Abstract
Human development is a complex phenomenon that must be understood with cultural context taken into account (e.g., Vygotsky, 1978). Culture may affect development through various processes such as facilitation and suppression of specific behaviors (Weisz, Weiss, Suwanlert, & Chaiyasit, 2006). Cultural norms and values may also provide a frame of reference for social evaluations of, and responses to, behaviors and thus attribute “meaning” to the behaviors. As a result, whether and to what extent a behavior is adaptive or maladaptive depend largely on cultural context.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Asendorpf, J. B., Denissen, J. J. A., & van Aken, M. A. G. (2008). Inhibited and aggressive preschool children at 23 years of age: Personality and social transition into adulthood. Developmental Psychology, 44, 997–1011.
Austin, A. A., & Chorpita, B. F. (2004). Temperament, anxiety, and depression: Comparisons across five ethnic groups of children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33, 216–226.
Beirens, K., & Fontaine, J. (2011). Somatic complaint differences between Turkish immigrants and Belgians: Do all roads lead to Rome? Ethnicity & Health, 16, 73–88.
Benedict, R. (1934). Patterns of culture. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin.
Bergeron, N., & Schneider, B. H. (2005). Explaining cross-national differences in peer-directed aggression: A quantitative synthesis. Aggressive Behavior, 31, 116–137.
Bernburg, J., & Thorlindsson, T. (2005). Violent values, conduct norms, and youth aggression: A multilevel study in Iceland. The Sociological Quarterly, 46, 457–478.
Boislard, P., Poulin, F., Kiesner, J., & Dishion, T. J. (2009). A longitudinal examination of risky sexual behaviors among Canadian and Italian adolescents: Considering individual, parental, and friend characteristics. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 33, 265–276.
Boxer, P., Guerra, N. G., Huesmann, L. R., & Morales, J. (2005). Proximal peer-level effects of a small-group selected prevention on aggression in elementary school children: An investigation of the peer contagion hypothesis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33, 325–338.
Bronfenbrenner, U., & Morris, P. A. (2006). The bioecological model of human development. In W. Damon (Series Ed.) & R. M. Lerner (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol 1. Theoretical models of human development (pp. 793–828). New York, NY: Wiley.
Canino, G., & Alegría, M. (2008). Psychiatric diagnosis – is it universal or relative to culture? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 237–250.
Casiglia, A. C., Lo Coco, A., & Zappulla, C. (1998). Aspects of social reputation and peer relationships in Italian children: A cross-cultural perspective. Developmental Psychology, 34, 723–730.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2000). Youth risk behavior surveillance – United States, 1999. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 49(SS05), 1–96.
Céspedes, Y. M., & Huey, S. J., Jr. (2008). Depression in Latino adolescents: A cultural discrepancy perspective. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Mental Health, 14, 168–172.
Chagnon, N. A. (1983). Yanomamo: The fierce people. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Chao, R. K. (1994). Beyond parental control and authoritarian parenting style: Understanding Chinese parenting through the cultural notion of training. Child Development, 65, 1111–1119.
Chen, X. (2012). Culture, peer interaction, and socioemotional development. Child Development Perspectives, 6, 27–34.
Chen, X., Cen, G., Li, D., & He, Y. (2005). Social functioning and adjustment in Chinese children: The imprint of historical time. Child Development, 76, 182–195.
Chen, X., Chen, H., Li, D., & Wang, L. (2009). Early childhood behavioral inhibition and social and school adjustment in Chinese children: A 5-year longitudinal study. Child Development, 80, 1692–1704.
Chen, X., Chung, J., Lechcier-Kimel, R., & French, D. (2011). Culture and children’s social development. In P. Smith & C. Hart (Eds.), Wiley Blackwell handbook of childhood social development (2nd ed., pp. 141–160). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Chen, X., DeSouza, A., Chen, H., & Wang, L. (2006). Reticent behavior and experiences in peer interactions in Canadian and Chinese children. Developmental Psychology, 42, 656–665.
Chen, X., Dong, Q., & Zhou, H. (1997). Authoritative and authoritarian parenting practices and social and school performance in Chinese children. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 21, 855–873.
Chen, X., & French, D. (2008). Children’s social competence in cultural context. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 591–616.
Chen, C., Greenberger, E., Lester, J., Dong, Q., & Guo, M. (1998). A cross-cultural study of family and peer correlates of adolescent misconduct. Developmental Psychology, 34, 770–781.
Chen, X., Hastings, P., Rubin, K. H., Chen, H., Cen, G., & Stewart, S. L. (1998). Childrearing attitudes and behavioral inhibition in Chinese and Canadian toddlers: A cross-cultural study. Developmental Psychology, 34, 677–686.
Chen, X., He, Y., De Oliveira, A., Lo Coco, A., Zappulla, C., Kaspar, V., et al. (2004). Loneliness and social adaptation in Brazilian, Canadian, Chinese and Italian children: A multi-national comparative study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 1373–1384.
Chen, X., Rubin, K. H., & Li, B. (1995a). Depressed mood in Chinese children: Relations with school performance and family environment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 938–947.
Chen, X., Rubin, K. H., & Li, Z. (1995b). Social functioning and adjustment in Chinese children: A longitudinal study. Developmental Psychology, 31, 531–539.
Chen, X., Rubin, K. H., Li, B., & Li, Z. (1999). Adolescent outcomes of social functioning in Chinese children. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 23, 199–223.
Chen, X., Rubin, K. H., Liu, M., Chen, H., Wang, L., Li, D., et al. (2003). Compliance in Chinese and Canadian toddlers. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 27, 428–436.
Chen, X., Wang, L., & Wang, Z. (2009). Shyness-sensitivity and social, school, and psychological adjustment in rural migrant and urban children in China. Child Development, 80, 1499–1513.
Chen, X., Zappulla, C., Coco, A. L., Schneider, B., Kaspar, V., De Oliveira, A., et al. (2004). Self-perceptions of competence in Brazilian, Canadian, Chinese and Italian children: Relations with social and school adjustment. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 28, 129–138.
Chen, X., Zhang, G., Chen, H., & Li, D. (2012). Performance on delay tasks in early childhood predicted socioemotional and school adjustment nine years later: A longitudinal study in Chinese children. International Perspectives in Psychology: Research, Practice, Consultation, 1, 3–14.
Cheung, R. Y. M., & Park, I. J. K. (2010). Anger suppression, interdependent self-construal, and depression among Asian American and European American college students. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 16, 517–525.
Choi, H., Stafford, L., Meininger, J. C., Roberts, R. E., & Smith, D. P. (2002). Psychometric properties of the DSM scale for depression (DSD) with Korean-American youths. Issues of Mental Health Nursing, 23, 735–756.
Christoforidou, A. (2004). Prevalence of psychosomatic disorders among Greeks, Americans and Greek- Americans. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 64 (8B).
Chung, K. F., & Wong, M. C. (2004). Experience of stigma among Chinese mental health patients in Hong Kong. Psychiatric Bulletin, 28, 451–454.
Clark, C., Rodgers, B., Caldwell, T., Power, C., & Stansfeld, S. (2007). Childhood and adulthood psychological ill health as predictors of midlife affective and anxiety disorders: The 1958 British birth cohort. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 668–678.
Cole, P. M., Tamang, B. L., & Shrestha, S. (2006). Cultural variations in the socialization of young children’s anger and shame. Child Development, 77, 1237–1251.
Coplan, R. J., Prakash, K., O’Neil, K., & Armer, M. (2004). Do you ‘want’ to play? Distinguishing between conflicted-shyness and social disinterest in early childhood. Developmental Psychology, 40, 244–258.
Dodge, K. A., Coie, J. D., & Lynam, D. R. (2006). Aggression and antisocial behavior in youth. In W. Damon (Series Ed.) & N. Eisenberg (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (6th ed.) (pp. 719–788). New York, NY: Wiley.
Dumas, J. E., LaFreniere, P. J., & Serketich, W. J. (1995). “Balance of power”: A transactional analysis of control in mother-child dyads involving socially competent, aggressive, and anxious children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 104–113.
Eisenberg, N., Ma, Y., Chang, L., Zhou, Q., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. (2007). Relations of effortful control, reactive undercontrol, and anger to Chinese children’s adjustment. Development and Psychopathology, 19, 385–409.
Eisenberg, N., Pidada, S., & Liew, J. (2001). The relations of regulation and negative emotionality to Indonesian children’s social functioning. Child Development, 72, 1747–1763.
Escobar, J. I. (1995). Transcultural aspects of dissociative and somatoform disorders. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 18, 555–569.
Farver, J., Welles-Nystrom, B., Frosch, D. L., Wimbarti, S., & Hoppe-Graff, S. (1997). Toy stories: Aggression in children’s narratives in the U.S., Sweden, Germany, and Indonesia. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 28, 393–420.
Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., & Ridder, E. M. (2005). Partner violence and mental health outcomes in a New Zealand birth cohort. Rejoinder Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, 1131–1136.
Fung, H. (2006). Affect and early moral socialization: Some insights and contributions from indigenous psychological studies in Taiwan. In U. Kim, K. S. Yang, & K. K. Hwang (Eds.), Indigenous and cultural psychology: Understanding people in context (pp. 175–196). New York, NY: Springer.
Gartstein, M. A., Gonzalez, C., Carranza, J. A., Ahadi, S. A., Ye, R., Rothbart, M. K., et al. (2006). Studying cross-cultural differences in the development of infant temperament: People’s Republic of China, the United States of America, and Spain. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 37, 145–161.
Gartstein, M. A., Peleg, Y., Young, B. N., & Slobodskaya, H. R. (2009). Infant temperament in Russia, United States of America, and Israel: Differences and similarities between Russian-speaking families. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 40, 241–256.
Gest, S. D., Sesma, A., Masten, A. S., & Tellegen, A. (2006). Childhood peer reputation as a predictor of competence and symptoms 10 years later. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34, 509–526.
Grant, B. F., Hasin, D. S., Stinson, F. S., Dawson, D. A., Goldstein, R. B., Smith, S., et al. (2006). The epidemiology of DSM-IV panic disorder and agoraphobia in the United States: Results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67, 363–374.
Greenberger, E., Chen, C., Beam, M., Whang, S.-M., & Dong, Q. (2000). The perceived social contexts of adolescents’ misconduct: A comparative study of youths in three cultures. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 10, 369–392.
Greenfield, P. M., Maynard, A. E., & Childs, C. P. (2000). History, culture, learning, and development. Cross-Cultural Research, 34, 351–374.
Gureje, O., Simon, G. E., Ustun, T. B., & Goldberg, D. P. (1997). Somatization in cross-cultural perspective: A World Health Organization study in primary care. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 989–995.
Hackett, L., & Hackett, R. J. (1993). Parental ideas of normal and deviant child behaviour: A comparison of two ethnic groups. British Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 353–357.
Hawkins, D., Laub, J., Lauritsen, J., & Cothern, L. (2000). Race, ethnicity, and serious and violent juvenile offending. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
Heiervang, E., Goodman, A., & Goodman, R. (2008). The Nordic advantage in child mental health: Separating health differences from reporting style in a cross-cultural comparison of psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 678–685.
Heinrichs, N., Rapee, R. M., Alden, L. A., Bögels, S., Hofmann, S. G., Oh, K. J., et al. (2006). Cultural differences in perceived social norms and social anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 1187–1197.
Hinton, D. E., Chong, R., Pollack, M., Barlow, D., & McNally, R. (2008). Ataque de nervios: Relationship to anxiety sensitivity and dissociation predisposition. Depression and Anxiety, 25, 489–495.
Holt, M. K., & Espelage, D. L. (2007). Perceived social support among bullies, victims, and bully-victims. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36, 984–994.
Hudson, J. L., & Rapee, R. M. (2001). Parent–child interactions and anxiety disorders: An observational study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39, 1411–1427.
Janssen, M. M., Verhulst, F. C., Bengi-Arslan, L., Erol, N., Salter, C. J., & Crijnen, A. A. (2004). Comparison of self-reported emotional and behavioral problems in Turkish immigrant, Dutch and Turkish adolescents. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 39, 133–140.
Kagan, J. (1997). Temperament and the reactions to unfamiliarity. Child Development, 68, 139–143.
Kawabata, Y., Crick, N. R., & Hamaguchi, Y. (2010a). Forms of aggression, social-psychological adjustment, and peer victimization in a Japanese sample: The moderating role of positive and negative friendship quality. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38, 471–484.
Kawabata, Y., Crick, N. R., & Hamaguchi, Y. (2010b). The role of culture in relational aggression: Associations with social-psychological adjustment problems in Japanese and US school-aged children. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 34, 354–362.
Kelder, S. H., Murray, N. G., Orpinas, P., Prokhorov, A., McReynolds, L., Zhang, Q., et al. (2001). Depression and substance use in minority middle-school students. American Journal of Public Health, 91, 761–766.
Kerr, M., Lambert, W. W., & Bem, D. J. (1996). Life course sequelae of childhood shyness in Sweden: Comparison with the United States. Developmental Psychology, 32, 1100–1105.
Kistner, J. A., David, C. F., & White, B. A. (2003). Ethnic and sex differences in children’s depressive symptoms: Mediating effects of perceived and actual competence. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 32, 341–351.
Kleinman, A., & Kleinman, J. (1985). Somatization: The interconnections among culture, depressive experiences, and the meanings of pain. A study in Chinese society. In A. Kleinman & B. Good (Eds.), Culture and depression (pp. 132–167). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Kleinman, A., & Kleinman, J. (1991). Suffering and its professional transformation: Toward an ethnography of interpersonal experience. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 15, 275–301.
Lambert, S. F., Cooley, M. R., Campbell, K. D. M., Benoit, M. Z., & Stansbury, R. (2004). Assessing anxiety sensitivity in inner-city African American children: Psychometric properties of the childhood anxiety sensitivity index. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33, 248–259.
Le, T. (2002). Delinquency among Asian/Pacific islanders: Review of literature and research. The Justice professional, 15, 57–70.
Lin, C. C., & Fu, V. R. (1990). A comparison of child-rearing practices among Chinese, immigrant Chinese, and Caucasian-American parents. Child Development, 61, 429–433.
Lin, E., Ihle, L., & Tazuma, L. (1985). Depression among Vietnamese refugees in a primary care clinic. The American journal of Medicine, 78, 41–44.
Liu, J., Cheng, H., & Leung, P. (2011). The application of the Preschool Child Behavior Checklist and the Caregiver–Teacher Report Form to mainland Chinese children: Syndrome structure, gender differences, country effects, and inter-informant agreement. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 39, 251–264.
Mead, M. (1928). Coming of age in Samoa. New York, NY: Morrow.
Mercer, S. H., & DeRosier, M. E. (2008). Teacher preference, peer rejection, and student aggression: A prospective study of transactional influence and independent contributions to emotional adjustment and grades. Journal of School Psychology, 46, 661–685.
Murray, K. T., & Kochanska, G. (2002). Effortful control: Factor structure and relation to externalizing and internalizing behaviors. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30, 503–514.
Norasakkunkit, V., & Kalick, S. (2009). Experimentally detecting how cultural differences on social anxiety measures misrepresent cultural differences in emotional well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 10, 313–327.
Obel, C., Heiervang, E., Rodriguez, A., Heyerdahl, S., Smedje, H., Sourander, A., et al. (2004). The strengths and difficulties questionnaire in the Nordic countries. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 13(Suppl 2), II32–II39.
Oh, S., & Lewis, C. (2008). Korean preschoolers’ advanced inhibitory control and its relation to other executive skills and mental state understanding. Child Development, 79, 80–99.
Piehler, T. F., & Dishion, T. J. (2007). Interpersonal dynamics within adolescent friendships: Dyadic mutuality, deviant talk, and patterns of antisocial behavior. Child Development, 78, 1611–1624.
Pina, A. A., & Silverman, W. K. (2004). Clinical phenomenology, somatic symptoms, and distress in Hispanic/Latino and European American youths with anxiety disorders. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33, 227–236.
Prinstein, M. J. (2007). Assessment of adolescents’ preference- and reputation-based peer status using sociometric experts. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 53, 243–261.
Rapee, R. M., Kim, J., Wang, J., Liu, X., Hofmann, S. G., Chen, J., et al. (2011). Perceived impact of socially anxious behaviors on individuals’ lives in Western and East Asian countries. Behavior Therapy, 42(3), 485–492.
Raval, V., Martini, T. S., & Raval, P. (2010). Methods of, and reasons for, emotional expression and control in children with internalizing, externalizing, and somatic problems in urban India. Social Development, 19, 93–112.
Rescorla, L. A., Achenbach, T. M., Ivanova, M. Y., Harder, V. S., Otten, L., Bilenberg, N., et al. (2011). International comparisons of behavioral and emotional problems in preschool children: Parents’ reports from 24 societies. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 40, 456–467.
Roberts, R. E., & Roberts, C. R. (2007). Ethnicity and risk of psychiatric disorder among adolescents. Research in Human Development, 41, 89–117.
Rodkin, P. C., Farmer, T. W., Pearl, R., & van Acker, R. (2000). Heterogeneity of popular boys: Antisocial and prosocial configurations. Developmental Psychology, 36, 14–24.
Rogoff, B. (2003). The cultural nature of human development. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Rothbart, M. K., & Bates, J. E. (2006). Temperament. In N. Eisenberg (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology (Social, emotional, and personality development, Vol. 3, pp. 99–166). New York, NY: Wiley.
Rubin, K. H., Coplan, R., & Bowker, J. (2009). Social withdrawal in childhood. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 141–171.
Rubin, K. H., Hemphill, S. A., Chen, X., Hastings, P., Sanson, A., Coco, A., et al. (2006). Across-cultural study of behavioral inhibition in toddlers: East–West–North–South. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 30, 219–226.
Rubin, K. H., & Mills, R. S. L. (1992). Parents’ thoughts about children’s socially adaptive and maladaptive behaviors: Stability, change, and individual differences. In I. Sigel, A. McGillicuddy-DeLisi, & J. Goodnow (Eds.), In parental belief systems: The psychological consequences for children (2nd ed., pp. 41–69). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Ryder, A. G., Yang, J., Zhu, X., Yao, S., Yi, J., Heine, S. J., et al. (2008). The cultural shaping of depression: Somatic symptoms in China, psychological symptoms in North America? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117, 300–313.
Sakai, J., Risk, N., Tanaka, C., & Price, R. (2007). Conduct disorder among Asians and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islanders in the USA. Psychological Medicine, 37, 1013–1025.
Schneider, B. H., & Fonzi, A. (1996). La stabilita dell’amicizia: Unostudio cross-culturale Italia-Canada [Friendship stability: A cross-cultural study in Italy-Canada]. Eta Evolutiva, 3, 73–79.
Schneider, B., French, D., & Chen, X. (2006). Peer relationships in cultural perspective: Methodological reflections. In X. Chen, D. French, & B. Schneider (Eds.), Peer relationships in cultural context (pp. 489–500). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Schwartz, C. E., Snidman, N., & Kagan, J. (1999). Adolescent social anxiety as an outcome of inhibited temperament in childhood. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 1008–1015.
Super, C. M., & Harkness, S. (1986). The developmental niche: A conceptualization at the interface of child and culture. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 9, 545–569.
Tietjen, A. M. (2006). Cultural influences on peer relations: An ecological perspective. In X. Chen, D. C. French, & B. H. Schneider (Eds.), Peer relationships in cultural context (pp. 52–74). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Timmermans, M., van Lier, P. A., & Koot, H. M. (2008). Which forms of child/adolescent externalizing behaviors account for late adolescent risky sexual behavior and substance use? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 386–394.
Traue, H., & Pennebaker, J. W. (Eds.). (1993). Emotion, inhibition, and health. Seattle, WA: Hogrefe & Huber Publishers.
Tremblay, R. E. (2010). Developmental origins of disruptive behavior problems: The original sin hypothesis, epigenetics and their consequences for prevention. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51, 341–367.
Twenge, J. M., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2002). Age, gender, race, socioeconomic status, and birth cohort differences on the Children’s Depression Inventory: A meta-analysis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 578–588.
Van Zalk, N., Van Zalk, M. H. W., & Kerr, M. (2011). Socialization of social anxiety in adolescent crowds. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 39, 1239–1249.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Weenink, D. (2011). Delinquent behavior of Dutch rural adolescents. Journal of youth and adolescence, 40, 1132–1146.
Weisz, J. R., Suwanlert, S., Chaiyasit, W., Weiss, B., Walter, B. R., & Anderson, W. W. (1988). Thai and American perspectives on over-and undercontrolled child behavior problems: Exploring the threshold model among parents, teachers, and psychologists. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 601–609.
Weisz, J. R., Weiss, B., Suwanlert, S., & Chaiyasit, W. (2006). Culture and youth psychopathology: Testing the syndromal sensitivity model in Thai and American adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 1098–1107.
Whiting, B. B., & Edwards, C. P. (1988). Children of different worlds. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Zahn-Waxler, C., Friedman, R. J., Cole, P. M., Mizuta, I., & Hiruma, N. (1996). Japanese and United States preschool children’s responses to conflict and distress. Child Development, 67, 2462–2477.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Chen, X., Fu, R., Leng, L. (2014). Culture and Developmental Psychopathology. In: Lewis, M., Rudolph, K. (eds) Handbook of Developmental Psychopathology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9608-3_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9608-3_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-9607-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-9608-3
eBook Packages: Behavioral ScienceBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)