1985). The prevalence of psychiatric morbidity in mentally retarded adults. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 72, 563–570.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lynggaard, H., & Scior, K. (2002) Narrative therapy and people with learning

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, K., & Ferris, J. (2012). Utilising behavioural family therapy (BFT) to help support the system around a person with intellectual disability and complex mental health needs: A case study. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 16(2), 109–118. doi:10.1177/1744629512443619.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marwood, H., & Hewitt, O. (2013). Evaluating an anxiety group for people with learning disabilities using a mixed methodology. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 41(2), 150–158. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3156.2012.00749.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matson, J. L., González, M. L., Terlonge, C. C., Thorson, R. T., & Laud, R. B. (2007). What symptoms predict the diagnosis of mania in persons with severe/profound intellectual disability in clinical practice? Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 51(1), 25–31. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2006.00897.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCabe, M. P., McGillivray, J. A., & Newton, D. C. (2006). Effectiveness of treatment programmes for depression among adults with mild/moderate intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 50, 239–247. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2005.00772.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McMahon, P., Stenfert Kroese, B., Jahoda, A., Stimpson, A., Rose, N., Rose, J., & Willner, P. (2014). ‘It’s made all of us bond since that course…’—A qualitative study of service users’ experiences of a CBT anger management group intervention. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research: JIDR. doi:10.1111/jir.12144.

    Google Scholar 

  • McManus, S., Treacy, M., & McGuire, B. (2014). Cognitive behavioural therapy for chronic pain in people with an intellectual disability: A case series using components of the feeling better programme. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research: JIDR, 58(3), 296–306. doi:10.1111/jir.12018

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Merriman, C., & Beail, N. (2009). Service user views of long-term individual psychodynamic psychotherapy. Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities, 3(2), 42–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mertens, D. M. (2011). Mixed methods as tools for social change. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 5(3), 195–197.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mevissen, L. L., & de Jongh, A. A. (2010). PTSD and its treatment in people with intellectual disabilities: A review of the literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(3), 308–316. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.12.005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mevissen, L. L., Lievegoed, R. R., & de Jongh, A. (2011). EMDR treatment in people with mild ID and PTSD: 4 cases. Psychiatric Quarterly, 82, 43–57.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mevissen, L. L., Lievegoed, R. R., Seubert, A. A., & De Jongh, A. A. (2012). Treatment of PTSD in people with severe intellectual disabilities: A case series. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 15(3), 223–232. doi:10.3109/17518423.2011.654283.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, V. A., Leonard, H., Bourke, J., & Jablensky, A. (2008). Intellectual disability co-occurring with schizophrenia and other psychiatric illness: Population-based study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 193(5), 364–372.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Newman, C., & Adams, K. (2004). Dog gone good: Managing dog phobia in a teenage boy with a learning disability. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 32(1), 35–38. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3156.2004.00259.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newman, D. W., & Beail, N. (2005). Assimilation of problematic experiences during psychotherapy with people who have mental retardation. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 110, 359–365.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Newman, D. W., & Beail, N. (2010). An exploratory study of the defence mechanisms used in psychotherapy by adults who have intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54(7), 579–583.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • NICE (2014) Psychosis and schizophrenia in adults: Treatment and management

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicoll, M., Beail, N., & Saxon, D. (2013). Cognitive behavioural treatment for anger in adults with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 26(1), 47–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olubokun, J., & Menon, K. (2004). Rapid cycling affective disorder presenting as challenging behaviour in a service user with mild learning disability: A case report. British Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 50(99,Pt2), 99–108. doi:10.1179/096979504799103895

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peckham, N., Corbett, A., Howlett, S., McKee, A., & Pattison, S. (2007). The delivery of a survivors’ group for learning disabled women with significant learning disabilities who have been sexually abused. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 35(4), 236–244. doi:10.1111/j.1468-4187.2006.00426.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perez-Achiaga, N. N., Nelson, S. S., & Hassiotis, A. A. (2009). Instruments for the detection of depressive symptoms in people with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 13(1), 55–76. doi:10.1177/1744629509104487.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petry, K., & Maes, B. (2006). Identifying expressions of pleasure and displeasure by persons with profound and multiple disabilities. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 31(1), 28–38. doi:10.1080/13668250500488678.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prasher, V. (1999). Presentation and management of depression in people with learning disability. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 5, 447–454.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prout, H. T., & Nowak-Drabik, K. M. (2003). Psychotherapy with persons who have mental retardation: An evaluation of effectiveness. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 108, 82–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Purdy, L. (2012). How to fail as a family therapist working with adults with learning disabilities: A paradoxical literature review. Journal of Family Therapy, 34, 419–430.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reid, K. A., Smiley, E., & Cooper, S. A. (2011). Prevalence and associations of anxiety disorders in adults with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research: JIDR, 55(2), 172–181. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2010.01360.x. (Epub 2011 Jan 4).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, S. (2013) Preventing the emotional abuse and neglect of people with intellectual disability. London: Jessica Kingsley. (ISBN: 9781849052306).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rojahn, J. M. (2012). The behavior problems inventory-short form for individuals with intellectual disabilities: Part II: reliability and validity. Journal Of Intellectual Disability

    Google Scholar 

  • Rojahn, J. J., Rowe, E. W., Sharber, A. C., Hastings, R. R., Matson, J. L., Didden, R. R., & Dumont, E. M. (2012). The behavior problems inventory-short form for individuals with intellectual disabilities: Part I: Development and provisional clinical reference data. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 56(5), 527–545. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2011.01507.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rose, J. (2010). Carer reports of the efficacy of cognitive behavioral interventions for anger. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 31(6), 1502–1508. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2010.06.007. (Epub 2010 Jul 2).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rowsell, A. C., Clare, I. H., & Murphy, G. H. (2013). The psychological impact of abuse on men and women with severe intellectual disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 26(4), 257–270. doi:10.1111/jar.12016.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Royal College of Psychiatrists. (2004). Psychotherapy and learning disability. Council, Report CR116. London: Royal College of Psychiatrists. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2005.00772.x.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sakdalan, J. A., Shaw, J. J., & Collier, V. V. (2010). Staying in the here-and-now: A pilot study on the use of dialectical behaviour therapy group skills training for forensic clients with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54(6), 568–572. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2010.01274.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salvadori, A., & Jackson, T. (2009). A structured account of short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy with a man with learning disabilities. Advances in Mental Health and Learning Disabilities, 3(4), 31–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seikkula, J., & Alakare, B. (2014). In a severe mental health crisis, it should be normal psychiatric. Creative Positions in Adult Mental Health: Outside In-Inside Out, 131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, F. (1995). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Basic principles, protocols, and procedures. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, F. (2012). EMDR therapy: An overview of current and future research. Revue Européenne de Psychologie Appliquée/European Review of Applied Psychology, 62(4), 193–195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shedler, J. (2010). The efficacy of psychodynamic psychotherapy. American Psychologist, 65(2), 98–109. doi:10.1037/a0018378.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sinason, V. (1992). Mental handicap and the human condition: New approaches from the tavistock. London: Free Association Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, D., Miller, L. (2005). Unexpected gains: Psychotherapy with people with learning disabilities. London: Karnac Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smiley, E. (2005). Epidemiology of mental health problems in adults with learning disability: An update. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 11, 214–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stimpson, A., Kroese, B., MacMahon, P., Rose, N., Townson, J., Felce, D., & Willner, P. (2013). The experiences of staff taking on the role of lay therapist in a group-based cognitive behavioural therapy anger management intervention for people with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 26(1), 63–70. doi:10.1111/jar.12006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strydom, A., Romeo, R., Perez-Achiaga, N., Livingston, G., King, M., Knapp, M., & Hassiotis, A. (2010). Service use and cost of mental disorder in older adults with intellectual disability. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 196(2), 133–138. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.060939.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sturmey, P. (2004). Cognitive therapy with people with intellectual disabilities: A selective review and critique. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 11, 222–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sturmey, P., & Didden, R. (Eds.) (2014) Evidence-based practice and intellectual disabilities. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, J. L., & Novaco, R. W. (2013). A brief screening instrument for emotionally unstable and dissocial personality disorder in male offenders with intellectual disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34(1), 546–553. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2012.09.018.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, J., Lindsay, W., & Willner, P. (2008). CBT for people with intellectual disabilities: Emerging evidence, cognitive ability and IQ effects. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 36(6), 723-733. (ISSN 1352–4658).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsiouris, J. A. (2010). Pharmacotherapy for aggressive behaviours in persons with intellectual disabilities: Treatment or mistreatment? Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54(1), 1–16. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2009.01232.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsiouris, J. A., Kim, S. Y., Brown, W. T., Pettinger, J., & Cohen, I. L. (2013). Prevalence of psychotropic drug use in adults with intellectual disability: Positive and negative findings from a large scale study. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 43(3), 719–731. doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1617-6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Turygin, N., Matson, J. L., & Adams, H. (2014). Prevalence of co-occurring disorders in a sample of adults with mild and moderate intellectual disabilities who reside in a residential treatment setting. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 35(7), 1802–1808. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2014.01.027.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ulhaq, I., & Abba-Aji, A. (2012). Haloperidol induced obsessive compulsive symptom (OCS) in a patient with learning disability and bipolar affective disorder. BMJ Case Reports, 2012doi:10.1136/bcr.11.2011.5161

    Google Scholar 

  • Varghese, S., & Banerjee, S. (2011). Psychotic disorders in learning disabilities-Outcome of an audit across community teams. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 39(2), 148–153. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3156.2010.00641.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verhoeven, W. A., & Tuinier, S. (2001). Cyclothymia or unstable mood disorder? A systematic treatment evaluation with valproic acid. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 14(2), 147–154. doi:10.1046/j.1468-3148.2001.00063.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vohra, A., & Patterson, J. (2011). Quetiapine-induced dysphagia in a developmentally disabled woman with bipolar affective disorder. German Journal of Psychiatry, 14(2), 95–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vos, P. P., De Cock, P. P., Petry, K. K., Van Den Noortgate, W. W., & Maes, B. B. (2013). Investigating the relationship between observed mood and emotions in people with severe and profound intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 57(5), 440–451. doi:10.1111/jir.12021.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Willner, P. (2005). The effectiveness of psychotherapeutic interventions for people with learning disabilities: A critical overview. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 49, 73–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Willner, P., Jones, J., Tams, R., & Green, G. (2002). A randomized controlled trial of the efficacy of a cognitive-behavioural anger management group for clients with learning disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 15, 224–235. doi:10.1046/j.1468-3148.2002.00121.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sarah Helps PhD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Helps, S. (2015). Psychopathology: Anxiety, Depression and Schizophrenia. In: Matson, J., Matson, M. (eds) Comorbid Conditions in Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities. Autism and Child Psychopathology Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15437-4_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics