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Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ)

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Handbook of Assessment in Mindfulness Research

Abstract

The Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) is a 39-item instrument derived by factor analyzing the combined pool of items from five independently developed mindfulness questionnaires. It has five subscales: observing, describing, acting with awareness, nonjudging of internal experience, and nonreactivity to internal experience. The five subscales have demonstrated good internal consistency and test-retest reliability, concurrent validity, and change with mindfulness training. The FFMQ has been validated in a wide range of samples, including clinical, community, meditating, and student samples. In addition to the original 39-item version, several short forms have been developed, and the measure is available in a number of languages. Psychometric properties in other languages are generally similar to those in the original English version. Based on consistent findings demonstrating differential relationships between the observing facet and other variables and differential factor structures (with and without observing), in people with and without meditation experience, it is advisable for studies to exclude the observing subscale from total scores when comparing meditators with nonmeditators or scores before and after mindfulness interventions.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA

    Ruth Baer

  2. University of Sussex, Brighton, UK

    Jenny Gu & Clara Strauss

Authors
  1. Ruth Baer
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  2. Jenny Gu
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  3. Clara Strauss
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ruth Baer .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Psychology, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand

    Oleg N. Medvedev

  2. North Shore Campus, Auckland Univ of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand

    Christian U. Krägeloh

  3. Dept of Psychology and Neuroscience, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand

    Richard J. Siegert

  4. Augusta University, Raleigh, NC, USA

    Nirbhay N. Singh

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Baer, R., Gu, J., Strauss, C. (2022). Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ). In: Medvedev, O.N., Krägeloh, C.U., Siegert, R.J., Singh, N.N. (eds) Handbook of Assessment in Mindfulness Research. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77644-2_15-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77644-2_15-1

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  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-77644-2

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