Skip to main content

Abstract

Clinicians and researchers now generally agree that children can become depressed (Kovacs, 1989). Several important developmental questions remain, however, including whether and in what ways childhood and adult depression differ, and what accounts for these differences; that is, are there developmental differences in depression and if so, with respect to what aspects of the phenomenon?

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abramson, L. Y., Metalsky, G. I., & Alloy, L. B. (1989). Hopelessness depression: A theory-based subtype of depression. Psychological Review,96, 358–372.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abramson, L. Y., Seligman, M. E. P., & Teasdale, J. (1978). Learned helplessness in humans: Critique and reformulation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87, 49–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alessandri, S. M., & Lewis, M. (1996). Development of the self-conscious emotions in maltreated children. In M. Lewis & M. W. Sullivan (Eds.), Emotional development in atypical children (pp. 185–201), Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Angold, A., Costello, E. J., & Worthman, C. M. (1998). Puberty and depression: The roles of age, pubertal status, and pubertal timing. Psychological Medicine, 28, 51–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Asamow, J. R., Goldstein, M. J., Tompson, M., & Guthrie, D. (1993). One-year outcomes of depressive disorders in child psychiatric in-patients: Evaluation of the prognostic power of a brief measure of expressed emotion. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34, 129–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A., & Walters, R. H. (1963). Social learning and personality development. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T. (1967). Depression: Clinical, experiential, and theoretical aspects. New York: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T. (1983). Cognitive therapy of depression: New perspectives. In P. J. Clayton & J. E. Barrett (Eds.), Treatment of depression: Old controversies and new approaches (pp. 265–290). New York: Raven Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belsher, G., & Costello, C. G. (1989). Relapse after recovery from unipolar depression: A critical review. Psychological Bulletin, 104, 84–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belsher, G., & Wilkes, T. C. R. (1994). Ten key principles of adolescent cognitive therapy. In T. C. R. Wilkes, G. Belsher, A. J. Rush, & E. Frank, (Eds.), Cognitive therapy for depressed adolescents (pp. 22–44). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bemporad, J. R., & Wilson, A. (1978). A developmental approach to depression in childhood and adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, 6, 325–352.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Birmaher, B., Ryan, N. D., Williamson, D. E., Brent, D. A., & Kaufman, J. (1996). Childhood and adolescent depression: A review of the past 10 years. Part II. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 1575–1583.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blatt, S. J., Quinlan, D. M., Chevron, E. S., McDonald, C., & Zuroff, D. (1982). Dependency and self-criticism: Psychological dimensions of depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 50, 113–124.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blazer, D. G. (1992). Geriatric psychiatry in the United States: The clinical investigation, diagnosis and treatment of late life depression as an example. Psychiatria-Hungarica, 7, 605–613.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blazer, D. G., Kessler, R. C., McGonagle, K. A., & Swartz, M. S. (1994). The prevalence and distribution of major depression in a national community sample: The national comorbidity survey. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 979–986.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss: Vol. 3. Loss, sadness, and depression. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brent, D., Holder, D., Kolko, D., Birmaher, B., Baugher, M., Roth, C., Iyengar, S., & Johnson, B. (1997). A clinical psychotherapy trial for adolescent depression comparing cognitive, family, and supportive therapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 877–885.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, G. W., & Harris, T. O. (1978). Social origins of depression: A study of psychiatric disorder in women. London: Tavistock.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, G. W., & Harris, T. O. (Eds.). (1989). Life events and illness. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burke, K. C., Burke, J. D., Rae, D., & Regier, D. A. (1991). Comparing age at onset of major depression and other psychiatric disorders by birth cohorts in five US community populations. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 789–795.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, G. A., & Kashani, J. H. (1988). Phenomenology of major depression from childhood through adulthood: Analysis of three studies. American Journal of Psychiatry, 137, 445–449.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, B. J., Feinberg, M., Greden, J. F., Tarika, J., Albala, A. A., Haskett, R. F., James N., Kronfol, Z., Lohr, N., de Vigne, J. P., & Young E. (1981). A specific laboratory test for the diagnosis of melancholia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 38, 15–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, B. J., & Mendels, J. (1976). Neuroendocrine regulations in affective disorders. In E. J. Scahar (Ed.), Hormones, behavior,and psychopathology, (pp. 193–224). New York: Raven Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carskadon, M. A., Keenan, S., & Dement, W. C. (1987). Nighttime sleep and daytime sleep tendency in preadolescents. In C. Guilleminault (Ed.), Sleep and its disorders (pp. 43–52). New York: Raven Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Casat, C., & Powell, K. (1988). Utility of the dexamethasone suppression test in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 49, 390–393.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cicchetti, D., & Schneider-Rosen, K. (Eds.). (1984). Childhood depression. New Directions in Child Development (pp. 5–27). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (1998). The development of depression in children and adolescents. American Psychologist, 53, 221–241.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clinical Practice Guidelines. (1993). Depression in primary care: 2. Treatment of major depression (Health Care Policy and Research Publication, No. 5, 93–0551). Rockville, MD: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cole, D. A. (1991). Preliminary support for a competency-based model of depression in children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 181–190.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cole, D. A., & Turner, J. E. (1993). Models of cognitive mediation and moderation in child depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 271–281.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Compas, B. E. (1987). Stress and life events during childhood and adolescence. Clinical Psychology Review, 7, 275–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Corrigan, R. (1995). How infants and young children understand the causes of events. In N. Eisenberg (Ed.), Social development (pp. 1–26). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coryell, W., Akiskal, H. S., Leon, A. C., Winokur, G., Maser, J. D., Mueller, T., & Keller, M. B. (1994). The time course of nonchronic major depressive disorder: Uniformity across episodes and samples. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 405–410.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coryell, W., & Winokur, G. (1992). Course and outcome. In E. S. Paykel (Ed.), Handbook of affective disorders, (pp. 89–108). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Costello, E. J. (1989). Developments in child psychiatric epidemiology. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 836–841.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Costello E. J., Angold, A., Burns, B. J., Stangl, D. K., Tweed, D. L., Erkanli, A., & Worthman, C. M. (1996). The Great Smoky Mountains Study of Youth: Goals, design, methods, and prevalence of DSM-III-R disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 1129–1136.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coyne, J. C., Kessler, R. C., Tal, M., Turnbull, J., Wortman, C. B., & Greden, J. F. (1987). Living with a depressed person. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 347–352.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cummings, E. M.,& Cicchetti, D. (1990). Toward a transactional model of relations between attachment and depression. In M. T. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, & E. M. Cummings (Eds.), Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research and intervention (pp. 339–372). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahl, R. E., & Ryan, N. D. (1996). The psychobiology of adolescent depression. In. D. Cicchetti & S. L. Toth (Eds.). Adolescence: Opportunities and challenges, (pp. 197–232). Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahl, R. E., Ryan, N. D., Williamson, D. E., Ambrosini, P. J., Rabinovich, H., Novacenko, H., Nelson, B., & PuigAntich, J. (1992). The regulation of sleep and growth hormone in adolescent depression. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 615–621.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DeMulder, E. K., & Radke-Yarrow, M. (1991). Attachment with affectively ill and well mothers: Concurrent behavioral correlates. Development and Psychopathology, 3, 227–242.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Digdon, N., & Gotlib, I. H. (1985). Developmental consideration in the study of childhood depression. Developmental Review, 5, 162–199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Downey, G., & Coyne, J. C. (1990). Children of depressed parents: An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 50–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dweck, C. S., & Licht, B. (1980). Learned helplessness and intellectual achievement. In J. Garber, & M. E. P. Seligman (Eds.), Human helplessness: Theory and applications (pp. 197–221). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emslie, G. J., Rush, J. A., Weinberg, W. A., Kowatch, R. A., Hughes, C. W., Camody, T., & Rintelmann, J. (1997). A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine in children and adolescents with depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 1031–1037.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Emslie, G. J., Weinberg, W. A., Kennard, B. D., & Kowatch, R. A. (1994). Neurobiological aspects of depression in children and adolescents. In W. M. Reynolds & H. E. Johnston (Eds.), Handbook of depression in children and adolescents, (pp. 143–165). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, M. W. (1985). Personality and individual difference: A natural science approach. New York: Plenum Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Fadden, G., Bebbington, P. E., & Kuipers, L. (1987). Caring and its burdens: A study of the spouses of depressed patients. British Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 660–667.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feiring, C., Taska, L., & Lewis, M. (1998). The role of shame and attributional style in children’s and adolescents’ adaptation to sexual abuse. Child Maltreatment, 3, 129–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fleming, J. E., & Offord, D. R. (1990). Epidemiology of childhood depressive disorders: A critical review. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 571–580.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garber, J., & Flynn, C. (1998). Origins of depressive cognitive style. In D. Routh & R. J. DeRubeis (Eds.), The science of clinical psychology (pp. 53–93), Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garber, J., & Flynn, C. (in press). Predictors of depressive cognitions in young adolescents. Cognitive Theory and Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garber, J., & Hilsman, R. (1992). Cognitions, stress, and depression in children and adolescents. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 1, 129–167.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garber, J., & Kashani, J. (1991). The development of the symptom of sadness. In M. Lewis (Ed.), Child and adolescent psychiatry: A comprehensive textbook (pp. 293–310). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garber, J., Weiss, B., & Shanley, N. (1993). Cognitions, depressive symptoms, and development in adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 47–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gerlsma, C., Emmelkamp, P. M. G., & Arrindell, W. A. (1990). Anxiety, depression, and perception of early parenting: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review,10, 251–277.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gershon, E. S., Hamovit, J. H., Guroff, J. J., & Nurnberger, J. I. (1987). Birth-cohort changes in manic and depressive disorders in relatives of bipolar and schizoaffective patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 314–319.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gold, P. W., Goodwin, F. K., & Chrousos, G. P. (1988). Clinical and biochemical manifestations of depression: Relation to the neurobiology of stress. New England Journal of Medicine, 319, 348–353.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldman-Rakic, C. P., & Brown, R. M. (1982). Postnatal development of monoamine content and synthesis in the cerebral cortex of rhesus monkeys. Developmental Brain Research, 4, 339–349.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gonzales, L. R., Lewinsohn, R. M., & Clarke, G. N. (1985). Longitudinal follow-up of unipolar depressives: An investigation of predictors of relapse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 461–469.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, S. H., Adamson, L. B., Riniti, J., & Cole, S. (1994). Mothers’ expressed attitudes: Associations with maternal depression and children’s self-esteem and psychopathology. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 1265–1274.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goodyer, I. M. (1996). Physical symptoms and depressive disorders in childhood and adolescence. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 41, 405–408.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gotlib, I. H., & Hammen, C. L. (1992). Psychological aspects of depression: Toward a cognitive-interpersonal integration. Chichester, UK: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haaga, D., Dyck, M., & Ernst, D. (1991). Empirical status of cognitive theory of depression. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 215–236.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hammen, C. L. (1991a). The generation of stress in the course of unipolar depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 555–561.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hammen, C. L. (1991b). Depression runs in families: The social context of risk and resilience in children of depressed mothers. New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hammen, C. L., Burge, D., Burney, E., & Adrian, C. (1990). Longitudinal study of diagnoses in children of women with unipolar and bipolar affective disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 1112–1117.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hammen, C. L., Burge, D., Daley, S. E., Davila, J., Paley, B., & Rudolph, K. D. (1995). Interpersonal attachment cognitions and prediction of symptomatic responses to interpersonal stress. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 436–443.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hammen, C. L., & Goodman-Brown, T. (1990). Self-schemas and vulnerability to specific life stress in children at risk for depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14, 215–227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hammen, C. L., Marks, T., Mayol, A., & deMayo, R. (1985). Depressive self-schemas, life stress, and vulnerability to depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 94, 308–319.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hankin, B. L., Abramson, L. Y., Moffitt, T. E., Silva, R A., McGee, R., & Angell, K. E. (1998). Development of depression from preadolescence to young adulthood: Emerging gender differences in a 10-year longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 128–140.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harrington, R., Fudge, H., Rutter, M., Pickles, A., & Hill, J. (1990). Adult outcomes of childhood and adolescent depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 465–473.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, P. L. (1989). Children and emotion: The development of psychological understanding, Oxford, UK: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harter, S. (1986). Processes underlying the construction, maintenance, and enhancement of the self-concept in children. In J. Suls & A. Greenwald (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on the self (Vol. 3, pp. 137–181). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harter, S. (1990). Causes, correlates, and the functional role of global self-worth: A life span perspective. In J. Kolligan & R. Sternberg (Eds.), Perception of competence and incompetence across the life span (pp. 67–98). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hazell, R, O’Connell, D., Heathcote, D., Robertson, J., & Henry, D. (1995). Efficacy of tricyclic drugs in treating child and adolescent depression: A meta-analysis. British Medical Journal, 310, 897–901.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heckhausen, H. (1982). The development of achievement motivation. In W. W. Hartup (Ed.), Review of child development research (pp. 600–668). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hedges, L. V. & Olkin, I. (1985). Statistical methods for meta-analysis. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herzog, D. B., & Rathbun, J. M. (1982). Childhood depression: Developmental considerations. American Journal of Diseases in Children, 136, 115–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hilsman, R., & Garber, J. (1995). A test of the cognitive diathesis-stress model in children: Academic stressors, attributional style, perceived competence and control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 370–380.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hirsch, B. J., Engel-Levy, A., DuBois, D. L., & Hardesty, R H. (1990). The role of social environments in social support. In B. R. Sarason, I. G. Sarason, & G. R. Pierce (Eds.), Social support: An interactional view (pp. 367–393). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollon, S. D., Shelton, R., & Davis, D. (1993). Cognitive therapy for depression: Conceptual issues and clinical efficacy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 270–275.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hooley, J. M., & Teasdale, J. D. (1989). Predictors of relapse in unipolar depressives: Expressed emotion, marital distress, and perceived criticism. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 98, 229–237.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jaenicke, C., Hammen, C., Zupan, B., Hiroto, D., Gordon, D., Adrian, C., & Burge, D. (1987). Cognitive vulnerability in children at risk for depression. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 15, 559–572.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Janoff-Bulman, R., & Hecker, B. (1988). Depression, vulnerability, and world assumptions. In L. B. Alloy (Ed.), Cognitive processes in depression (pp. 177–192). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jarrett, D. B., Miewald, J. M., & Kupfer, D. J. (1990). Recurrent depression is associated with a persistent reduction in sleep-related growth hormone reduction. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 113–118.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kashani, J. H., & Carlson, G. A. (1987). Seriously depressed preschoolers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 348–350.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kashani, J. H., Rosenberg, T. K., & Reid, J. C. (1989). Developmental perspectives in child and adolescent depressive symptoms in a community sample. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 871–875.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaslow, N. J., Deering, C. G., & Racusin, G. R. (1994). Depressed children and their families. Clinical Psychology Review, 14, 39–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaslow, N. J., Rehm, L. P., Pollack, S. L., & Siegel, A. W. (1988). Attributional style and self-control behavior in depressed and nondepressed children and their parents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 16, 163–175.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keller, M. B., Lavori, P. W., Lewis, C. E., Klerman, G. L. (1983). Predictors of relapse in major depressive disorder. Journal of the American Medical Association, 250, 3299–3304.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keller, M. B., Lavori, P. W., Mueller, T. I., Endicott, J., Coryell, W. H., Scheftner, W. A., Hirschfeld, R. M. A., & Shea, T. (1992). Time to recovery, chronicity, and levels of psychopathology in major depression: A 5-year prospective follow-up of 431 subjects. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 809–816.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kendall, P. C. (1993). Cognitive-behavioral therapies with youth: Guiding theory, current status, and emerging developments. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 235–247.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kendler, K. S. (1995). Genetic epidemiology in psychiatry. Taking both genes and environment seriously. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 895–899.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klerman, G. L., & Weissman, M. M. (1989). Increasing rates of depression. Journal of the American Medical Association, 261, 2229–2235.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klerman, G. L., Weissman, M. M., Rounsaville, B. J., & Chevron, E. S. (1984). Interpersonal Psychotherapy of Depression. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kobak, R. R., Sudler, N., & Gamble, W. (1991). Attachment and depressive symptoms during adolescence: A developmental pathways analysis. Development and Psychopathology, 3, 461–474.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koestner, R., Zuroff, D. C., & Powers, T. A. (1991). Family origins of adolescent self-criticism and its continuity into adulthood. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 191–197.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kovacs, M. (1989). Affective disorders in children and adolescents. American Psychologist, 44, 209–215.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kovacs, M., & Beck, A. T. (1978). Maladaptive cognitive structures in depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 135, 525–533.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kovacs, M., Devlin, B., Pollock, M., Richards, C., & Mukerji, P. (1997). A controlled family history study of childhood-onset depressive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 613–623.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kovacs, M., Feinberg, T. L., Crouse-Novak, M. A., Paulauskas, S. L., & Finkelstein, R. (1984a). Depressive disorders in childhood: I. A longitudinal prospective study of characteristics and recovery. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 229–237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kovacs, M., Feinberg, T. L., Crouse-Novak, M., Paulauskas, S. L., Pollock, M., & Finkelstein, R. (1984b). Depressive disorders in childhood: II. A longitudinal study of the risk for a subsequent major depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 653–649.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kovacs, M., & Paulauskas, S. L. (1984). Developmental stage and the expression of depressive disorders in children: An empirical analysis. In D. Cicchetti & K. Schneider-Rosen (Eds.), Childhood depression (pp. 59–80). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kupfer, D. J., & Reynolds, C. E (1992). Sleep and affective disorders. In E. S. Paykel (Ed.), Handbook of affective disorders, (pp. 311–326). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kutcher, S. P., Boulos, C., Ward, B., Marton, P., Simeon, J., Ferguson, H. B., Szalai, J., Katic, M., Roberts, N., Dubois, C., & Reed, K. (1994). Response to desipramine treatment in adolescent depression: A fixed-dose, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 686–694.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kutcher, S. P., Malkin, D., Silverberg, J., Marton, P., Williamson, P., Malkin, A., Szalai, J., & Katic, M. (1991). Nocturnal cortisol, thyroid stimulating hormone and growth hormone secreting properties in depressed adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 407–414.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, A. S., & Murray, R. M. (1988). The long-term outcome of Maudsley depressives. British Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 741–751.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewinsohn, R. M., Clarke, G., Rohde, R, Hops, H., & Seeley, J. (1996). A course in coping: A cognitive-behavioral approach to the treatment of adolescent depression. In E. Hibbs, & R. Jensen (Eds.), Psychosocial treatments for child and adolescent disorders: Empirically based strategies for clinical practice (pp. 109–135). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Lewinsohn, R. M., Hops, H., Roberts, R. E., Seeley, J. R., & Andrews, J. A. (1993). Adolescent psychopathology: I. Prevalence and incidence of depression and other DSM-HI-R disorders in high school students. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 133–144.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, M., & Saarni, C. (1985). The socialization of emotions. New York: Plenum Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Little, S. A., & Garber, J. (in press). Interpersonal and achievement orientations and specific hassles predicting depressive and aggressive symptoms in children. Cognitive Therapy and Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maes, M., & Meltzer, H. (1995). The serotonin hypothesis of major depression. In F. E. Bloom & D. J. Kupfer (Eds.), Psychopharmacology: The fourth generation of progress (pp. 933–944). New York, Raven Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCranie, E. W., & Bass, J. D. (1984). Childhood family antecedents of dependency and self-criticism: Implications for depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 93,3–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Metalsky, G. I., & Joiner, T. E. (1992). Vulnerability to depressive symptomatology: A prospective test of the diathesis-stress and causal mediation components of the hopelessness theory of depression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 667–675.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Metalsky, G. I., Joiner, T. E., Hardin, T. S., & Abramson, L. Y. (1993). Depressive reactions to failure in a naturalistic setting: A test of the hopelessness and self-esteem theories of depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 101–109.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, P. H., & Aloise, R. A. (1989). Young children’s understanding of the psychological causes of behavior: A review. Child Development, 60, 257–285.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moldin, S. O., Reich, T., & Rice, J. R. (1991). Current perspectives on the genetics of unipolar depression. Behavior Genetics, 21, 211–242.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Monroe, S. M., & Roberts, J. R. (1990). Definitional and conceptual issues in the measurement of life stress: Problems, principles, procedures, progress. Stress Medicine, 6, 209–216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mufson, L., & Fairbanks, J. (1996). Interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed adolescents: A one-year naturalistic follow-up study. Journal of the Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 1145–1155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mufson, L., Moreau, D., Weissman, M. M., & Klerman, G. L. (1993). Interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed adolescents. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Girgus, J., & Seligman, M. E. P. (1992). Predictors and consequences of childhood depressive symptoms: A 5 year longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 405–422.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oakes, L. M. (1994). Development of infants’ use of continuity cues in their perception of causality. Developmental Psychology, 30, 869–879.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Panak, W., & Garber, J. (1992). Role of aggression, rejection, and attributions in the prediction of depression in children. Development and Psychopathology, 4, 145–165.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Piaget, J., & Inhelder, B. (1969). The psychology of the child. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Post, R. M. (1992). Transduction of psychosocial stress into the neurobiology of recurrent affective disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 999–1010.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reinecke, M. A., Ryan, N. E., & DuBois, D. L. (1998). Cognitive-behavioral therapy of depression and depressive symptoms during adolescence: A review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 26–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rholes, W. S., Blackwell, J., Jordan, C., & Walters, C. (1980). A developmental study of learned helplessness. Developmental Psychology, 16, 616–624.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Risch, S. C., & Judd, L. L. (1987). Provocative challenges of growth hormone and prolactin secretion in schizophrenic and affective disorders. In C. B. Nemeroff & R. B. Loosen (Eds.), The handbook of clinical psychoneuroendocrinology (pp. 36–68). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, N. S., Garber, J., & Hilsman, R. (1995). Cognitions and stress: Direct and moderating effects on depressive versus externalizing symptoms during the junior high school transition. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 453–463.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rose, D. T., & Abramson, L. Y. (1992). Developmental predictors of depressive cognitive style: Research and theory. In D. Cicchetti & S. L. Toth (Eds.), A developmental approach to depression. Rochester Symposium of Developmental Psychopathology, 4, 323–349. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, D. R., Wright, B., & Gershon, S. (1992). Depression in the elderly. Dementia, 3, 157–173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenfarb, I. S., Becker, J., & Khan, A. (1994). Perceptions of parental and peer attachments with mood disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 637–644.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, K., Booth, L., Zahn-Waxler, C., Cummings, E. M., & Wilkinson, M. (1991). Dyadic play behaviors of children of well and depressed mothers. Development and Psychopathology, 3, 243–251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rutter, M. (1986). The developmental psychopathology of depression: Issues and perspectives. In M. Rutter, C. E. Izard & P. B. Read (Eds.), Depression in young people: Developmental and clinical perspectives (pp. 3–30). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rutter, M. (1988). Epidemiological approaches to developmental psychopathology. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 486–495.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, N. D. (1990). Pharmacotherapy of adolescent major depression: Beyond TCAs. Psychopharmacological Bulletin, 26, 75–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, N. D., Dahl, R. E., Birmaher, B., Williamson, D. E., Iyengar, S., Nelson, B., Puig-Antich, J., & Perel, J. M. (1994). Stimulatory tests of growth hormone secretion in prepubertal major depression: Depressed versus normal children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 824–833.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, N. D., Puig-Antich, J., Ambrosini, P., Rabinovich, H., Robinson, D., Nelson, B., Iyengar, S., & Twomey, J. (1987). The clinical picture of major depression in children and adolescents. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 854–861.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sameroff, A. J., & Chandler, M. J. (1975). Reproductive risk and the continuum of caretaking casualty. In F. D. Horowitz (Ed.), Review of child development research (Vol. 4, pp. 187–244). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulman, P., Keith, D., & Seligman, M. E. P. (1991). Is optimism heritable?: A study of twins. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31, 569–574.

    Google Scholar 

  • Segal, Z. V., Shaw, B. R, Vella, D. D., & Katz, R. (1992). Cognitive and life stress predictors of relapse in remitted unipolar depressed patients: Test of the congruency hypothesis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 26–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seligman, M. E. P., Kamen, L. P., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1988). Explanatory style across the life span. In E. M. Hetherington, R. M. Lerner, & M. Perlmutter (Eds.), Child development in life-span perspective (pp. 91–114). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seligman, M. E. P., & Peterson, C. (1986). A learned helplessness perspective on childhood depression: Theory and research. In M. Rutter, C. E. Izard, & P. B. Read (Eds.), Depression in young people: Developmental and clinical perspectives (pp. 223–249). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smucker, M. R., Craighead, W. E., Craighead, L. W., & Green, B. J. (1986). Normative and reliability data for the Children’s Depression Inventory. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 14, 25–39.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stark, K. D. (1990). Childhood depression: School-based intervention. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teti, D., Gelfand, D., Messinger, D., & Isabella, R. (1995). Maternal depression and the quality of early attachment: An examination of infants, preschoolers, and their mothers. Developmental Psychology, 31, 364–376.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thoits, P. A. (1983). Dimensions of life events that influence psychological distress: An evaluation and synthesis of the literature. In H. B. Kaplan (Ed.), Psychosocial stress: Trends in theory and research (pp. 33–103). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Todd, R. D., Neuman, R., Geller, B., Fox, L. W., & Hickok, J. (1993). Genetic studies of affective disorders: Should we be starting with childhood onset probands? Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 1164–1171.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trivedi, M. H., & Rush, A. J. (in press). Efficacy of antidepressant medication: Part 1. A meta-analysis. Neuropsychopharmacology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turk, E., & Bry, B. H. (1992). Adolescents’ and parents’ explanatory styles and parents’ causal explanations about their adolescents. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16, 349–357.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, J. E., & Cole, D. A. (1994). Developmental differences in cognitive diatheses for child depression. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 22, 15–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wallerstein, J. S., & Kelly, J. B. (1980). Surviving the breakup: How children and parents cope with divorce. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiner, B. (1985). An attributional theory of achievement motivation and emotion. Psychological Review, 92, 548–573.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, B., & Garber, J. (2000). Developmental differences in the phenomenology of depression. Manuscript under review.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, B., Weisz, J. R., Politano, M., Carey, M., Nelson, W. M., & Finch, A. J. (1992). Relations among self-reported depressive symptoms in clinic-referred children versus adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 391–397.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weissman, M. M., Gammon, G. D., John, K., Merikangas, K. R., Prusoff, B. A., & Sholomskas, D. (1987). Children of depressed parents: Increased psychopathology and early onset of major depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 847–853.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weissman, M. M., & Olfson, M. (1995). Depression in women: Implications for health care research. Science, 269, 799–801.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weissman, M. M., Warner, V., Wickramaratne, P., & Prusoff, B. A. (1988). Early-onset major depression in parents and their children. Journal of Affective Disorders, 15, 269–277.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weller, R. A., Weller, E. B., Fristad, M. A., & Bowes, J. M. (1991). Depression in recently bereaved prepubertal children. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 1536–1540.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2000 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Garber, J. (2000). Development and Depression. In: Sameroff, A.J., Lewis, M., Miller, S.M. (eds) Handbook of Developmental Psychopathology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4163-9_25

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4163-9_25

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-6868-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-4163-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics