Abstract
The purpose of this research was to investigate the performance of three groups of English-speaking university students with disabilities, which included: (a) 93 with learning disabilities (LD); (b) 64 with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD); and (c) 54 with LD + AD/HD. The profiles of the students with disabilities were compared to those of 100 of their normally-achieving peers across several phonological and orthographic processing measures, as well as standardized measures of reading-decoding (of real and nonsense words), spelling, listening comprehension, and reading comprehension. In addition, analyses were conducted to determine which measures were predictive of performance on selected measures of reading and spelling abilities. Implications for assessment, intervention, and accommodations are provided.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adams, M. J. (1990). Beginning to read: Thinking and learning abut print. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Andrews, S. (1982). Phonological recoding: Is the regularity effect consistent? Memory & Cognition, 10, 565–575.
Bell, L. C., & Perfetti, C. A. (1994). Reading skill: Some adult comparisons. Journal of Educational Psychology, 86, 244–255.
Berninger, V. W. (1994). Reading and writing acquisition: A developmental neuropsychological perspective. Madison, WI: Brown & Benchmark.
Berninger, V. W., & Abbott, R. D. (1994). Multiple orthographic and phonological codes in literacy acquisition: An evolving research program. In V. W. Berninger (Ed.), The varieties of orthographic knowledge,1: Theoretical and developmental issues (pp. 222–319). Netherlands: Kluwer.
Booth, J. R., Perfetti, C. A., MacWhinney, B., & Hunt, S. B. (2000). The association of rapid temporal perception with orthographic and phonological processing in children and adults with reading impairment. Scientific Studies of Reading, 3, 2, 101–132.
Bradley, L., & Bryant, P. E. (1978). Difficulties in auditory organization as a possible cause of reading backwardness. Nature, 271, 746–747.
Bradley, L., & Bryant, P. E. (1983). Categorizing sounds and learning to read: A causal connection. Nature, 310, 4419–421.
Brown, J., Fishco, V., & Hanna, G. (1993). The Nelson-Denny Reading Test. Lombard, IL: The Riverside Publishing Company.
Bruck, M. (1985). The adult functioning of children with specific learning disabilities. In I. Sigel (Ed.), Advances in applied developmental psychology Vol 1 (pp. 91–120). Norwood, NJ:Ablex.
Bruck, M. (1990). Word-recognition skills of adults with childhood diagnoses of dyslexia. Developmental Psychology,26, 3,439–454.
Bruck, M. (1992). Persistence of dyslexics’ phonological awareness deficits. Developmental Psychology, 28, 5, 874–886.
Bruck, M. (1993a). Word recognition and component phonological processing skills of adults with childhood diagnosis of dyslexia. Developmental Review, 13, 258–268.
Bruck, M. (1993b). Component spelling skills of college students with childhood diagnoses of dyslexia. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 16, 171–183.
Bruck, M., & Waters, G. (1990). An analysis of the component spelling skills of good readers-poor spellers. Applied Psycholinguistics, 11, 425–437.
Byrne, B., & Ledez, J. (1983). Phonological awareness in reading-disabled adults. Australian Journal of Psychology, 35, 185–197.
Carr, T. H. & Posner, M. I. (1994). The impact of learning to read on the functional anatomy of language processing. In B.de Gelder & J. Morais (Eds.), Language and literacy: Comparative Approaches (pp.32). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Carrow-Woolfolk, E. (1996) The Oral and Written Language Scales. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.
Coleman, C., & Nielsen, K. (2000). The Orthographic Fluency Measure, Unpublished paper, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.
Coltheart, M. (1978). Lexical access in simple reading tasks. In G. Underwood (Ed.), Strategies of information processing (pp. 151–216). London: Academic Press.
Cossu, G., Shankweiler, D., Liberman, I. Y., Katz, L., & Tola, S. (1988). Awareness of phonological segments and reading ability in Italian children. Applied Psycholinguistics, 9, 1–16.
Cunningham, A. E. (1990). Implicit vs. explicit instruction in phonemic awareness. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 50, 429–444.
Cunningham, A. E., & Stanovich, K. D. (1990). Assessing print exposure and orthographic processing skill in children: A quick measure of reading experience. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82, 4, 733–740.
Cunningham, A. E., Stanovich, K. E., & Wilson, M. R. (1990) Cognitive variation in adult college students differing in reading ability. In T. H. Carr, & B. A. Levy (Eds.), Reading and its development. Component skills approaches (pp. 129–159). San Diego, CA, US: Academic Press.
Danks, J. H., & End, L. J. (1987). Processing strategies for reading and listening. In R. Horowitz & S. J. Samuels (Eds.), Comprehending oral and written language (pp. 11–50). San Diego: Academic Press.
DeFries, J. C., & Baker, L. A. (1983). Colorado Family Reading Study: Longitudinal Analyses. Annals of Dyslexia, 33, 153–162.
Dunn, L. M., & Dunn, L. M. (1997). Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Third Edition, Circle Pines: MN: American Guidance Company.
Ehri, L. G (1998). Grapheme-phoneme knowledge is essential for learning to read words in English. In J. L. Metsala & L. G Ehri (Eds.), Word recognition in beginning literacy (pp. 3–39). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Ellis, N. C., & Large, B. (1987). The development of reading: As you seek, so shall ye find. British Journal of Psychology, 78, 1–28.
Farmer, M. E., & Klein, R. M. (1995). The evidence for a temporal processing deficit linked to dyslexia: A review. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 2, 460–493.
Finucci, J. M., Gottfredson, L. S., & Childs, B. (1986). A follow-up study of dyslexic boys. Annals of Dyslexia, 35, 117–136.
Foorman, B. R. (1994). Phonological and orthographic processing: Separate but equal. In V. W. Berninger (Ed.), The varieties of orthographic knowledge: Theoretical and developmental issues (pp. 321–357). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Frith, U. (1985). Beneath the surface of developmental dyslexia. In K. E. Patterson, J. G Marshall, & M. Coltheart (Eds.), Surface dyslexia (pp. 301–330). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Glushko, R. (1979). The organization and activation of orthographic knowledge in reading aloud. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 5, 674–691.
Gough, P., & Tunmer, W. (1986). Decoding, reading, and reading disability. Remedial and Special Education, 7, 6–10.
Goswami, U. (1998). The role of analogies in the development of word recognition. In. J. L. Metsala & L. G Ehri (Eds.), Word recognition in beginning literacy (pp. 41–63). Mahway, NJ: LEA.
Gregg, N., Heggoy, S., Stapleton, M., Jackson, R., & Morris, R. (1994). The Georgia model of eligibility for postsecondary students. Learning Disabilities: A multi-disciplinary Journal, 29–36.
Holligan, C., & Johnston, R. S. (1988). The use of phonological information by good and poor readers in memory and reading tasks. Memory and Cognition, 16, 522–532.
Jackson, M. D., & McClelland, J. L. (1979). Processing determinants of reading speed. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 108, 151–181.
Johnson, D. J., & Blalock, J. (Eds.). (1987). Young adults with learning disabilities. Orlando, FL: Grune & Stratton.
Juel, C. (1988). Learning to read and write: A longitudinal study of 54 children from first through fourth grades. Journal of Educational Psychology, 80, 437–447.
Klicpera, C., & Gasteiger-Klicpera, B. (1993). Lesen und Schreiben: Entwicklung und Schwierigkeiten [Reading and writing: Development and difficulties]. Bern: Verlag Hans Huber.
Knight, D. (2000). A cognitive and linguistic model of individual differences in the reading comprehension of college students with and without learning disabilities. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.
Landerl, K., Frith, U., & Wimmer, H. (1996). Intrusion of orthographic knowledge on phoneme awareness: Strong in normal readers, weak in dyslexic readers. Applied Psycholinguistics, 17, 1–14.
Liberman, I. Y., Rubin, H., Duques, S., & Carlisle, J. (1985). Linguistic abilities and spelling proficiency in kindergarten and adult poor spellers. In D. Gray & J. Kavanagh (Eds.), Biobehavioral measures of dyslexia. Parkton, MD: York Press.
Manis, F. (1999). Phonological and surface dyslexia: A two-year longitudinal study. Presented at the Society for the Scientific Studies of Reading, Montreal, Quebec.
Olson, R. K., Forsberg, H., & Wise, B. (1994). Genes, environment, and the development of orthographic skills. In V. W. Berninger, (Ed.), The varieties of orthographic knowledge J: Theoretical and developmental issues (pp. 27–71). Netherlands: Kluwer.
Palmer, J., MacLeod, C. M., Hunt, E., & Davidson, J. E. (1985). Information processing correlates of reading. Journal of Memory and Language, 24, 59–88.
Pennington, B. F., Van Orden, G. C., Smith, S. D., Green, P. G., & Haith, N. M. (1990). Phonological processing skills and deficits in adult dyslexics. Child Development, 61, 1753–1778.
Perfetti, C. A., Beck, L., Bell, L., & Hughes, C. (1987). Phonemic knowledge and learning to read are reciprocal: A longitudinal study of first grade children. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 33, 283–319.
Perfetti, C. A., Goldman, S., & Hogaboam, T. (1979). Reading skill and the identification of words in discourse context. Memory and Cognition, 77, 273–282.
Perfetti, C. A., & Roth, S. (1981). Some of the interactive processes in reading and their role in reading skill. In A. Lesgold & C.Perfetti (Eds.), Interactive processes in reading (pp. 269–297). Hillsdale, NJ. Erlbaum.
Pratt, A. C., & Brady, S. (1988). Relation of phonological awareness to reading disability in children and adults. Journal of Educational Psychology, 80, 319–323.
Rack, J. P., Hulme, C., Snowling, M. J., & Wightman, J. (1994). The role of phonology in young children learning to red words: The direct mapping hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 57, 42–71.
Rawson, M. (1968). Developmental language disability. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press.
Roberts, R., & Mather, N. (1997). Orthographic dyslexia: The neglected subtype. Learning Disabilities Research and Practice, 12, 4, 236–250.
Rumsey, M. H., B., Donohue, C., Nace, K., Maisog, M., & Andreason, P. (1997). Phonological and orthographic components of word recognition: A PET-rCBF scan study., Brain, 120, 739–759.
Seidenberg, M. S. (1997). Language acquisition and sue: Learning and applying probabilistic constraints. Science, 275, 1599–1603.
Seidenberg, M. S., & McClelland, J. L. (1989). A distributed, developmental model of word recognition and naming. Psychological Review, 96, 447–452.
Seidenberg, M. S., Waters, G. S., Barnes, M. A., & Tanenhaus, M. K. (1984). When does irregular spelling or pronunciation influence word recognition? Journal of Verbal Learning and Behavior, 23, 383–404.
Share, D. L., & Stanovich, K. E. (1995). Cognitive processes in early reading development: Accommodating individual differences into a model of acquisition. Issues in Education, I, 1–57.
Stahl, S. A., & Murray, B. (1998). Issues involved in defining phonological awareness and its relation to early reading. In J. L. Metsala and L. C. Ehri (Eds.), Word recognition in beginning literacy (pp. 65–87). Mahway, NJ: LEA.
Stanovich, K. E. (1988). Explaining the differences between the dyslexic and the garden-variety poor reader: The phonological core variable-difference model. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 21, 590–612.
Stanovich, K. E. & West, R. R. (1989). Exposure to print and orthographic processing. Reading Research Quarterly, 24, 402–484.
Stanovich, K. E., West, R. F., & Cunningham, A. E. (1991). Beyond phonological processes: Print exposure and orthographic processing. In S. A. Brady & D. P. Shankweiler (Eds.), Phonological processes in literacy: A tribute to Isabelle Y. Liberman (pp. 219–235). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Van Orden, G. C., Pennington, B. F., & Stone, G. O. (1990). Word identification in reading and the promise of subsymbolic psycholinguistics. Psychological Review, 97, 488–522.
Vellutino, F. R., & Scanlon, D. M. (1988). Phonological coding, phonological awareness, and reading ability: Evidence from a longitudinal and experimental study. In K. E. Stanovich (Ed.), Children’s reading and the development of phonological awareness (pp. 77–119). Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press.
Wagner, R. K., Torgesen, J. K., & Rashotte, C. A. (1994). Development of reading-related phonological processing abilities: New evidence of bi-directional causality from a latent variable longitudinal study. Developmental Psychology, 30, 73–87.
Waters, G., Seidenberg, M., & Bruck, M. (1984). Children and adults’ use of spelling sound information in three reading tasks. Memory and Cognition, 12, 293–305.
Wechsler, D. (1997). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
Wilkinson, G. S. (1983). Wide Range Achievement Test-third Edition. Wilmington, DE: Jastak Associates.
Wimmer, H. (1993). Characteristics of developmental dyslexia in a regular writing system. Applied Psycholinguistics, 14, 1–33.
Wimmer, H. & Goswami, U. (1994). The influence of orthographic consistency on reading development: Word recognition in English and German children. Cognition, 51, 91–103.
Wolf, M., Pfeil, C., Lotz, R., & Biddle, K. (1994). Towards a more universal understanding of the developmental dyslexias: The contribution of orthographic factors. In V. W. Berninger (Ed.), The Varieties of Orthographic Knowledge I: Theoretical and Developmental Issues (pp. 137–171). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Woodcock, R. W., & Johnson, M. B. (1989). Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational Battery-Revised. Itasca, IL: Riverside.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gregg, N. et al. (2002). Sublexical and Lexical Processing of Young Adults with Learning Disabilities and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. In: Witruk, E., Friederici, A.D., Lachmann, T. (eds) Basic Functions of Language, Reading and Reading Disability. Neuropsychology and Cognition, vol 20. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1011-6_20
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1011-6_20
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-5350-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-1011-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive