Skip to main content

Father-Child Attachment Relationships

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Handbook of Fathers and Child Development

Abstract

Although a vast body of work has elucidated the correlates and consequences of mother-child attachment security, relatively less research has focused on the development of father-child attachment. This chapter summarizes the state of the literature on father-child attachment relationships. In particular, we document the parent, child, and socio-contextual predictors of father-child attachment quality, as well as the developmental implications of father-child attachment for children and fathers. We highlight both similarities and differences between mother-child and father-child attachment, as well as associations between father involvement and father-child attachment. Implications for future research and practice targeting early father-child relationships are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 229.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abraham, E., & Feldman, R. (2018). The neurobiology of human allomaternal care; implications for fathering, coparenting, and children’s social development. Physiology & Behavior, 193, 25–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahnert, L., Pinquart, M., & Lamb, M. E. (2006). Security of children’s relationships with nonparental care providers: A meta-analysis. Child Development, 77, 664–679.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1967). Infancy in Uganda: Infant care and the growth of love. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ainsworth, M. D. S., Bell, S. M., & Stayton, D. F. (1974). Infant-mother attachment and social development: Socialization as a product of reciprocal responsiveness to signals. In The integration of a child into a social world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. N. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Oxford: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Van Ijzendoorn, M. H., & Juffer, F. (2003). Less is more: Meta-analyses of sensitivity and attachment interventions in early childhood. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 195–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belsky, J. (1996). Parent, infant, and social-contextual antecedents of father-son attachment security. Developmental Psychology, 32, 905–913.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belsky, J., Garduque, L., & Hrncir, E. (1984). Assessing performance, competence, and executive capacity in infant play: Relations to home environment and security of attachment. Developmental Psychology, 20, 406–417.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belsky, J., & Rovine, M. J. (1988). Nonmaternal care in the first year of life and the security of infant-parent attachment. Child Development, 59, 157–167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boldt, L. J., Kochanska, G., Grekin, R., & Brock, R. L. (2016). Attachment in middle childhood: Predictors, correlates, and implications for adaptation. Attachment & Human Development, 18, 115–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Attachment. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braungart-Rieker, J., Courtney, S., & Garwood, M. M. (1999). Mother–and father–infant attachment: Families in context. Journal of Family Psychology, 13, 535–553.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Braungart-Rieker, J. M., Garwood, M. M., Powers, B. P., & Wang, X. (2001). Parental sensitivity, infant affect, and affect regulation: Predictors of later attachment. Child Development, 72, 252–270.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bretherton, I., & Munholland, K. A. (2008). Internal working models in attachment relationships: A construct revisited. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 102–127). New York: The Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brock, R. L., & Kochanska, G. (2018). Anger in infancy and its implications: History of attachment in mother–child and father–child relationships as a moderator of risk. Development and Psychopathology, 31, 1353–1366.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, G. L., & Cox, M. J. (2019). Pleasure in parenting and father-child attachment security. Attachment and Human Development, 22, 51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, G. L., Mangelsdorf, S. C., & Neff, C. (2012). Father involvement, paternal sensitivity, and father−child attachment security in the first 3 years. Journal of Family Psychology, 26, 421–430.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, G. L., Mangelsdorf, S. C., Shigeto, A., & Wong, M. S. (2018). Associations between father involvement and father–child attachment security: Variations based on timing and type of involvement. Journal of Family Psychology, 32, 1015–1024.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, G. L., McBride, B. A., Shin, N., & Bost, K. K. (2007). Parenting predictors of father-child attachment security: Interactive effects of father involvement and fathering quality. Fathering, 5, 197–219.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, G. L., Schoppe-Sullivan, S. J., Mangelsdorf, S. C., & Neff, C. (2010). Observed and reported supportive coparenting as predictors of infant-mother and infant-father attachment security. Early Child Development and Care, 180, 121–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bureau, J.-F., Deneault, A.-A., & Yurkowski, K. (2019). Preschool father-child attachment and its relation to self-reported child socioemotional adaptation in middle childhood. Attachment and Human Development., 22, 90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bureau, J.-F., Martin, J., Yurkowski, K., Schmiedel, S., Quan, J., Moss, E., et al. (2017). Correlates of child–father and child–mother attachment in the preschool years. Attachment and Human Development, 19, 130–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cabrera, N. J., Fitzgerald, H. E., Bradley, R. H., & Roggman, L. (2014). The ecology of father-child relationships: An expanded model. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 6, 336–354.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cabrera, N. J., Volling, B. L., & Barr, R. (2018). Fathers are parents, too! Widening the lens on parenting for children’s development. Child Development Perspectives, 12, 152–157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caldera, Y. M. (2004). Paternal involvement and infant-father attachment: A Q-set study. Fathering, 2, 191–210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caldera, Y. M., & Lindsey, E. W. (2006). Coparenting, mother-infant interaction, and infant-parent attachment relationships in two-parent families. Journal of Family Psychology, 20, 275–283.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, L. J., & Campos, J. J. (1974). Father, mother, and stranger as elicitors of attachment behaviors in infancy. Developmental Psychology, 10, 146–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cowan, P. A. (1997). Beyond meta-analysis: A plea for a family systems view of attachment. Child Development, 68, 601–603.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cowan, P. A., & Cowan, C. P. (2019). Introduction: Bringing dads back into the family. Attachment and Human Development., 21, 419.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cox, M. J., Owen, M. T., Henderson, V. K., & Margand, N. A. (1992). Prediction of infant-father and infant-mother attachment. Developmental Psychology, 28, 474–483.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coyl-Shepherd, D. D., & Newland, L. A. (2013). Mothers’ and fathers’ couple and family contextual influences, parent involvement, and school-age child attachment. Early Child Development and Care, 183, 553–569.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dagan, O., & Sagi-Schwartz, A. (2018). Early attachment network with mother and father: An unsettled issue. Child Development Perspectives, 12, 115–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Wolff, M. S., & Van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (1997). Sensitivity and attachment: A meta-analysis on parental antecedents of infant attachment. Child Development, 68, 571–591.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deneault, A. A., Bureau, J. F., Yurkowski, K., & Moss, E. (2019). Validation of the Preschool Attachment Rating Scales with child-mother and child-father dyads. Attachment & Human Development, 15, 1–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diener, M. L., Mangelsdorf, S. C., McHale, J. L., & Frosch, C. A. (2002). Infants’ behavioral strategies for emotion regulation with fathers and mothers: Associations with emotional expressions and attachment quality. Infancy, 3, 153–174.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doherty, W. J., Kouneski, E. F., & Erickson, M. F. (1998). Responsible fathering: An overview and conceptual framework. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 60, 277–292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ehrlich, K., & Cassidy, J. (2019). Attachment and physical health: Introduction to the special issue. Attachment and Human Development, 21, 1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fagan, J. (2019). Broadening the scope of father-child attachment research to include the family context. Attachment and Human Development., 22, 139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Field, T., Gewirtz, J. L., Cohen, D., Garcia, R., Greenberg, R., & Collins, K. (1984). Leave-takings and reunions of infants, toddlers, preschoolers, and their parents. Child Development, 55, 628–635.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher, R., StGeorge, J., & Freeman, E. (2013). Rough and tumble play quality: Theoretical foundations for a new measure of father–child interaction. Early Child Development and Care, 183, 746–759.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, N. A., Kimmerly, N. L., & Schafer, W. D. (1991). Attachment to mother/attachment to father: A meta-analysis. Child Development, 62, 210–225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frosch, C. A., Mangelsdorf, S. C., & McHale, J. L. (2000). Marital behavior and the security of preschooler–parent attachment relationships. Journal of Family Psychology, 14, 144–161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fuertes, M., Faria, A., Beeghly, M., & Lopes-dos-Santos, P. (2016). The effects of parental sensitivity and involvement in caregiving on mother–infant and father–infant attachment in a Portuguese sample. Journal of Family Psychology, 30, 147–156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gaumon, S., Paquette, D., Cyr, C., Émond-Nakamura, M., & St-André, M. (2016). Anxiety and attachment to the mother in preschoolers receiving psychiatric care: The father–child activation relationship as a protective factor. Infant Mental Health Journal, 37, 372–387.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goffin, K. C., Boldt, L. J., & Kochanska, G. (2018). A secure base from which to cooperate: Security, child and parent Willing Stance, and adaptive and maladaptive outcomes in two longitudinal studies. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 46, 1061–1075.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, I., Zagoory-Sharon, O., Leckman, J. F., & Feldman, R. (2010). Prolactin, oxytocin, and the development of paternal behavior across the first six months of fatherhood. Hormones and Behavior, 58, 513–518.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Groh, A. M., Fearon, R. P., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Roisman, G. I. (2017). Attachment in the early life course: Meta-analytic evidence for its role in socioemotional development. Child Development Perspectives, 11, 70–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grossmann, K., Grossmann, K. E., Fremmer-Bombik, E., Kindler, H., Scheuerer-Englisch, H., & Zimmermann, P. (2002). The uniqueness of the child-father attachment relationship: Fathers’ sensitive and challenging play as a pivotal variable in a 16-year longitudinal study. Social Development, 11, 307–331.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hazen, N. L., McFarland, L., Jacobvitz, D., & Boyd-Soisson, E. (2010). Fathers’ frightening behaviours and sensitivity with infants: Relations with fathers’ attachment representations, father–infant attachment, and children’s later outcomes. Early Child Development and Care, 180, 51–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hertz, S., Bernier, A., Cimon-Paquet, C., & Regueiro, S. (2019). Parent–child relationships and child executive functioning at school entry: The importance of fathers. Early Child Development and Care, 189, 718–732.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, J., & Mosher, W. D. (2013). Fathers’ involvement with their children: United States, 2006–2010. National Health Statistics Reports, 71, 1–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kochanska, G., & Kim, S. (2013). Early attachment organization with both parents and future behavior problems: From infancy to middle childhood. Child Development, 84, 283–296.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kotelchuck, M. (1976). The infant’s relationship to the father: Experimental evidence. In M. E. Lamb (Ed.), The role of the father in child development (pp. 329–344). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuo, P. X., Saini, E. K., Tengelitsch, E., & Volling, B. L. (2019). Is one secure attachment enough? Infant cortisol reactivity and the security of infant-mother and infant-father attachments at the end of the first year. Attachment and Human Development, 21, 426.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, M. E. (1976a). Interactions between 2-year-olds and their mothers and fathers. Psychological Reports, 38, 447–450.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, M. E. (1976b). Parent-infant interaction in 8-month-olds. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 7, 56–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, M. E. (1977a). The development of parental preferences in the first two years of life. Sex Roles, 3, 495–497.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, M. E. (1977b). Father-infant and mother-infant interaction in 1st year of life. Child Development, 48, 167–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, M. E. (2012). Infant–father attachments and their impact on child development. In N. J. Cabrera & C. S. Tamis-LeMonda (Eds.), Handbook of father involvement (pp. 109–133). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, M. E., Frodi, M., Hwang, C. P., & Frodi, A. M. (1983). Effects of paternal involvement on infant preferences for mothers and fathers. Child Development, 54, 450–458.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lankinen, V., Lähteenmäki, M., Kaljonen, A., & Korpilahti, P. (2019). Father–child activities and paternal attitudes in early child language development: The STEPS study. Early Child Development and Care, 189, 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lickenbrock, D. M., & Braungart-Rieker, J. M. (2015). Examining antecedents of infant attachment security with mothers and fathers: An ecological systems perspective. Infant Behavior and Development, 39, 173–187.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lieberman, M., Doyle, A. B., & Markiewicz, D. (1999). Developmental patterns in security of attachment to mother and father in late childhood and early adolescence: Associations with peer relations. Child Development, 70, 202–213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lucassen, N., Tharner, A., Van IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Volling, B. L., Verhulst, F. C., et al. (2011). The association between paternal sensitivity and infant–father attachment security: A meta-analysis of three decades of research. Journal of Family Psychology, 25, 986–992.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Main, M., & Goldwyn, R. (1995). Interview-based adult attachment classifications: Related to infant-mother and infant-father attachment. Developmental Psychology, 19, 227–239.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mangelsdorf, S. C., & Frosch, C. A. (1999). Temperament and attachment: One construct or two? Advances in Child Development and Behavior, 27, 181–220. Elsevier.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McConnachie, A. L., Ayed, N., Jadva, V., Lamb, M., Tasker, F., & Golombok, S. (2019). Father-child attachment in adoptive gay father families. Attachment and Human Development., 22, 110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McFarland-Piazza, L., Hazen, N., Jacobvitz, D., & Boyd-Soisson, E. (2012). The development of father–child attachment: Associations between adult attachment representations, recollections of childhood experiences and caregiving. Early Child Development and Care, 182, 701–721.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neppl, T. K., Wedmore, H., Senia, J. M., Jeon, S., & Diggs, O. N. (2019). Couple interaction and child social competence: The role of parenting and attachment. Social Development, 28, 347–363.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olsavsky, A. L., Berrigan, M. N., Schoppe-Sullivan, S. J., Brown, G. L., & Kamp Dush, C. M. (2019). Paternal stimulation and father-infant attachment. Attachment and Human Development, 22, 15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Owen, M. T., & Cox, M. J. (1997). Marital conflict and the development of infant–parent attachment relationships. Journal of Family Psychology, 11, 152–164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palkovitz, R., & Hull, J. (2018). Toward a resource theory of fathering. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 10, 181–198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palm, G. (2014). Attachment theory and fathers: Moving from “being there” to “being with”. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 6, 282–297.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paquette, D. (2004). Theorizing the father-child relationship: Mechanisms and developmental outcomes. Human Development, 47, 193–219.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paquette, D., & Bigras, M. (2010). The risky situation: A procedure for assessing the father-child activation relationship. Early Child Development and Care, 180, 33–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paquette, D., & Dumont, C. (2013). Is father–child rough-and-tumble play associated with attachment or activation relationships? Early Child Development and Care, 183, 760–773.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parke, R. D. (1996). Fatherhood. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinto, A., Veríssimo, M., Gatinho, A., Santos, A. J., & Vaughn, B. E. (2015). Direct and indirect relations between parent–child attachments, peer acceptance, and self-esteem for preschool children. Attachment and Human Development, 17, 586–598.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Planalp, E. M., & Braungart-Rieker, J. M. (2013). Temperamental precursors of infant attachment with mothers and fathers. Infant Behavior and Development, 36, 796–808.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pruett, M. K., Pruett, K., Cowan, C. P., & Cowan, P. A. (2017). Enhancing father involvement in low-income families: A couples group approach to preventive intervention. Child Development, 88, 398–407.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Psouni, E. (2019). The influence of attachment representations and co-parents’ scripted knowledge of attachment on fathers’ and mothers’ caregiving representations. Attachment and Human Development., 21, 485.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Psychogiou, L., Nath, S., Kallitsoglou, A., Dimatis, K., Parry, E., Russell, A. E., et al. (2018). Children’s emotion understanding in relation to attachment to mother and father. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 36, 557–572.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rilling, J. K., & Mascaro, J. S. (2017). The neurobiology of fatherhood. Current Opinion in Psychology, 15, 26–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sagi, A., Lamb, M. E., Lewkowicz, K. S., Shoham, R., Dvir, R., & Estes, D. (1985). Security of infant-mother, infant-father, and infant-metapelet attachments among Kibbutz-Reared Israeli Children. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50, 257–275.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sarkadi, A., Kristiansson, R., Oberklaid, F., & Bremberg, S. (2008). Fathers’ involvement and children’s developmental outcomes: A systematic review of longitudinal studies. Acta Paediatrica, 97, 153–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schoppe-Sullivan, S. J., & Fagan, J. (2020). The evolution of fathering research in the 21st century: Persistent challenges, new directions. Journal of Marriage and Family, 82, 175–197.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schoppe-Sullivan, S. J., Mangelsdorf, S. C., Brown, G. L., & Sokolowski, M. S. (2007). Goodness-of-fit in family context: Infant temperament, marital quality, and early coparenting behavior. Infant Behavior and Development, 30, 82–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Solomon, J., & George, C. (2016). Handbook of attachment. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soubry, A. (2018). Epigenetics as a driver of developmental origins of health and disease: Did we forget the fathers? BioEssays, 40, 1700113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sroufe, L. A. (1985). Attachment classification from the perspective of infant-caregiver relationships and infant temperament. Child Development, 56, 1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sroufe, L. A. (2000). Early relationships and the development of children. Infant Mental Health Journal, 21, 67–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steele, H., Steele, M., & Fonagy, P. (1996). Associations among attachment classifications of mothers, fathers, and their infants. Child Development, 67, 541–555.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Teufl, L., Deichmann, F., Supper, B., & Ahnert, L. (2019). How fathers’ attachment security and education contribute to early child language skills above and beyond mothers: Parent-child conversation under scrutiny. Attachment and Human Development, 22, 71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, R. A. (2000). The legacy of early attachments. Child Development, 71, 145–152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Ijzendoorn, M. H., & de Wolff, M. S. (1997). In search of the absent father—meta-analyses of infant-father attachment: A rejoinder to our discussants. Child Development, 68, 604–609.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vaughn, B. E., & Bost, K. K. (2008). Attachment and temperament: Redundant, independent, or interacting influences on interpersonal adaptation and personality development? In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 192–216). New York: The Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Volling, B. L. (2019). Widening the lens on family processes and the development of parent-child attachment relationships. Attachment and Human Development, 22, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Volling, B. L., & Belsky, J. (1992). Infant, father, and marital antecedents of infant father attachment security in dual-earner and single-earner families. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 15, 83–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Volling, B. L., McElwain, N. L., Notaro, P. C., & Herrera, C. (2002). Parents’ emotional availability and infant emotional competence: Predictors of parent-infant attachment and emerging self-regulation. Journal of Family Psychology, 16, 447–465.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walter, I., Landers, S., Quehenberger, J., Carlson, E., & Brisch, K. (2019). The efficacy of the attachment-based SAFE® prevention program: A randomized control trial including mothers and fathers. Attachment and Human Development, 21, 510.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waters, E., & Deane, K. E. (1985). Defining and assessing individual differences in attachment relationships: Q-methodology and the organization of behavior in infancy and early childhood. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50, 41–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wong, M. S., Mangelsdorf, S. C., Brown, G. L., Neff, C., & Schoppe-Sullivan, S. J. (2009). Parental beliefs, infant temperament, and marital quality: Associations with infant-mother and infant-father attachment. Journal of Family Psychology, 23, 828–838.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Geoffrey L. Brown .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Brown, G.L., Aytuglu, H.A. (2020). Father-Child Attachment Relationships. In: Fitzgerald, H.E., von Klitzing, K., Cabrera, N.J., Scarano de Mendonça, J., Skjøthaug, T. (eds) Handbook of Fathers and Child Development. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51027-5_18

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics