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Neuroscience in Intercultural Contexts pp 117–141Cite as

Cross-Cultural Reading the Mind in the Eyes and Its Consequences for International Relations

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Part of the book series: International and Cultural Psychology ((ICUP))

Abstract

Franklin, Stevenson, Ambady, and Adams observe that there is little cross-cultural research in the ability to perceive information (emotion, cognitions, etc.) from the eyes of an individual. The authors argue that the eyes play a major role in social interaction and looking at within- and between-culture use of information from the eyes, what is referred to as mind reading, is important to understanding nonverbal communication.

The authors report on their research on this topic where they studied participants’ ability to mind read within and between cultures. While participants were accurate in their mind reading ability for both groups, they did show an advantage for their own culture. This advantage was marked by an increase in activity in the posterior superior temporal sulcus. This is consistent with other research on emotion recognition.

The authors also report on their research looking at how gender can play a role in mind reading accuracy. Additionally, they studied how multiple category differences, gender and culture, may affect mind reading ability. They found that women were more accurate in the mind reading task than men regardless of culture. fMRI revealed that women showed greater activation of the inferior frontal gyrus and cerebellum during the task while men showed greater activation of the superior temporal sulcus. These areas are known for reading facial cues, expressing empathy, and mirroring behavior.

Implications for how this work can affect nonverbal communication between cultures are discussed.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The N100 and P200 components are generally considered to be associated with early attentional effects. Specifically, increased amplitude is associated with increased attention directed at a feature of a visual stimulus. The P300 component is generally considered to be associated with working memory operations, with increased amplitude indicative of a greater degree of encoding (see Ito & Urland, 2003).

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Acknowledgements

While writing this paper, we lost our dear friend and co-author Nalini Ambady. It is with our deepest sadness and greatest respect that we dedicate this paper to her memory.

We thank Sakiko Yoshikawa of Kyoto University for helping us generate the Asian Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test and to which we owe our data from Japanese participants (reported in Study 1).

This research was supported in part by the Social Science Research Institute, the Pennsylvania State University to RBA, Jr.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Behavioral Sciences, Anderson University, 316 Boulevard, Anderson, SC, 29621, USA

    Robert G. Franklin Jr.

  2. Department of Occupational Therapy, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Suite 1725, Medford, MA, 02155, USA

    Michael T. Stevenson

  3. Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, 464 Moore Building, University Park, PA, 16802-3106, USA

    Reginald B. Adams Jr.

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  1. Robert G. Franklin Jr.
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  2. Michael T. Stevenson
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  3. Nalini Ambady
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  4. Reginald B. Adams Jr.
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Correspondence to Reginald B. Adams Jr. .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Behavioral Sciences, Arkansas Tech University, Russellville, Arkansas, USA

    Jason E. Warnick

  2. University of Hawaii, Hilo, Hawaii, USA

    Dan Landis

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Franklin, R.G., Stevenson, M.T., Ambady, N., Adams, R.B. (2015). Cross-Cultural Reading the Mind in the Eyes and Its Consequences for International Relations. In: Warnick, J., Landis, D. (eds) Neuroscience in Intercultural Contexts. International and Cultural Psychology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2260-4_5

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