Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Loneliness and Social Anxiety

  • Chapter
Handbook of Social and Evaluation Anxiety

Abstract

A great deal of recent research in psychology has focused on the role of close personal relationships in behavior and experience. For example, topics such as social support, friendship, jealousy, marriage, and divorce have received increasing attention in recent years. Such research has extended our appreciation of the centrality of personal relationships while also verifying the relevance of close relationships to a wide variety of psychological and other processes, including, for example, physical and mental health.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Anderson, C. A., & Arnoult, L. H. (1985). Attributional style and everyday problems in living: Depression, loneliness and shyness. Social Cognition, 3, 16–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arling, G. (1976). The elderly widow and her family, neighbors and friends. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 38, 757–768.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Asher, S. R., & Wheeler, V. A. (1985). Children’s loneliness: A comparison of rejected and neglected peer status. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 500–505.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Austin, B. A. (1983). Factorial structure of the UCLA Loneliness Scale. Psychological Reports, 53, 883–889.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Avery, A. W. (1982). Escaping loneliness in adolescence: The case for androgyny. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 11, 451–459.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ayers, J. (1986). Loneliness and interpersonal communication patterns. Unpublished manuscript, Washington State University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bahr, H. M., & Harvey, C. D. (1979). Correlates of loneliness among widows bereaved in a mining disaster. Psychological Reports, 44, 367–385.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baum, S. K. (1982). Loneliness in elderly persons: A preliminary study. Psychological Reports, 50, 1317–1318.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, R. A. (1985). Conversational involvement and loneliness. Communication Monographs, 52, 218–235.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berg, S., Mellstrom, D., Persson, G., & Svanborg, A. (1981). Loneliness in the Swedish aged. Journal of Gerontology, 36, 342–349.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bradburn, N. (1969). The structure of psychological well-being. Chicago: Aldine.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bragg, M. (1979). A comparative study of loneliness and depression. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brennan, T. (1982). Loneliness at adolescence. In L. A. Peplau & D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy (pp. 269–290). New York: Wiley-Interscience.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buss, A. H. (1980). Self-consciousness and social anxiety. San Francisco: Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buss, A. H. (1986). A theory of shyness. In W. H. Jones, J. M. Cheek, & S. R. Briggs (Eds.), Shyness: Perspectives on research and treatment (pp. 39–46). New York: Plenum.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, B. N., Hansson, R. O., Rountree, R., & Jones, W. H. (1984). Relational competence and adjustment in diabetic patients. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 1, 359–369.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Check, J. V. P., Perlman, D., & Malamuth, N. M. (1985). Loneliness and aggressive behavior. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 2, 243–252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheek, J. M., & Busch, C. M. (1981). The influence of shyness on loneliness in a new situation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 7, 572–577.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheek, J. M., & Buss, A. H. (1981). Shyness and sociability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 330–339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheek, J. M., Melchior, L. A., & Carpentieri, A. M. (1987). Shyness and self-concept. In L. M. Hartman & K. R. Blankstein (Eds.), Perception of self in emotional disorder and psychotherapy (pp. 150–171). New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chelune, G. J., Sultan, F. E., & Williams, C. L. (1980). Loneliness, self-disclosure and interpersonal effectiveness. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 27, 462–468.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crozier, W. R. (1979). Shyness as a dimension of personality. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 18, 121–128.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cutrona, C. E. (1982). Transition to college: Loneliness and the process of social adjustment. In L. A. Peplau & D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy (pp. 291–309). New York: Wiley-Interscience.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daly, S. (1978). Behavioral correlates of social anxiety. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 18, 121–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 113–126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eddy, P. D. (1961). Loneliness: A discrepancy with the phenomenological self. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Adelphi College, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, R. L. (1983). Loneliness, depression and social activity after determination of legal blindness. Psychological Reports, 52, 603–608.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Franzoi, S. L., & Davis, M. H. (1985). Adolescent self-disclosure and loneliness: Private self-consciousness and parental influence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 768–780.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gerson, A. C., & Perlman, D. (1979). Loneliness and expressive communication. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 88, 258–261.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goswick, R. A., & Jones, W. H. (1981). Loneliness, self-concept and adjustment. Journal of Psychology, 107, 237–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goswick, R. A., & Jones, W. H. (1982). Components of loneliness during adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 11, 373–384.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hansson, R. O., & Jones, W. H. (1981). Loneliness, cooperation and conformity. Journal of Social Psychology, 115, 103–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hansson, R. O., Jones, W. H., Carpenter, B. N., & Remondent, J. (1986). Loneliness and adjustment to old age. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 24, 41–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hecht, D. T., & Baum, S. K. (1984). Loneliness and attachment patterns in young adults. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 40, 193–197.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoover, S., Skuja, A., & Cosper, J. (1979). Correlates of college students’ loneliness. Psychological Reports, 44, 1116.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Horowtiz, L. M., French, R. De S., & Anderson, C. (1982). The prototype of a lonely person. In L. A. Peplau & D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy (pp. 183–205). New York: Wiley-Interscience.

    Google Scholar 

  • Izard, C. E. (1977). Human emotions. New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, W. H. (1981). Loneliness and social contact. Journal of Social Psychology, 113, 295–296.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, W. H. (1982). Loneliness and social behavior. In L. A. Peplau & D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy (pp. 238–252). New York: Wiley-Interscience.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, W. H., & Briggs, S. R. (1984). The self-other discrepancy in social shyness. In R. Schwarzer (Ed.), The self in anxiety, stress and depression (pp. 93–107). Amsterdam: North Holland.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, W. H., Briggs, S. R., & Smith, T. G. (1986). Shyness: Conceptualization and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 629–639.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, W. H., & Carpenter, B. N. (1986). Shyness, social behavior and relationships. In W. H. Jones, J. M. Cheek, & S. R. Briggs (Eds.), Shyness: Perspectives on research and treatment (pp. 227–238). New York: Plenum.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, W. H., Carpenter, B. N., & Quintana, D. (1985). Personality and interpersonal predictors of loneliness in two cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 1503–1511.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, W. H., Cavert, C. W., Snider, R. L., & Bruce, T. (1985). Relational stress: An analysis of situations and events associated with loneliness. In S. Duck & D. Perlman (Eds.), Understanding personal relationships (pp. 221–242). London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, W. H., Freemon, J. A., & Goswick, R. A. (1981). The persistence of loneliness: Self and other determinants. Journal of Personality, 49, 27–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, W. H., Hobbs, S. A., & Hockenbury, D. (1982). Loneliness and social skill deficits. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 682–689.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, W. H., & Moore, T. L. (1987). Loneliness and social support. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 2, 145–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, W. H., & Russell, D. (1982). The Social Reticence Scale: An objective instrument to measure shyness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 46, 629–631.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, W. H., Sansone, C., & Helm, B. (1983). Loneliness and interpersonal judgments. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 9, 437–441.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kivett, V. R. (1979). Discriminators of loneliness among the rural elderly: Implications for intervention. The Gerontologist, 19, 108–115.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krulik, T. (1978). Loneliness in school age children with chronic life-threatening illness. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of California, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larsen, R., Csikszetmihalyi, M., & Graef, R. (1982). Time alone in daily experience: Loneliness or renewal? In L. A. Peplau & D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy (pp. 40–53). New York: Wiley-Interscience.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leary, M. R. (1982). Social anxiety. In L. Wheeler (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology (Vol. III, pp. 97–120). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levin, I., & Stokes, J. P. (1986). An examination of the relation of individual differences variables to loneliness. Journal of Personality, 54, 201–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lopata, H. Z. (1969). Loneliness: Forms and components. Social Problems, 17, 248–261.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loucks, S. (1980). Loneliness, affect and self-concept: construct validity of the Bradley Loneliness Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 44, 142–147.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marcoen, A., & Brumagne, M. (1985). Loneliness among children and young adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 21, 1025–1031.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, D., & Schultz, N. R. (1983). Loneliness at adolescence. Correlates, attributions and coping. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 12, 95–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peplau, L. A., & Perlman, D. (1982). (Eds.). Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy. New York: Wiley-Interscience.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perlman, D., Gerson, A. C., & Spinner, B. (1978). Loneliness among senior citizens: An empirical report. Essence, 2, 239–248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pilkonis, P. A. (1977). The behavioral consequences of shyness. Journal of Personality, 45, 566–611.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rook, K. S. (1984). The negative side of social interaction: Impact on psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 1097–1108.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenbaum, J., & Rosenbaum, V. (1973). Conquering loneliness. New York: Hawthorn Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubenstein, C. M., & Shaver, P. (1982). The experience of loneliness. In L. A. Peplau & D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy (pp. 206–223). New York: Wiley-Interscience.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell, D. (1982). The measurement of loneliness. In L. A. Peplau & D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy (pp. 81–104). New York: Wiley-Interscience.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell, D., & Cutrona, C. E. (1988). Development and evolution of the UCLA Loneliness Scale. Unpublished manuscript, University of Iowa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell, D., Cutrona, C. E., Rose, J., & Yurko, K. (1984). Social and emotional loneliness: An examination of Weiss’ typology of loneliness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46,1313–1321.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, D., Kao, C., & Cutrona, C. E. (1987, June). Loneliness and social support: Same or different constructs? Paper presented at the Iowa Conference on Personal Relationships, Iowa City.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Cutrona, C. E. (1980). The revised UCLA Loneliness Scales: Concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 472–480.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Ferguson, M. (1978). Developing a measure of loneliness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 42, 290–294.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schlenker, B. R., & Leary, M. R. (1982). Social anxiety and self-presentation: A conceptualization and model. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 641–669.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schultz, B. J., & Saklofske, D. H. (1983). Relationship between social support and selected measures of psychological well-being. Psychological Reports, 53, 847–850.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shaver, P., Furman, W., & Buhmester, D. (1985). Transition to college: Network changes, social skills, and loneliness. In S. Duck & D. Perlman (Eds.), Understanding personal relationships (pp. 193–220). London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sloan, W. W., Jr., & Solano, C. H. (1984). The conversational style of lonely males with strangers and roommates. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 10, 293–301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Solano, C. H., Batten, P. G., & Parish, E. A. (1982). Loneliness and patterns of self-disclosure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 524–531.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spitzberg, B. H., & Canary, D. J. (1985). Loneliness and relationally competent communication. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 2, 387–402.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stokes, J. (1985). The relationships of social network and individual difference variables to loneliness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 981–990.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vitkus, J., & Horowitz, L. M. (1987). Poor social performance of lonely people: Lacking a skill or adopting a role? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 1266–1273.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weeks, D. G., Michela, J. L., Peplau, L. A., & Bragg, M. E. (1980). The relation between loneliness and depression: A structural equation analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 1238–1244.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, R. S. (1974). The provisions of social relationships. In Z. Rubin (Ed.), Doing unto others (pp. 17–26). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wheeler, L., Reis, H., & Nazlek, J. (1983). Loneliness, social interaction, and sex roles. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 943–955.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilbert, J. R., & Rupert, P. A. (1986). Dysfunctional attitudes, loneliness and depression in college students. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 10, 71–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J. G., & Solano, C. H. (1983). The social reality of feeling lonely: Friendship and reciprocation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 9, 237–242.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wittenberg, M. T., & Reis, H. T (1986). Loneliness, social skills, and social perception. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 12, 121–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zahaki, W. R., & Duran, R. L. (1982). All the lonely people: The relationship among loneliness, communicative competence and communication anxiety. Communication Quarterly, 30, 202–209.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 74104, USA

    Warren H. Jones

  2. Department of Psychology, Augustana College, Rock Island, Illinois, 61204, USA

    Jayne Rose

  3. Graduate Program in Hospital and Health Administration, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA

    Daniel Russell

Authors
  1. Warren H. Jones
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jayne Rose
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Daniel Russell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA

    Harold Leitenberg

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1990 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Jones, W.H., Rose, J., Russell, D. (1990). Loneliness and Social Anxiety. In: Leitenberg, H. (eds) Handbook of Social and Evaluation Anxiety. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2504-6_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2504-6_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-2506-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-2504-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation