Skip to main content

Anxiety Disorders

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Applied Clinical Psychology ((NSSB))

Abstract

The field of clinical behavior therapy can trace its beginning to the examination of anxiety in children. Watson and Rayner’s demonstration of conditioned fear in Little Albert (1920) and Jones’s subsequent treatment of fear in Peter (1924) provided auspicious support for the newly developed theory of behaviorism. Barrios, Hartmann, and Shigetomi (1981) commented that, with such an impressive beginning of the study of childhood anxiety, one might expect that the assessment and treatment of childhood fear and anxiety would be firmly established. In fact, there are few well-controlled investigations of fears and anxiety in children (Ollendick, 1979), and we have little understanding of just what constitutes anxiety in children. We still have much to learn regarding the nature and treatment of childhood fears and anxiety.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Achenbach, T. M. (1978). The child behavior profile: 1. Boys aged 6-11. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46, 478–488.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Achenbach, T. M. (1985). Assessment of anxiety in children. In A. H. Tuma & J. P. Moser (Ed.), Anxiety and the anxiety disorders. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Achenbach, T. M., & Edelbrock, C. S. (1978). The classification of child psychopathology: A review and analysis of empirical efforts. Psychological Bulletin, 85, 1275–1301.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Achenbach, T. M., & Edelbrock, C. S. (1979). The child behavior profile: II. Boys aged 12–16 and girls aged 6–11 and 12–16. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 47, 223–233.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Angelino, H., Dollins, J., & Mech, E. V. (1956). Trends in the “fears and worries” of school children as related to socioeconomic status and age. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 89, 263–276.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barrios, B. A., Hartmann, D. P., & Shigetomi, C. (1981). Fears and anxieties in children. In E. J. Nash & L. G. Terdal (Eds.), Behavioral assessment of childhood disorders. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, D. (1976). An exploratory study of developmental changes in children’s fears. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 17, 69–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Castaneda, A., McCandless, B. R., & Palmero, D. S. (1956). The children’s form of the Manifest Anxiety Scale. Child Development, 16, 317–1326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Croake, J. W. (1969). Fears of children. Human Development, 12, 239–247.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Finch, A. J., Jr., & Nelson, W. M., III (1974). Anxiety and locus of control in emotionally disturbed children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 2, 33–37.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Francis, G. (1985). The role of anxiety and depression in socially withdrawn children. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glennon, B., & Weisz, J. R. (1978). An observational approach to the assessment of anxiety in young children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46, 1246–1257.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Graziano, A. M., & DeGiovanni, I. S. (1979). The clinical significance of childhood phobias: A note on the proportion of child-clinical referrals for the treatment of children’s fears. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 17(2), 161–162.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greenfield, N. S., & Sternbach, R. A. (1972). Handbook of psychophysiology, New York: Holt, Rhinehart, and Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hagman, E. R. (1932). A study of fears of children of preschool age. Journal of Experimental Education, 1, 110–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herjanic, B., Herjanic, M., Brown, P., & Wheatt, T. (1975). Are children reliable reporters? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 3, 41–48.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hodges, K. (1982). The Child Assessment Schedule. Unpublished manuscript.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jersild, A. T., & Holmes, F. B. (1935). Children’s fears. Child Development (Monograph 20). New York: Teachers’ College, Columbia University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, S. B., & Melamed, B. G. (1979). The assessment and treatment of children’s fears. In B. B. Lahey & A. E. Kazdin (Eds.), Advances in clinical child psychology (Vol. 2). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, M. C. (1924). A laboratory study of fear: The case of Peter. Pedagogical Seminary, 31, 308–315.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kazdin, A. E. (1973). The effect of suggestion and pretesting on avoidance reduction in fearful subjects. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychology, 4, 213–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelley, C. K. (1976). Play desensitization of fear of darkness in preschool children. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 14, 79–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kendall, P. C., & Korgeski, G. P. (1979). Assessment and cognitive behavioral interventions. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 3, 1–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kohn, M., & Roman, B. L. (1972). A social competence scale and symptom checklist for the preschool child: Factor dimensions, their cross-instrument generality, and longitudinal persistence. Developmental Psychology, 6, 430–444.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kovas, M. (1978). Interview Schedule for Children. Unpublished manuscript.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lacey, J. I. (1959). Psychophysiological approaches to the evaluation of psychotherapeutic process and outcome. In E. A. Rubinstein & M. B. Parloff (Eds.), Research in psychotherapy. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lacey, J. I., & Lacey, B. C. (1967). The law of initial value in the longitudinal study of autonomic construction: Reproductibility of autonomic responses and response patterns over a four-year interval. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 38, 1257–1290.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lang, P. J., & Lazovik, A. D. (1963). Experimental desensitization of a phobia. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66, 519–525.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lapouse, R., & Monk, M. A. (1959). Fears and worries in a representative sample of children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 29, 803–818.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maccoby, E. E., & Jacklin, C. N. (1974). The psychology of sex differences. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacFarlane, J. W., Allen, L., & Honzick, M. P. (1954). A developmental study of the behavior problems of normal children between twenty-one months and fourteen years. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marks, I. M. (1969). Fears and phobias. New York: American Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mattison, R., Cantwell, D. P., Russell, A. T., & Will, L. (1979). A comparison of DSM-II and DSM-III in the diagnosis of childhood psychiatric disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 36, 1217–1222.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Melamed, B. G., & Siegel, L. J. (1975). Reduction of anxiety in children facing hospitalization and surgery by use of filmed modeling. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 43, 511–521.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, L. C. (1983). Fears and anxieties in children. In C. E. Walker & M. C. Roberts (Eds.), Handbook of clinical child psychology. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, L. C., Barrett, C. L., Hampe, E., & Noble, H. (1972). Revised anxiety scales for the Louisville Behavior Checklist. Psychological Reports, 29, 503–511.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, L. C., Barrett, C. L., & Hampe, E. (1974). Phobias of childhood in a prescientific era. In A. Davids (Ed.), Child personality and psychopathology: Current topics (Vol. 1). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Montgomery, L. E., & Finch, A. J., Jr. (1974). Validity of two measures of anxiety in children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 2, 293–298.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morris, R. J., & Kratochwill, T. R. (1983). Treating children’s fears and phobias: A behavioral approach. New York: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neisworth, J. T., Madle, R. A., & Goeke, K. E. (1975). “Errorless” elimination of separation anxiety: A case study. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 6, 79–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nietzel, M. T., & Bernstein, D. A. (1981). Assessment of anxiety and fear. In M. Hersen & A. S. Bellack (Eds.), Behavioral assessment: A practical handbook (2nd ed.). New York: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ollendick, T. H. (1979). Fear reduction techniques with children. In M. Hersen, R. M. Eisler, & P. M. Miller (Eds.), Progress in behavior modification. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ollendick, T. H. (1983a). Anxiety-based disorders. In M. Hersen (Ed.), Outpatient behavior therapy: A clinical guide. New York: Grune & Stratton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ollendick, T. H. (1983b). Reliability and validity of the revised Fear Survey Schedule for Children (FSSC-R). Behavior Research and Therapy, 21, 685–692.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ollendick, T. H., & Cerny, J. A. (1981). Clinical Behavior Therapy with Children. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ollendick, T. H., & Gruen, G. E. (1972). Treatment of a bodily injury phobia with implosive therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 38, 389–393.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ollendick, T. H., & Hersen, M. (1984). Child behavioral assessment: Principles and procedures. New York: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ollendick, T. H., & Mayer, J. (1984). School phobia. In S. M. Turner (Ed.), Behavioral treatment of anxiety disorders. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ollendick, T. H., Matson, J. L., & Helsel, W. J. (1985). Fears in visually-impaired and normally-sighted youths. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 23, 375–378.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poznanski, E. (1973). Children with excessive fears. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 43, 438–439.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quay, H. C. (1979). Classification. In H. C. Quay & J. S. Werry (Eds.), Psychopathological disorders of childhood (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quay, H. C., & Peterson, D. R. (1983). Manual for the Revised Behavior Problem Checklist. Unpublished manuscript.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, C. R., & Paget, K. D. (1982). National normative and reliabiltiy data for the Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Association of School Psychologists, Toronto.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, C. R., & Richmond, B. O. (1978). “What I think and feel”: A revised measure of children’s manifest anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 6, 271–280.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, A. O. (1980). Psychological disorders of children: A behavioral approach to theory, research, and theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryall, M. R., & Dietiker, K. E. (1979). Reliability and clinical validity of the Children’s Fear Survey Schedule. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 10, 303–309.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sarason, S. B., Davidson, K. S., Lighthall, F. F., Waite, R. R., & Ruebush, B. K. (1960). Anxiety in elementary school children. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scherer, M. W., & Nakamura, C. Y. (1968). A Fear Survey Schedule for Children (FSSC): A factor analytic comparison with manifest anxiety (CMAS). Behaviour Research and Therapy, 6, 173–182.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R. E., & Sharpe, T. M. (1970). Treatment of a school phobia with implosive therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 35, 239–243.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spielberger, C. D. (1973). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stefanek, M. E. (1984). Self-statement utilization and social skills training with elementary school-aged children. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tal, A., & Miklich, D. R. (1976). Emotionally induced decreases in pulmonary flow rates in asthmatic children. Psychosomatic Medicine, 38, 190–200.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, J. A. (1951). The relationship of anxiety to the conditioned eyelid response. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 42, 183–188.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walk, R. D. (1956). Self-ratings of fear in a fear-invoking situation. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 52, 171–178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watson, J., & Rayner, R. (1920). Conditioned emotional reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 3, 1–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolpe, J., & Lang, P. J. (1964). A fear survey schedule for use in behavior therapy. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 2, 27–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zatz, S., & Chassin, L. (1983). Cognitions of test-anxious children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 526–534.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1987 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Francis, G., Ollendick, T.H. (1987). Anxiety Disorders. In: Frame, C.L., Matson, J.L. (eds) Handbook of Assessment in Childhood Psychopathology. Applied Clinical Psychology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0041-8_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0041-8_15

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-0043-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-0041-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics