Abstract
Children give much time and attention to their friends and remember them for years afterward. Emotionally disturbed children, however, frequently have difficulties in forming and maintaining these relationships. Extreme conditions, including autism, are commonly marked by the complete absence of friends (Rutter, 1970; Rutter & Garmezy, 1983).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Achenbach, T. M., & Edelbrock, C. S. (1981). Behavioral problems and competencies reported by parents of normal and disturbed children aged 4 through 16. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 46(1, Whole No. 188).
Ainsworth, M. D. S., & Wittig, B. A. (1969). Attachment and exploratory behavior of one-year-olds in a strange situation. in B. Foss (Ed.), Determinants of infant behaviour (Vol. 4, pp. 111–136). New York: Wiley.
Altman, I., & Taylor, D. A. (1973). Social penetration. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Banks, W. C. (1976). White preference in blacks: A paradigm in search of a phenomenon. Psychological Bulletin, 83, 1179–1186.
Bell, S. M., & Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1972). Infant crying and maternal responsiveness. Child Development, 43, 1171–1190.
Bemporad, J. R. (1979). Adult recollections of a formerly autistic child. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 9, 179–197.
Berndt, T. J. (1981a). Age changes and changes over time in prosocial intentions and behavior between friends. Developmental Psychology, 17, 408–416.
Berndt, T. J. (1981b). Effects of friendship on prosocial intentions and behavior. Child Development, 52, 636–643.
Bigelow, B. J., & LaGaipa, J. J. (1975). Children’s written descriptions of friendship: A multidimensional analysis. Developmental Psychology, 11, 857–858.
Burks, B. S., Jensen, D. W., & Terman, L. M. (1930). Genetic studies of genius, Vol. 3: The promise of growth. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Campbell, A. C. (1980). Friendship as a factor in male and female delinquency. in H. C Foot, A. J. Chapman, & J. R. Smith (Eds.), Friendship and social relations in children (pp. 365–389). Chichester: Wiley.
Challman, R. C (1932). Factors influencing friendships among preschool children. Child Development, 3, 146–158.
Conger, J. J., & Miller, W. C. (1966). Personality, social class and delinquency. New York: Wiley.
Cowan, G., Drinkard, J., & MacGavin, L. (1984). The effects of target, age, and gender on use of power strategies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 1391–1398.
Davids, A., & Parenti, A. N. (1958). Time orientation and interpersonal relations of emotionally disturbed and normal children. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 57, 299–305.
Diaz, R. M., & Berndt, T. J. (1982). Children’s knowledge of best friend: Fact or fancy? Developmental Psychology, 18, 787–794.
Dodge, K. A. (1980). Social cognition and children’s aggressive behavior. Child Development, 51, 162–170.
Dodge, K. A., Schlundt, D. C, Schocken, L, & Delugach, J. D. (1983). Social competence and children’s sociometric status: The role of peer group entry strategies. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 29, 309–336.
Douvan, E., & Adelson, J. (1966). The adolescent experience. New York: Wiley.
Epstein, J. L. (1983). Selection of friends in differently organized schools and classrooms. in J. L. Epstein & N. Karweit (Eds.), Friends in school: Patterns of selection and influence in secondary schools (pp. 73–92). New York: Academic Press.
Furman, W., & Bierman, K. L. (1984). Children’s conceptions of friendship: A multimethod study of developmental changes. Developmental Psychology, 20, 925–931.
Goodnow, J. (in press). Some lifelong everyday forms of intelligent behavior: Organizing and reorganizing. in R. Sternberg & R. Wagner (Eds.), Practical intelligence: Origins of competence in the everyday world. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Goodnow, J., & Burns, A. (in press). Home and school: Child’s eye view. Sydney: Allen and Unwin.
Gottlieb, J. (1975). Public, peer and professional attitudes toward mentally retarded persons. in M. J. Begab & S. A. Richardson (Eds.), The mentally retarded and society: A social science perspective (pp. 99–126). Baltimore: University Park Press.
Gottman, J. M. (1983). How children become friends. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 48(3, Whole No. 201).
Grossman, B., & Wrighter, J. (1948). The relationship between selection-rejection and intelligence, social status, and personality among sixth-grade children. Sociometry, 11, 346–355.
Hallinan, M. T. (1976). Friendship patterns in open and traditional classrooms. Sociology of Education, 49, 254–265.
Hartup, W. W. (1983). Peer relations. in E. M. Hetherington (Ed.), P. H. Mussen (Series Ed.), Handbook of child psychology (Vol. 4): Socialization, personality and social development (pp. 103–196). New York: Wiley.
Henn, F. A., Bardwell, R., & Jenkins, R. L. (1980). Juvenile delinquents revisited. Archives of General Psychiatry, 37, 1160–1163.
Hinde, R. A. (1979). Towards understanding relationships. New York: Academic Press.
Hinde, R. A., & Stevenson-Hinde, J. (in press). Relating childhood relationships to individual characteristics. in W. W. Hartup & Z. Rubin (Eds.), Relationships and development. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Hinde, R. A., Titmus, G., Easton, D., & Tamplin, A. (1985). Incidence of “friendship” and behavior to strong associates versus non-associates in preschoolers. Child Development, 56, 234–245.
Hindelang, M. (1973). Causes of delinquency: A partial replication and extension. Social Problems, 20, 471–487.
Hirschi, T. (1969). Causes of delinquency. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Hollingworth, L. S. (1942). Children above 180 I.Q., Stanford-Binet: Origin and development. Yonkers-on-Hudson, NY: World Book.
Johnson, D. W., Johnson, R. T., Johnson, J., & Anderson, D. (1976). Effects of cooperative versus individualized instruction on student prosocial behavior, attitudes toward learning, and achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 68, 446–452.
Kandel, D. B. (1978). Similarity in real-life adolescent friendship pairs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 306–312.
Kanner, L., Rodriguez, A., & Ashenden, B. (1972). How far can autistic children go in matters of social adaptation? Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 2, 9–33.
Karweit, N., & Hansell, S. (1983). School organization and friendship selection. in J. L. Epstein & N. Karweit (Eds.), Friends in school: Patterns of selection and influence in secondary schools (pp. 29–38). New York: Academic Press.
Krappman, L. (in press). Peer relations and their possible effects on school achievement. in R. A. Hinde, J. Stevenson-Hinde, & A. N. Perret-Clermont (Eds.), Social relationships and cognitive development. London: Oxford University Press.
Ladd, G. W. (1983). Social networks of popular, average, and rejected children in school settings. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 29, 283–308.
Ladd, G. W., & Emerson, E. S. (1984). Shared knowledge in children’s friendships. Developmental Psychology, 20, 932–940.
Livesley, W. B., & Bromley, D. B. (1973). Person perception in childhood and adolescence. London: Wiley.
Medrich, E. A., Rosen, J., Rubin, V, & Buckley, S. (1982). The serious business of growing up. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Nelson, J., & Aboud, F. E. (1985). The resolution of social conflict between friends. Child Development, 56, 1009–1017.
Newcomb, A. F., & Brady, J. E. (1982). Mutuality in boys’ friendship relations. Child Development, 53, 392–395.
Newcomb, A. F., Brady, J. E., & Hartup, W. W. (1979). Friendship and incentive condition as determinants of children’s task-oriented social behavior. Child Development, 50, 878–881.
Omark, D. R., Omark, M., & Edelman, M. S. (1973). Formation of dominance hierarchies in young children. Paper presented at the IXth International Congress of Anthropological and Ethological Sciences, Chicago.
Roff, M., Sells, S. B., & Golden, M. M. (1972). Social adjustment and personality development in children. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Rutter, M. (1970). Autistic children: Infancy to adulthood. Seminars in Psychiatry, 2, 435–450.
Rutter, M., & Garmezy, N. (1983). Developmental psychopathology. in E. M. Hetherington (Ed.), P. H. Mussen (Series Ed.), Handbook of child psychology, (Vol. 4), Socialization, personality and social development (pp. 775–911). New York: Wiley.
Rutter, M., & Giller, H. (1984). Juvenile delinquency: Trends and perspectives. New York: Guilford Press.
Selman, R. L. (1980). The growth of interpersonal understanding. New York: Academic Press.
Sharabany, R., Gershoni, R., & Hofman, J. E. (1981). Girlfriend, boyfriend: Age and sex differences in intimate friendship. Developmental Psychology, 17, 800–808.
Shatz, M., & Gelman, R. (1973). The development of communication skills: Modification in the speech of young children as a function of listener. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 38 (5, Whole No. 152).
Singleton, L. C, & Asher, S. R. (1979). Racial integration and children’s peer pReferences: An investigation of developmental and cohort differences. Child Development, 50, 936–941.
Sroufe, L. A., & Fleeson, J. (in press). Attachment and the construction of relationships. in W. W. Hartup & Z. Rubin (Eds.), Relationships and development. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Strain, P. S. (1984). Social behavior patterns of nonhandicapped and developmentally disabled friend pairs in mainstream schools. Analysis and Intervention in Developmental Disabilities, 4, 15–28.
Sullivan, H. S. (1953). The interpersonal theory of psychiatry. New York: Norton.
Thompson, G. G., & Horrocks, J. E. (1947). A study of the friendship fluctuations of urban boys and girls. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 70, 53–63.
Waldrop, M. F., & Halverson, C. F. (1975). Intensive and extensive peer behavior: Longitudinal and cross-sectional analyses. Child Development, 46, 19–26.
Wallerstein, J. S., & Kelly, J. B. (1980). Surviving the breakup: How children and parents cope with divorce. New York: Basic Books.
Wing, L. (1983). Social and interpersonal needs. in E. Schopler & G. B. Mesibov (Eds.), Autism in adolescents and adults (pp. 337–353). New York: Plenum Press.
Youniss, J. (1980). Parents and peers in social development: A Sullivan-Piaget perspective. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1986 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hartup, W.W., Sancilio, M.F. (1986). Children’s Friendships. In: Schopler, E., Mesibov, G.B. (eds) Social Behavior in Autism. Current Issues in Autism. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2242-7_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2242-7_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-2244-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-2242-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive