Skip to main content

Stimulant Medications and the Treatment of Children with ADHD

  • Chapter
Book cover Advances in Clinical Child Psychology

Part of the book series: Advances in Clinical Child Psychology ((ACCP,volume 17))

Abstract

Stimulant medications have been used for over 55 years to treat children affected by a condition once called hyperactivity and now termed attention deficit disorder (ADD) (DSM-III, 1980) or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (DSM-III-R, 1987; DSM-IV, 1994). In this chapter, we will use the term currently en vogue (ADHD) to refer to all of the conditions (e.g., minimal brain damage, minimal brain dysfunction, hyperactivity, hyper-kinesis, attention deficit disorder) which over the years have shared some or all of the basic symptoms of this disorder (i.e., inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

Appendix B Table B.1 1900–1949

  1. Bradley, C. (1937). The behavior of children receiving benzedrine. American Journal of Psychiatry, 94, 577–585.... 72

    Google Scholar 

  2. Strauss, A. A., & Lehtinen, L. E. (1947). Psychopathology and education of the brain-injured child. New York: Grune & Stratton.... 29

    Google Scholar 

  3. Bradley, C., & Bowen, M. (1940). School performance of children receiving amphetamine (benzedrine) sulfate. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 10, 782–788.... 13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Kahn, E., & Cohen, L. H. (1934). Organic driveness: A brain stem syndrome and an experience. With case reports. New England Journal of Medicine, 210, 748–756... 12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Bradley, C., & Bowen, M. (1941). Amphetamine (benzedrine) therapy of children’s behavior disorders. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 11, 92–103.... 12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Still, G. G. (1902). The Coulstonian Lectures on some abnormal psychical conditions in children. Lancet, 1, 1008–1012, 1077–1082, 1163–1168.... 10

    Google Scholar 

  7. Hohman, L. B. (1922). Post-enciphalitic behavior disorders in children. Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin, 380, 372–375.... 10

    Google Scholar 

  8. Bender, L., & Cottington, F. (1943). The use of amphetamine sulfate (benzedrine) in child psychiatry. American Journal of Psychiatry, 99, 116–121....9

    Google Scholar 

  9. Molitch, M, & Eccles, A. (1937). Effects of benzedrine sulfate on the intelligence scores of children. American Journal of Psychiatry, 94, 587–590.... 8

    Google Scholar 

  10. Lindsley, D., & Henry, C. (1942). The effect of drugs on behavior and the electroencephalogram of children with behavior disorders. Psychosomatic Medicine, 4, 140–149.... 7

    Google Scholar 

  11. Molitch, M., & Sullivan, J. P. (1937). Effect of benzedrine sulfate on children taking new Stanford achievement test. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 7, 519.... 6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Bradley, C., & Green, E. (1940). Psychometric performances of children receiving amphetamine (benzedrine) sulfate. American Journal of Psychiatry, 97, 388–394.... 6

    Google Scholar 

  13. Cutler, M., Little, J. W., & Strauss, A. A. (1940). The effect of Benzedrine on mentally deficient children. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 45, 59–65....5

    Google Scholar 

  14. Werner, H., & Strauss, A. A. (1941). Pathology of figure-background relation in the child. Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology, 36, 236–248.... 4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Orton, S. T. (1937). Reading, writing and speech problems in children. New York: Norton.... 4

    Google Scholar 

  16. Hollingworth, H. L. (1912). The influence of caffeine on mental and motor efficiency. Archives of Psychology, 3, 1–166.... 4

    Google Scholar 

  17. Ebaugh, F. G. (1923). Neuropsychiatric sequelae of acute epidemic encephalitis in children. American Journal of Dis Child, 25, 89–97.... 4

    Google Scholar 

  18. Bender, L. (1949). Psychological problems of children with organic brain disease. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 19, 404–441.... 4

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Sherrington, C. (1906). The integrative action of the nervous system. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.... 3

    Google Scholar 

  20. Kraepelin, E. (1921). Manic-depressive insanity and paranoia. Edinburgh: E. & S. Livingstone.... 3

    Google Scholar 

  21. Korey, S. (1944). The effects of benzedrine sulfate on the behavior of psychopathic and neurotic juvenile delinquents. Psychiatry, 18, 127–137.... 3

    Google Scholar 

  22. Gesell, A., & Amatruda, C. S. (1947). Developmental diagnosis. New York: Paul B. Hoeber.... 3

    Google Scholar 

  23. Dreisbach, R. H., & Pfeiffer, C. (1943). Caffeine-withdrawal headache. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, 28, 1212.... 3

    Google Scholar 

  24. Bond, E. D., & Smith, L. H. (1935). Post-encephalitic behavior disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 92, 17....3

    Google Scholar 

  25. Bond, E. (1932). Postencephalitic, ordinary and extraordinary children. Journal of Pediatrics, 1, 310–314.... 3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Bender, L. (1942). Postencephalitic behavior disorders in children. In J. Neil (Ed.), Encephalitis: A clinical study. New York: Grune & Stratton....3

    Google Scholar 

Table B.2 1950–1959

  1. Laufer, M. W., Denhoff, E., & Solomons, G. (1957). Hyperkinetic impulse disorders in children’s behavior problems. Psychosomatic Medicine, 19, 38–49....33

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Bradley, C. (1950). Benzedrine and dexedrine in the treatment of children’s behavior disorders. Pediatrics, 5, 24–37.... 27

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Laufer, M. W., & Denhoff, E. (1957). Hyperactive behavior syndrome in children. Journal of Pediatrics, 50, 463–474.... 25

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Rosvold, E., Mirsky, R., Sarason, I., Bransome, E., & Beck, L. (1956). A continuous performance test of brain damage. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 20, 343–350.... 13

    Google Scholar 

  5. Strauss, A. A., & Kephart, N. C. (1955). Psychopathology and education of the brain-injured child: Progress in theory and clinic. New York: Grune & Stratton.... 10

    Google Scholar 

  6. Lytton, G., & Knobel, M. (1958). Diagnosis and treatment of behavior disorders in children. Diseases of the Nervous System, 20, 1–7 or 334–340.... 10

    Google Scholar 

  7. Ounsted, C. (1955). The hyperkinetic syndrome in epileptic children. Lancet, 2, 303–311.... 9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Pasamanick, B. (1951). Anticonvulsant drug therapy of behavior problem children with abnormal EEG. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 65, 752–766.... 8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Knobel, M., Wolman, M B., & Mason, E. (1959). Hyperkinesis and organicity in children. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1, 310–321.... 6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Bradley, C. (1957). Characteristics and management of children with behavior problems associated with organic brain damage. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 4, 1049– 1060.... 6

    Google Scholar 

  11. Schulman, J. L., & Reisman, J. M. (1959). An objective measure of hyperactivity. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 64, 455.... 5

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Lapouse, R., & Monk, M. (1958). An epidemiologic study of behavior characteristics in children. American Journal of Public Health, 48, 1134–1144.... 5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Freedman, A. M., Effron, A. S., & Bender, L. (1955). Pharmacology in children with psychiatric illness. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 122, 479–486.... 5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Davis, G. (1957). Effects of central exitant and depressant drugs on locomotor activity in the monkey. American Journal of Physiology, 188, 619–623.... 5

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Oettinger, L. (1958). The use of deanol in the treatment of disorders of behavior in children. Journal of Pediatrics, 53, 671–675.... 4

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Morris, J. V., MacGillivray, R. C., & Mathieson, C. M. (1955). The results of the experimental administration of amphetamine sulfate, in oligophrenia. Journal of Mental Science/British Journal of Psychiatry, 101, 131–140.... 4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Mackworth, N. H. (1950). Researches on the measurement of human performance. London: His Majesty’s Stationary Office.... 4

    Google Scholar 

  18. Hunt, B. R., Frank, T., & Krush, T. P. (1956). Chlorpromazine in the treatment of severe emotional disorders of children. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 86, 268–277.... 4

    Google Scholar 

  19. Freed, H, & Peifer, C.(1956). Treatment of hyperkinetic emotionally disturbed children with prolonged administration of chloropromazine. American Journal of Psychiatry, 113, 22–26.... 4

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Connell, P. H. (1958). Amphetamine psychosis. London: Chapman & Hall.... 4

    Google Scholar 

Table B.3 1960–1969

  1. Conners, C. K. (1969). A teacher rating scale for use in drug studies with children. American Journal of Psychiatry, 126, 884–888.... 50

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Knights, R. M., & Hinton, G. G. (1969). The effects of methylphenidate (Ritalin) on the motor skills and behavior of children with learning problems. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 148, 643–653.... 34

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Eisenberg, L., Lachman, R., Moiling, P. A., Lockner, A., Mizelle, J. D., & Conners, C. K. (1963). A psychopharmacologic experiment in a training school for delinquent boys: Methods, problems, findings. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 33, 431–446.... 25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Conners, C., Eisenberg, L., & Barcai, A. (1967). Effects of dextroamphetamine on children: Studies on subjects with learning disabilities and school behavior problems. Archives of General Psychiatry, 17, 478–485.... 25

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Werry, J. S., Weiss, G., Douglas, V. I., & Martin, J. (1966). Studies on the hyperactive child. Ill: The effect of chlorpromazine upon behavior and learning ability. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 5, 292–312.... 24

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Conners, C. K., & Rothschild, G. H. (1968). Drugs and learning in children. In J. Hellmuth (Ed.), Learning disorders (pp. 191–223). Seattle: Special Child Publication.... 22

    Google Scholar 

  7. Conners, C. K., Rothschild, G., Eisenberg, L., Schwartz, L. S., & Robinson, E. (1969). Dextroamphetamine sulfate in children with learning disorders: Effects on perception, learning, and achievement. Archives of General Psychiatry, 21, 182–190.... 22

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Stewart, M. A., Pitts, F. N., Craig, A. G., & Dierof, W. (1966). The hyperactive child syndrome. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 36, 861–367.... 21

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Millichap, J., & Fowler, G. W. (1967). Treatment of minimal brain dysfunction syndromes. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 14, 767–778.... 21

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Epstein, L. C., Lasagna, L., Conners, C., & Rodriguez, A. (1968). Correlation of dextroamphetamine excretion and drug response in hyperkinetic children. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 146, 136–146.... 21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Conners, C. K., & Eisenberg, L. (1963). The effects of methylphenidate on symptomatology and learning in disturbed children. American Journal of Psychiatry, 120, 458–464.... 21

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Conners, C. K., Eisenberg, L., & Sharpe, L. (1964). Effects of methylphenidate (Ritalin) on paired associate learning and Porteus Maze performance in emotionally disturbed children. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 28, 14–22.... 21

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Weiss, B., & Laties, V. G. (1962). Enhancement of human performance by caffeine and the amphetamines. Psychological Review, 14, 1–36.... 20

    Google Scholar 

  14. Weiss, G., Werry, J. S., Minde, K., Douglas, V. I., & Sykes, D. (1968). Studies on the hyperactive child V: The effects of dextroamphetamine and chlorpromazine on behavior and intellectual functioning. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 9, 145–156.... 19

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Menkes, M. M., Rowe, J.S., & Menkes, J. H. (1967). A 25-year follow-up study on the hyperkinetic child with minimal brain dysfunction. Pediatrics, 39, 393–399.... 19

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Clements, S. E., & Peters, J. E. (1962). Minimal brain dysfunction in the school-age child: Diagnosis and treatment. Archives of General Psychiatry, 6, 185–197.... 19

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Werry, J. (1968). Studies on the hyperactive child. IV. An empirical analysis of the minimal brain dysfunction syndrome. Archives of General Psychiatry, 19, 9–16.... 17

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Knobel, M. (1962). Psychopharmacology for the hyperkinetic child-dynamic considerations. Archives of General Psychiatry, 6, 30–34.... 17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Millichap, J. G., & Boldery, E. E. (1967). Studies in hyperkinetic behavior. II: Laboratory and clinical evaluations of drug treatments. Neurology, 17, 467–471.... 16

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Conrad, W., & Insel, J. (1967). Anticipating the response to amphetamine therapy in the treatment of hyperkinetic children. Pediatrics, 40, 96–98.... 13

    Google Scholar 

  21. Millichap, J. G., Aymot, F., Sturgis, L. H., Larsen, K. W., & Egan, R. A. (1968). Hyperkinetic behavior and learning disorders. Ill: Battery of neuropsychological test in controlled trial of methylphenidate. American Journal of Diseases in Childhood, 116, 235–244.... 12

    Google Scholar 

  22. Freeman, R. D. (1966). Drug effects on learning in children—A selective review of the past 30 years. Journal of Special Education, 1, 17–44.... 12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Eisenberg, L. (1966). The management of the hyperkinetic child. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 8, 593–598.... 12

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Clements, S. D. (1966). Minimal brain dysfunction in children: Terminology and identification. In U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service Publication.... 12

    Google Scholar 

Table B.4 1970–1979

  1. Sprague, R. L., & Sleator, E. K. (1977b). Methylphenidate in hyperkinetic children: Difference in dose effects on learning and social behavior. Science, 198, 1274–1276.... 65

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Barkley, R. A. (1977). A review of stimulant drug research with hyperactive children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 18, 137–165.... 56

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Wender, P. H. (1971). Minimal brain dysfunction in children. New York: Wiley-Inter-science.... 54

    Google Scholar 

  4. Weiss, G., Kruger, E., Danielson, V., & Elman, M. (1975). Effect of long-term treatment of hyperactive children with methylphenidate. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 112, 159–165.... 41

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Sprague, R. L., Barnes, K. R., & Werry, J. S. (1970). Methylphenidate and thioridazine: Learning, reaction time, activity, and classroom behavior in disturbed children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 40, 615–628.... 40

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Rapoport, J., Quinn, P., Bradbard, G., Riddle, D., & Brooks, F. (1974). Imipramine and methylphenidate: Treatments of hyperactive boys. Archives of General Psychiatry, 30, 789–793.... 40

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Douglas, V. I. (1972). Stop, look, and listen: The problem of sustained attention and impulse control in hyperactive and normal children. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 4, 259–282..... 37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Weiss, G., Minde, K., Werry, J. S., Douglas, V. I., & Nemeth, E. (1971). Studies on the hyperactive child. VIII: A five-year follow-up. Archives of General Psychiatry, 24, 409–414.... 36

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Swanson, J., Kinsbourne, M., Roberts, W., & Zucker, K. (1978). A time-response analysis of the effect of stimulant medication on the learning ability of children referred for hyperactivity. Pediatrics, 61, 21–29.... 34

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Safer, D. J., Allen, R. P., & Barr, E. (1972). Depression of growth in hyperactive children on stimulant drugs. New England Journal of Medicine, 287 217–220.... 34

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Rapoport, J. L., Buchsbaum, M. S., Zahn, T. P., Wemgartner, H., Ludlow, C., & Mik-kelsen, I. J. (1978). Dextroamphetamine: Cognitive and behavioral effects in normal prepubertal boys. Science, 199, 560–563.... 34

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Safer, D. J., & Allen, R. P. (1976). Hyperactive children: Diagnosis and management. Baltimore, MD: University Park Press.... 30

    Google Scholar 

  13. Cantwell, D. P., & Carlson, G. A. (1978). Stimulants. In J. S. Werry (Ed.), Pediatric psychopharmacology: The use of behavior modifying drugs in children (pp. 171–217). New York: Brunner/Mazel.... 29

    Google Scholar 

  14. Barkley, R. A., & Cunningham, C. E. (1978). Do stimulant drugs improve the academic performance of hyperactive children? A review of outcome research. Clinical Pediatrics, 17, 85–92....29

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Swanson, J. M., & Kinsbourne, M. (1976). Stimulant-related state-dependent learning in hyperactive children. Science, 192, 1354–1356.... 28

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Riddle, K. D., & Rapoport, J. L. (1976). A 2-year follow-up of 72 hyperactive boys: Classroom behavior and peer acceptance. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 162, 126–134.... 28

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Whalen, C., & Henker, B. (1976). Psychostimulants and children: A review and analysis of drug effectiveness. Psychological Bulletin, 83, 1113–1130.... 27

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Sprague, R. L., & Werry, J. (1971). Methodology of psychopharmacological studies with the retarded. In N. Ellis (Ed.), International review of research in mental retardation. New York: Academic Press.... 27

    Google Scholar 

  19. Mendelson, W., Johnson, N., & Stewart, M. A. (1971). Hyperactive children as teenagers: A follow-up study. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 153, 273–279.... 27

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Rie, H. E., Rie, E. D., Stewart, S., & Ambuel, J. P. (1976). Effects of methylphenidate on underachieving children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 44, 250–260.... 26

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Quinn, P., & Rapoport, J. (1975). One-year follow-up of hyperactive boys treated with imipra-mine and methylphenidate. American Journal of Psychiatry, 132, 241–245.... 25

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Gittelman-Klein, R., & Klein, D. (1976). Methylphenidate effects in learning disabilities. Archives of General Psychiatry, 33, 655.... 25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Schleifer, M., Weiss, G., Cohen, N., Elman, M., Cvejic, H., & Kruger, E. (1975). Hyperactivity in preschoolers and the effect of methylphenidate. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 45, 38–50.... 24

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Werry, J. S., & Sprague, R. L. (1974). Methylphenidate in children: Effect of dosage. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 8, 9–19.... 23

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Werry, J., & Aman, M. (1975). Methylphenidate and haloperidol in children: Effects on attention, memory, and activity. Archives of General Psychiatry, 32, 790–795.... 23

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Table B.5 1980–1989

  1. American Psychiatric Association (1980). DSM-III. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.... 59

    Google Scholar 

  2. Rapoport, J. L., Buchsbaum, M. S., Weingartner, H., Zahn, T. P., Ludlow, C., & Mikkelsen, E. (1980). Dextroamphetamine: Its cognitive and behavioral effects in normal and hyperactive boys and normal men. Archives of General Psychiatry, 37, 933–943.... 38

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. American Psychiatric Association. (1987). DSM-III-R. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.... 35

    Google Scholar 

  4. Douglas, V. L, Barr, R. G., O’Neill, M.E., & Britton, B. G. (1986). Short-term effects of methylphenidate on the cognitive, learning and academic performance of children with attention deficit disorder in the laboratory and the classroom. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 27, 191–211.... 24

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Lowe, T. L., Cohen, D. J., Detlor, J., Kremenitzer, M. W., & Shaywitz, B. A. (1982). Stimulant medications precipitate Tourette’s syndrome. Journal of the American Medical Association, 247, 1729–1731.... 22

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Weiss, G., & Hechtman, L. (1986). Hyperactive children grown up: Empirical findings and theoretical considerations. New York: Guilford.... 21

    Google Scholar 

  7. Ross, D. M., & Ross, S. A. (1982). Hyperactivity: Current issues, research, and theory. New York: Wiley.... 21

    Google Scholar 

  8. Mattes, J. A., & Gittleman, R. (1983). Growth of hyperactive children on maintenance regimen of methylphenidate. Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 317–321.... 21

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Barkley, R. A. (1981). Hyperactive children: A handbook of diagnosis and treatment. New York: Guilford Press.... 21

    Google Scholar 

  10. Pelham, W. E., Bender, M. E., Caddell, J., Booth, S., & Moorer, S. H. (1985). Methylphenidate and children with attention deficit disorder: Dose effects on classroom academic and social behavior. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42, 948–952.... 20

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Gadow, K. D. (1983). Effects of stimulant drugs on academic performance in hyperactive and learning disabled children. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 16, 290–299.... 20

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Satterfield, J. H., Satterfield, B. T., & Cantwell, D. P. (1981). Three-year multimodality treatment study of 100 hyperactive boys. Pediatrics, 98, 650–655.... 18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Satterfield, J., Hoppe, C., & Schell, A. (1982). A prospective study of delinquency in 110 adolescent boys with attention deficit disorder and 88 normal adolescent boys. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 797–798.... 18

    Google Scholar 

  14. Gittelman, R., Mannuzza, S., Shenker, R., & Bonagura, N. (1985). Hyperactive boys almost grown up. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42, 937–947.... 18

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Abikoff, H., & Gittelman, R. (1985). Hyperactive children treated with stimulants. Is cognitive training a useful adjunct? Archives of General Psychiatry, 42, 953–961.... 18

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Safer, D. J., & Krager, J. M. (1988). A survey of medication treatment for hyperactive/inattentive students. Journal of the American Medical Association, 260, 2256–2258.... 17

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Loney, J., Kramer, H., & Milich, R. S. (1981). The hyperactive child grows up: Predictors of symptoms, delinquency, and achievement at follow-up. In K. D. Gadow & J. Loney (Eds.), Psychosocial aspects of drug treatment for hyperactivity (pp. 381–415). Boulder, CO: Westview Press.... 17

    Google Scholar 

  18. Hunt, R. D., Minderaa, R. B., & Cohen, D. J. (1985). Clonidine benefits children with attention deficit disorder and hyperactivity: Report of a double-blind placebo-crossover therapeutic trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 24, 617–629.... 17

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Garfinkel, B. D., Wender, P. H., & Sloman, L. (1983). Tricyclic antidepressant and methyl-phenidate treatment of attention deficit disorder in children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 22, 343–348.... 17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Charles, L., & Schain, R. (1981). A four-year follow-up study of the effects of methylphenidate on the behavior modification in the treatment of kindergarten-aged hyperactive children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 9, 495–505.... 17

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Zametkin, A. J., & Rapoport, J. L. (1987). Neurobiology of attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity: Where have we come in 50 years? Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 26, 676–686.... 16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Solanto, M. V. (1984). Neuropharmacological basis of stimulant drug action in attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity: A review and synthesis. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 387–409.... 16

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Shaywitz, S. E., Hunt, R. D., Jatlow, P., Cohen, D. J., Young, J. G., Pierce, R. N., Anderson, G. M., & Shaywitz, B. A. (1982). Psychopharmacology of attention deficit disorder: Pharmacokinetic, neuroendocrine, and behavioral measures following acute and chronic treatment with methylphenidate. Pediatrics, 69, 688–694.... 16

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Pelham, W., & Bender, M. E. (1982). Peer relationships in hyperactive children: Description and treatment. In K. Gadow & I. Bailer (Eds.), Advances in learning and behavioral disabilities, (pp. 365–436). Greenwich, CT: J AI Press.... 16

    Google Scholar 

  25. Kavale, K. (1982). The efficacy of stimulant drug treatment for hyperactivity: A meta-analysis. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 15, 280–289.... 16

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Gualtieri, C. T., Wargin, W., Kanoy, R., Patrick, K., Shen, C. D., Youngblood, W., Mueller, R. A., & Breese, G. R. (1982). Clinical studies of methylphenidate serum levels in children and adults. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 21, 19–26.... 16

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Table B.6 1990–1992

  • Pelham, W. E., Jr., Greenslade, K. E., Vodde-Hamilton, M, Murphy, D. A., & Greenstein (1990). Relative efficacy of long-acting stimulants on ADHD children: A comparison of standard methylphenidate, Ritalin-SR, Dexedrene Spansule, and Pemoline. Pediatrics, 86, 226–237.... 9

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barkley, R. A. (1990). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment. New York: Guilford.... 8

    Google Scholar 

  • Zametkin, A. J., Nordahl, T. E., Gross, M., King, A. C., Semple, W. E., Rumsey, J., Hamburger, S., & Cohen, R. M. (1990). Cerebral glucose metabolism in adults with hyperactivity of childhood onset. New England Journal of Medicine, 323, 1361–1366.... 7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barkley, R. A., Fischer, M., Edelbrock, C. S., & Smallish, L. (1990). The adolescent outcome of hyperactive children diagnosed by research criteria I: An 8-year prospective follow-up study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 546–557.... 6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riddle, M. A., Nelson, J. C., Kleinman, C. S., Rasmusson, A., Leckman, J. F., King, R. A., & Cohen, D. (1991). Sudden death in children receiving Norpramin: A review of three reported cases and summary. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 104–108.... 5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McClellan, J. M, Rubert, M. P., Reichler, R. J., et al. (1990). Attention deficit disorder in children at risk for anxiety and depression. Journal of the Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 534–539.... 5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobvitz, D., Sroufe, L. A., Stewart, M, & Leffert, N. (1990). Treatment of attentional and hyperactivity problems in children with sympathomimetic drugs: A comprehensive review. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 677–688.... 5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gadow, K. D., Nolan, E. E., Sverd, J., Sprafkin, J., & Paolicelli, L. (1990). Methylphenidate in aggressive-hyperactive boys: I. Effects on peer aggression in public school settings. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 710–718.... 5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whalen, C. K., Henker, B., & Granger, D. A. (1990). Social judgment processes in hyperactive boys: Effects of methylphenidate and comparisons with normal peers. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 18, 297–316.... 4

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swanson, J. M., Cantwell, D., Lerner, M., McBurnett, K., & Hanna, G. (1991). Effects of stimulant medication on learning in children with ADHD. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 24, 219–230.... 4

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rapport, M. D., & Kelly, K. L. (1991). Psychostimulant effects on learning and cognitive function: Findings and implications. Clinical Psychology Review, 11, 61–92.... 4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pelham, W., Jr., McBurnett, K., Harper, G. W., Milich, R., Murphy, D. A., Clinton, J., & Thiele, C. (1990). Methylphenidate and baseball playing in ADHD children: Who’s on first? Journal of Consulting Clinical Psychology, 58, 130–133.... 4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elia, J., Borcherding, B. G., Potter, W. Z., Mefford, I. N., Rapoport, J. L., & Keysor, C. S. (1990). Stimulant drug treatment of hyperactivity: Biochemical correlates. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 48, 57–66.... 4

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Denckla, M. B. (1991). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder-residual type. Journal of Child Neurology 6, 44–50.... 4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Biederman, J., Faraone, S. V., Feenan, K., et al. (1990). Family-genetic and psychosocial risk factors in DSM-III attention deficit disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 526–533.... 4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barkley, R. A., McMurray, M. B., Edelbrock, C. S., & Robbins, K. (1990). Side effects of methylphenidate in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systemic, placebo-controlled evaluation. Pediatrics, 86, 184–192.... 4

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strober, M., Morrell, W., Lampert, C., et al. (1990). Relapse following discontinuation of lithium maintenance therapy in adolescents with bipolar I illness: A naturalistic study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 457–461.... 3

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shaywitz, B. A., & Shaywitz, S. E. (1991 supplement). Comorbidity: A critical issue in attention deficit disorder. The Journal of Child Neurology, 6, S13-S22.... 3

    Google Scholar 

  • McGee, R., Feehan, M., Williams, S., et al. (1990). DSM-III disorders in a large sample of adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 611–619.... 3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kendall, P. C. (1990). Child and adolescent therapy: Cognitive-behavioral procedures. New York: Guilford.... 3

    Google Scholar 

  • Hynd, G. W., Semrud-Clikeman, M., Lorys, A., et al. (1990). Brain morphology in developmental dyslexia and attention deficit disorder/ hyperactivity. Archives of Neurology, 47, 919–926.... 3

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hynd, G. W., Lorys, A. R., Semrud-Clikeman, M., et al. (1991). Attention deficit disorder without hyperactivity: A distinct behavioral and neurocognitive syndrome. Journal of Child Neurology, 6, 37–42.... 3

    Google Scholar 

  • Dulcan, M. (1990). Using psychostimulants to treat behavior disorders of children and adolescents. Journal of Child & Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 1, 7–20.... 3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brumback, R. A., & Weinberg, W. A. (1990). Pediatric behavioral neurology: An update on the neurologic aspects of depression, hyperactivity, and learning disabilities. Neurologic Clinics, 8, 677–703.... 3

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Biederman, J., Newcorn, J., & Sprich, S. E. (1991). Comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with conduct, depressive, anxiety, and other disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 564–577.... 3

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Accardo, P. J., Blondis, T. A., & Whitman, B. Y. (1990). Disorders of attention and activity level in a referral population. Pediatrics, 85, 426–431.... 3

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Abramowicz, M. (1990). Sudden death in children treated with a tricyclic antidepressant. The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics, 32, 53.... 3

    Google Scholar 

  • Abikoff, H. (1985). Efficacy of cognitive training interventions in hyperactive children: A critical review. Special Issue: Attention deficit disorder: Issues in assessment and intervention. Clinical Psychology Review, 5, 479–512.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abikoff, H. (1991). Cognitive training in ADHD children: Less to it than meets the eye. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 24, 205–209.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adelman, H. S., & Compas, B. E. (1977). Stimulant drugs and learning problems. Journal of Special Education, 11, 377–416.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1968). Diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders (Second Edision). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders (Third Edition). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders (Third Edition-Revised). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association (1994, work in progress). Diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders option books (Fourth Edition). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnold, L. E. (1993). NIMH-funded research on ADHD. Proceedings from the CHADD Conference, San Diego, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnold, L. E., Huestis, R. D., Smeltzer, D. J., Scheib, J., Wemmer, D., & Coiner, G. (1976). Levoamphetamine versus dextroamphetamine minimal brain dysfunction. Archives of General Psychiatry, 23, 292–301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baldessarini, R. J. (1972). Behavior modification by drugs: I. Pharmacology of the amphetamines. Pediatrics, 49, 694–701.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barkley, R. A. (1977). A review of stimulant drug research with hyperactive children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 18, 137–165.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barkley, R. A. (1990). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barkley, R. A., & Cunningham, C. E. (1978). Do stimulant drugs improve academic performance of hyperactive children? A review of outcome research. Clinical Pediatrics, 17, 85–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barkley, R. A., Fischer, M, Edelbrock, C. S., & Smallish, L. (1990). The adolescent outcome of hyperactive children diagnosed by research criteria, I: An 8-year prospective follow-up study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 546–557.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barkley, R. A., Fischer, M., Newby, R. F., & Breen, M. (1988). Development of a multimethod clinical protocol for assessing stimulant medication drug response in children with attention deficit disorder. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 17, 14–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barkley, R. A., McMurray, M. B., Edelbrock, C. S., & Robbins, K. (1990). Side effects of methylphenidate in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic, placebo-controlled evaluation. Pediatrics, 86, 184–192.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bellamy, G. T. (1987). Education for the Handicapped Law Report, 211:242. Alexandria, Virginia: CCR Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biederman, J. (1988). Pharmacological treatment of adolescents with affective disorders and attention deficit disorders. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 24, 81–87.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bloomingdale, L. M. (Ed.). (1984). Attention deficit disorder (Vol. 1): Diagnostic, cognitive, and therapeutic understanding. Jamaica, NY: Spectrum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloomingdale, L. M. (Ed.). (1985). Attention deficit disorder (Vol. 2): Identification, course, and rationale. Jamaica, NY: Spectrum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloomingdale, L. M. (Ed.). (1988). Attention deficit disorder (Vol. 3): New research in attention, treatment, and psychopharmacology. New York: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloomingdale, L. M., & Sergeant, J. (Eds.). (1988). Attention deficit disorder (Vol. 5): Criteria, cognitive, and intervention. New York: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloomingdale, L. M., & Swanson, J. M. (Eds.). (1989). Attention deficit disorder (Vol. 4): Current concepts and emerging trends in attentional and behavioral disorders of childhood. New York: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, C. (1937). The behavior of children receiving benzedrine. American Journal of Psychiatry, 94, 577–585.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, C. (1950). Benzedrine and dexedrine in the treatment of children’s behavior disorders. Pediatrics, 5, 24–37.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brecher, E. M. (1972). Licit and illicit drugs. New York: Consumer’s Union.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, G. L., Ebert, M. H., Mikkelsen, E. J., & Hunt, R. D. (1980). Behavior and motor activity response in hyperactive children and plasma amphetamine levels following a sustained release preparation. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 19, 225–239.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, G. L., Hunt, R. D., Ebert, M. H., Bunney, W. E., & Kopin, I. J. (1979). Plasma levels of d-amphetamine in hyperactive children. Psychopharmacology, 62, 133–140.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cantwell, D. P. (in press). Psychopharmacological treatment of ADD and related disorders: Current issues. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlsson, A. (1975). Receptor-mediated control of dopamine metabolism. In E. Usdin & J. W. Bunney (Eds.), Pre- and postsynaptic receptors. New York: Marcel Dekker.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chan, Y. M., Soldin, S. J., Swanson, J. M., Deber, C. M., Thiessen, J. J., & MacLeod, S. (1980). Gas chromatographic/mass spectroscopic analysis of methylphenidate (Ritalin) in serum. Clinical Biochemistry Journal, 13, 266–272.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chan, Y. M., Swanson, J. M., Soldin, S. S., Thiessen, J. J., Macleod, S. M., & Logan, W. (1983). Methylphenidate hydrochloride given with or before breakfast: II. Effects on plasma concentration of methylphenidate and ritalinic acid. Pediatrics, 72, 56–59.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chesapeake Institute, U.S. Department of Education. (1993). Proceedings of the forum on the education of children with attention deficit disorder. Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, D. J., & Young, J. G. (1977). Neurochemistry and child psychiatry. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 16, 353–411.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cole, J. (1969). The amphetamines in child psychiatry: A review. Seminars in Psychiatry, 1, 174–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collier, C. P., Soldin, S. J., Swanson, J. M, MacLeod, S. M., Weinberg, F., & Rochefort, J. G. (1985). Pemoline pharmacokinetics and long term therapy in children with attention deficit disorder and hyperactivity. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 10, 269–278.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Conners, C. K. (1971). Recent drug studies. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 4, 476–483.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conners, C. K., & Eisenberg, L. (1963). The effects of methylphenidate on symptomatology and learning in disturbed children. American Journal of Psychiatry, 120, 458–464.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Conners, C. K., & Solanto, B. A. (1984). The psychophysiology of stimulant drug response in hyperkinetic children. In L. M. Bloomingdale (Ed.), Attention deficit disorder (Vol. 1): Diagnostic, cognitive, and therapeutic understanding (pp. 191–204). Jamaica, NY: Spectrum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, H. M. (1989). Integrating research: A guide for literature reviews, (Vol. 2). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, J. R., Bloom, F. E., & Roth, R. H. (1986). The biochemical basis of neuropharmacology. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowart, V. S. (1988). The Ritalin controversy: What’s made this drug’s opponents hyperactive? Journal of the American Medical Association, 259, S-W.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coyle, J. T., & Snyder, S. H. (1969). Catecholamine uptake by synaptosomes in homogenates of rat brain: Stereospecificity in different areas. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 170, 221–231.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davila, R. R., Williams, M. L., & MacDonald, J. T. (1991). Clarification of policy to address the needs of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorders within general and/or special education. Memorandum from the U.S. Department of Education: Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Douglas, V. I., Barr, R. G., Amin, K., O’Neill, M. E., & Britton, B. G. (1988). Dosage effects and individual responsivity to methylphenidate in attention deficit disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 29, 453–475.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dykman, R. A., McGrew, J., Harris, T. S., Peters, J. E., & Ackerman, P. T. (1976). Two blinded studies of the effects of stimulant drugs on children: Pemoline, methylphenidate, and placebo. In R. P. Anderson & C. G. Halcomb (Eds.), Learning Disability/Minimal Brain Dysfunction Syndrome. Springfield, IL: Thomas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elia, J., Borcherding, B. G., Rapoport, J. L., & Keysor, C. S. (1991). Methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine treatments of hyperactivity: Are there true nonresponders? Psychiatry Research, 36, 141–155.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elia, J., & Rapoport, J. L. (1991). Ritalin versus dextroamphetamine in ADHD: Both should be tried. In L. L. Greenhill & B. B. Osman (Eds.), Ritalin: Theory and Patient Management (pp. 79–74). New York: Mary Ann Liebert, Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fish, B. (1971). The “one child, one drug” myth of stimulants in hyperkinesis. Archives of General Psychology, 25, 193–203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, S. (1959). Child research in psychopharmacology. Springfield, IL: Thomas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forness, S.R., Swanson, J. M., Cantwell, D. P., Guthrie, D., & Sena, R. (1992). Response to stimulant medication across six measures of school-related performance in children with ADHD and disruptive behavior. Behavioral Disorders, 18, 42–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forness, S. R., Swanson, J. M, Cantwell, D. P., Youpa, D., & Hanna, G. L. (1992). Stimulant medication and reading performance. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 25, 115–123.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gadow, K. D. (1985). Relative efficacy of pharmacological, behavioral, and combination treatments for enhancing academic performance. Clinical Psychology Reviews, 5, 513–533.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gadow, K. D. (1989). Dose response effects of stimulant drugs: A clarification of issues. In L. M. Bloomingdale & J. M. Swanson (Eds.), Attention deficit disorder: Current concepts and emerging trends in attentional and behavioral disorders of childhood (pp. 25–56). New York: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gittelman, R., & Kanner, A. (1986). Psychopharmacotherapy. In H. Quay & J. Werry (Eds.), Psychopathological disorders of childhood (pp. 455–495). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilman, A., Goodman, L., Rall, T., & Murad, F. (Eds.). (1985). Goodman and Gilman’s The pharmacological basis of therapeutics (7th Edition). New York: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, M. (1983). The Gordon Diagnostic System. DeWitt: Gordon Systems.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenhill, L. L., & Osman, B. B. (Eds.). (1991). Methylphenidate in the clinical office practice of child psychiatry. In Ritalin: Theory and patient management (pp. 97–117). New York: Mary Ann Liebert, Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, L. L. (1991). TOVA Interpretation Manual. Minneapolis, MN: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenhill, L. L., & Osman, B. B. (Eds.). (1991). Ritalin: Theory and patient management. New York: Mary Ann Liebert, Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grinspoon, L., & Hedblom, P. (1975). The treatment of hyperkinetic children. In L. Grinspoon & P. Hedlom (Eds.), The speed culture: Amphetamine use and abuse in America (pp. 227–257). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gualtieri, C. T., Wargin, W., Kanoy, R., Patrick, K., Shen, C. D., Youngblood, W., Mueller, R. A., & Breese, G. R. (1982). Clinical studies of methylphenidate serum levels in children and adults. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 21, 19–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hauger, R. L., Angel, L. I., Janowsky, A., Berger, P., & Hulihan-Gilbin, B. (1990). Brain recognition sites for methylphenidate and amphetamines. In S. Deutsch, A. Weizman, & R. Weizman (Eds.), Application of basic neuroscience to child psychiatry (pp. 77–100). New York: Plenum Medical Book Company.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hentoff, N. (1972, May 25). Drug pushing in the schools: The professionals (1). The Village Voice, pp. 20–22, 25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hubbard, J. W., Srinivas, N. R., Quinn, D., & Midha, K. K. (1989). Enantioselective aspects of the disposition of d1-threo-methylphenidate after the administration of a sustained-release formulation to children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 78, 944r-947.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, R. D. (1987). Treatment effects of oral and transdermal Clonidine in relation to methylphenidate: An open pilot study in ADD-H. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 23, 111–114.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Journal of Child Neurology (1986-). Littleton, MA: PSG Publishing Co. Journal of Learning Disabilities (1968-). Austin, TX: Donald D. Hammill Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kavale, K. (1982). The efficacy of stimulant drug treatment for hyperactivity: A meta-analysis. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 15, 280–289.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kavanagh, J. F., & Truss, T. J., Jr. (Eds.). (1988). Learning disabilities: Proceedings of the national conference. Parkton, MD: York Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohn, A. (1989). Suffer the restless children. The Atlantic Monthly, 264, 90–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kupietz, S. S. (1991). Ritalin blood levels and their correlations with measures of learning. In L. L. Greenhill & B. B. Osman (Eds.), Ritalin: Theory and patient management (pp. 247–256). New York: Mary Ann Liebert, Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laufer, M. W., & Denhoff, E. (1957). Hyperkinetic behavior syndrome in children. Journal of Pediatrics, 50, 463–474.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lipman, R. S. (1974). NIMH-PRB support of research in minimal brain dysfunction in children. In C. K. Conners (Ed.), Clinical use of stimulant drugs in children (pp. 203–213). Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loney, J., & Milich, R. (1982). Hyperactivity, inattention, and aggression in clinical practice. Advances in Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 3, 113–147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lou, H, Henriksen, L., & Bruhn, P. (1984). Focal hypoperfusion in children with dysphasia and/or attention deficit disorder. Archives of Neurology, 41, 825–829.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Malone, M. A., Kershner, J. R., & Swanson, J. M. (1994). Hemispheric processing and methyl-phenidate effects in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child Neurology, 9, 1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCracken, J. T. (1991). A two-part model of stimulant action on attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children. Journal of Neuropsychiatry Clinical Neuroscience, 3, 201–209.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGuinness, D. (1989). Attention deficit disorder: The emperor’s clothes, animal “pharm,” and other fiction. In S. Fisher & R. P. Greenberg (Eds.), The limits of biological treatments of psychological distress (pp. 151–187). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • McMillen, B. A. (1983). CNS stimulants: Two distinct mechanisms of action for amphetamine-like drugs. Trends in Pharmacological Science, 19, 429–432.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Millichap, J. G. (1973). Drugs in management of minimal brain dysfunction. Annuals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 205, 321–334.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, R. T., & Boyd, R. N. (1987). Organic chemistry (5th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ottenbacher, K. J., & Cooper, M. M. (1983). Drug treatment of hyperactivity in children. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 25, 358–366.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parker, H. C. (1992). The ADD Hyperactivity Handbook for School. Plantation, FL: Impact Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patrick, K. S., Mueller, R. A., Gualtieri, C. T., & Breese, G. R. (1987). Pharmacokinetics and actions of methylphenidate. In H. Y. Meltzer (Ed.), Psychopharmacology: The third generation of progress. New York: Raven.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pelham, W. E., & Bender, M. E. (1982). Peer relationships in hyperactive children: Description and treatment. Advances in learning and behavioral disabilities, (vol. 1, pp. 365–436). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pelham, W. E., Bender, M. E., Cadell, J., Booth, S., & Moorer, S. H. (1985). The dose-response effects of methylphenidate on classroom academic and social behavior in children with attention deficit disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42, 948–952.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pelham, W. E., Jr., Greenslade, K. E., Vodde-Hamilton, M., Murphy, D. A., Greenstein, J. J., Gnagy, E. M., Guthries, K. J., Hoover, M. D., & Dahl, R. E. (1990). The efficacy of long-acting stimulants on ADHD children: A comparison of standard methylphenidate, Ritalin-SR, Dexedrene Spansule, and Pemoline. Pediatrics, 86, 226–237.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pelham, W. E., & Murphy, H. A. (1986). Attention deficit and conduct disorders. In M. Hersen (Ed.), Pharmacological and behavioral treatments: An integrative approach (pp. 108–148). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pelham, W. E., Sturges, J., Hoza, J., Schmidt, C., Bijlsma, J. J., Milich, R., & Moorer, S. (1987). Sustained release and standard methylphenidate effects on cognitive and social behavior in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics, 80, 491–501.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Professional Group for Attention and Related Disorders. (1990). Submission to the U.S. Department of Education. Notice of Inquiry on ADD. Physician’s Desk Reference (44th Ed.). (1990). Oradell, NJ: Barnhart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Porrino, L. J., & Lucignani, G. (1987). Different patterns of local brain energy metabolism associated with high and low doses of methylphenidate: Relevance to its action in hyperactive children. Biological Psychiatry, 22, 126–138.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Porrino, L. J., Lucignani, G., Dow-Edwards, D., & Sokoloff, L. (1984). Correlation of dose-dependent effects of acute amphetamine administration on behavior and local cerebral metabolism in rats. Brain Research, 307, 311–320.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rapoport, J. L., Buchsbaum, M., Zahn, T. P., Weingartner, H., Ludlow, C., & Mikkelson, E. J. (1978). Detroamphetamine: Cognitive and behavioral effects on normal prepubertal boys. Science, 199, 560–563.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rapport, M. D., DuPaul, G. J., & Kelly, K. L. (1989). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and methylphenidate: The relationship between gross body weight and drug response in children. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 25, 285–290.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rapport, M. D., DuPaul, G. J., Stoner, G., & Jones, J. T. (1986). Comparing classroom and clinic measures of attention deficit disorder: Differential, idiosyncratic, and dose-response effects of methylphenidate. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 334–341.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rapport, M. D., & Kelly, K. L. (1991). Psychostimulant effects on learning and cognitive function: Findings and implications for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 11, 61–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rapport, M. D., Stoner, G., DuPaul, G. J., Birmingham, B. K., & Tucker, S. (1985). Methylphenidate in hyperactive children: Differential effects of dose on academic, learning, and social behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 13, 227–244.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Safer, D. J., & Krager, J. M. (1988). A survey of medication treatment for hyperactive/inattentive students. Journal of the American Medical Association, 260, 2256–2258.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schräg, P., & Divoky, D. (1975). The myth of the hyperactive child and other means of child control New York: Pantheon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaywitz, S. E., Hunt, R. D., Jatlow, P., Cohen, D. J., Young, J. G., Pierce, R. N., Anderson, G. M., & Shaywitz, B. A. (1982). Psychopharmacology of attention deficit disorder: Pharmacokinetic, neuroendocrine, and behavioral measures following acute and chronic treatment with methylphenidate. Pediatrics, 69, 688–694.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shaywitz, S. E., & Shaywitz, B. A. (1988). Attention deficit disorder: Current perspectives. In J. F. Kavanaugh & T. J. Truss (Eds.), Learning Disabilities: Proceedings of the national conference (pp. 369–523). New York: Maple Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaywitz, B. A., Yager, R. D., & Klopper, J. H. (1976). Selective brain dopamine depletion in developing rats: An experimental model of minimal brain dysfunction. Science, 191, 305–308.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sleator, E. K., & von Neuman, A. W. (1974). Methylphenidate in the treatment of hyperkinetic children: Recommendations on diagnosis, dosage, and monitoring. Clinical Pediatrics, 13, 19–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, S. E., & Wesson, D. R. (Eds.). (1973). Uppers and downers. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, S. H., & Meyerhoff, J. L. (1973). How amphetamine acts in minimal brain dysfunction. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 205, 310–320.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Solanto, M. V. (1986). Behavioral effects of low-dose methylphenidate in childhood attention deficit disorder: Implications for a mechanism of stimulant drug action. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 25, 96–101.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sprague, R. L., & Sleator, E. K. (1977). Methylphenidate in hyperkinetic children: Difference in dose effects on learning and social behavior. Science, 198, 1274–1276.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Srinivas, N. R., Hubbard, J. W., Quinn, D., & Midah, K. K. (1992). Enantioselective pharmo-kinetics and pharmacodynamics of dl-threo-methylphenidate in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Clinical Pharmacological Therapy, 52, 561–568.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Srinivas, N. R., Quinn, D., Hubbard, J. W., & Midha, K. K. (1987). Stereoselective disposition of methylphenidate in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy, 241, 300–306.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sroufe, L. A., & Stewart, M. A. (1973). Treating problem children with stimulant drugs. New England Journal of Medicine, 289, 407–413.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swanson, J. M. (1985). Measures of cognitive functioning appropriate for use in pediatric psychopharmacological research studies. Psychopharmacological Bulletin, 21, 887–890.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swanson, J. M. (1988). What do psychopharmacological studies tell us about information processing deficits in ADDH? In L. M. Bloomingdale & J. Sergeant (Eds.), Attention deficit disorder: Criteria, cognition, intervention (pp. 97–116). New York: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swanson, J. M. (1989). Paired-associate learning in the assessment of ADDH children. In L. M. Bloomingdale & J. M. Swanson (Eds.), Attention Deficit Disorder: Volume IV: Emerging trends in attentional and behavioral disorders of childhood (pp. 87–124). New York: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swanson, J. M. (1992). School-based assessments and interventions for ADD students. Irvine, CA: K.C. Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swanson, J. M., & Cantwell, D. (1989). Dose-related effects of methylphenidate on stimulus encoding and memory comparison times in ADHD children. Paper presented at The Meeting of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swanson, J. M., Cantwell, D., Lerner, M., McBurnett, K., & Hanna, G. (1991). Effects of stimulant medication on learning in children with ADHD. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 24, 219–320.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swanson, J. M., & Kinsbourne, M. (1976). Stimulant-related state-dependent learning in hyperactive children. Science, 192, 1354–1356.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swanson, J. M., & Kinsbourne, M. (1979). The cognitive effects of stimulant drugs on hyperactive (inattentive) children. In G. Hale & M. Lewis (Eds.), Attention and the development of cognitive skills (pp. 249–274). New York: Plenum Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Swanson, J. M., Kinsbourne, M., Roberts, W., & Zucker, K. (1978). A time-response analysis of the effect of stimulant medication on the learning ability of children referred for hyperactivity. Pediatrics, 61, 21–29.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swanson, J. M., Kurland, L., Weinberg, F., & Kinsbourne, M. (1978). Comparing the behavioral effectiveness of two drugs which have different half lives. Pediatric Research, 12, 376.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swanson, J. M., McBurnett, K., Wigal, T., Pnffner, L. J., Lerner, M. A., Williams, L., Christian, D. L., Tamm, L., Willcut, E., Crowley, K., Clevenger, W., Khouzam, N., Woo, C., Crinella, F. M., Fisher, T. D. (1993). Effect of stimulant medication on children with Attention Deficit Disorder: A “review of reviews.” Exceptional Children, 60, 154–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swanson, J. M., Sandman, C. A., Deutsch, C., & Baren, M. (1983). Methylphenidate hydrochloride given with or before breakfast: I. Behavioral, cognitive and electrophysiologic effects. Pediatrics, 72, 49–55.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swanson, J. M., Shea, C., McBurnett, K., Potkin, S. G., Fiore, T., & Crinella, F. M. (1990). Attention and hyperactivity. In J. Enns (Ed.), The development of attention: Research and theory. New York: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tannock, R., Schachar, R. J., Carr, R. P., Chajczyk, D., & Logan, G. D. (1989). Effects of methylphenidate on inhibitory control in hyperactive children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 17, 473–491.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tannock, R., Schachar, R. J., Carr, R. P., & Logan, G. D. (1989). Dose-response effects of methylphenidate on academic performance and overt behavior in hyperactive children. Pediatrics, 84, 648–657.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, E. A. (1983). Drug response and diagnostic validation. In M. Rutter (Ed.), Developmental neuropsychiatry (pp. 348–368). New York; Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thurber, S., & Walker, C. A. (1983). Medication and hyperactivity: A meta-analysis. The Journal of General Psychology, 108, 79–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ullmann, R. K., & Sleator, E. K. (1986). Responders, nonresponders, and placebo responders among children with attention deficit disorder. Importance of a blinded placebo evaluation. Clinical Pediatrics, 25, 594–599.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, B., & Laties, V. G. (1963). Enhancement of human performance by caffeine and the amphetamines. Psychological Review, 14, 1–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wender, P. H. (1971). Minimal brain dysfunction in children. New York: Wiley-Interscience.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wender, P. H. (1973). Some speculations concerning a possible biochemical basis of minimal brain dysfunction. In F. F. De La Cruz, B. H. Fox, R. H. Roberts, & G. Tarjan (Eds.), Minimal brain dysfunction in children (pp. 18–28). New York: Wiley-Interscience.

    Google Scholar 

  • Werry, J. S., Aman, M. G., & Diamond, E. (1980). Imipramine and methylphenidate in hyperactive children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 21, 27–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Whalen, C. K., & Henker, B. (1976). Psychostimulants and children: A review and analysis of drug effectiveness. Psychological Bulletin, 83, 1113–1130.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Whalen, C. K., & Henker, B. (1991). Therapies for hyperactive children: Comparisons, combinations, and compromises. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 126–137.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zametkin, A. J., & Rapoport, J. L. (1987). Noradrenergic hypothesis of attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity: A critical review. In H. Y. Meltzer (Ed.), Psychopharmacology: The third generation of progress (pp. 837–842). New York: Raven.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1995 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Swanson, J.M., McBurnett, K., Christian, D.L., Wigal, T. (1995). Stimulant Medications and the Treatment of Children with ADHD. In: Ollendick, T.H., Prinz, R.J. (eds) Advances in Clinical Child Psychology. Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, vol 17. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9044-3_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9044-3_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-9046-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-9044-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics