Skip to main content

Strengthening Components and Processes of Family Involvement in School Mental Health

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Handbook of School Mental Health

Abstract

Involving families in youth mental health services is foundational to achieving positive youth outcomes (for review, see Hoagwood et al., 2010). Unfortunately, this can be a particularly challenging process, and families are often not meaningfully involved in services. In studies of engagement in community mental health services, youth and family no-show rates at initial appointments range from 28 % to 62 % (Harrison, McKay, & Bannon, 2004; McKay, Lynn, & Bannon, 2005; McKay, McCadam, & Gonzales, 1996). Thus, at a basic level of involvement, some families are not being engaged in services. This has the potential to compromise the delivery of evidence-based interventions given that family involvement may be an essential factor in obtaining and maintaining positive outcomes for youth (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2001). As national mental health policy calls for families to become active consumers of mental health services, and for children and youth to receive more comprehensive services (New Freedom Commission on Mental Health [NFCMH], 2003), it is increasingly important to review empirically supported strategies for effectively involving families in mental health services so that these approaches can be consistently integrated into practice.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 299.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Strengthening Quality in School Mental Health (PI, M. Weist). National Institute of Mental Health, US DHHS, #R01MH0819141; 2010–2014

References

  • Andis, P., Cashman, J., Praschil, R., Oglesby, D., Adelman, H., Taylor, L., et al. (2002). A strategic and shared agenda to advance mental health in schools through family and system partnerships. International Journal of Mental Health Promotion, 4, 28–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191–215.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barlow, D.H., Nock, M.K., & Hersen, M. (2008). Single case experimental designs: Strategies for studying behavior change(3rd ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barlow, D. H., & Nock, M. K. (2009). Why can’t we be more idiographic in our research? Perspectives on Psychological Science (Wiley-Blackwell), 4(1), 19–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bickham, N. L., Pizarro, L. J., Warner, B. S., Rosenthal, B., & Weist, M. D. (1998). Family involvement in expanded school mental health. The Journal of School Health, 68(10), 425–428.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bickman, L. (1987). The functions of program theory. New Directions for Program Evaluation, 33, 5–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bordin, E. (1979). The generalizability of the psychoanalytic concept of the working alliance. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 16(3), 252–260.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bryan, J., & Holcomb-McCoy, C. (2004). School counselors’ perceptions of their involvement in school-family-community partnerships. Professional School Counseling, 7(3), 162–171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Catsambis, S. (1998). Expanding the knowledge of parental involvement in secondary education: Effects on high school academic success (Research report no. 27). Retrieved from http://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED426174&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=ED426174

  • Cavaleri, M. A., Olin, S. S., Kim, A., Hoagwood, K. E., & Burns, B. J. (2011). Family support in prevention programs for children at risk for emotional/behavioral problems. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 14, 399–412.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Center for School Mental Health Assistance. (2002). Family involvement in school mental health resource packet.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chorpita, B. F., & Daleiden, E. L. (2007). 2007 Biennial report: Effective psychosocial intervention for youth with behavioral and emotional needs. Retrieved from http://hawaii.gov/health/mental-health/camhd/library/pdf/ebs/ebs012.pdf

  • Creed, T., & Kendall, P. (2005). Therapist alliance-building behavior within a cognitive- behavioral treatment for anxiety in youth. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(3), 498–505.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dearing, R. L., Barrick, C., Dermen, K. H., & Walitzer, K. S. (2005). Indicators of client engagement: Influences on alcohol treatment satisfaction and outcomes. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 19, 71–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, J. L. (1987). Toward a theory of family-school connections: Teacher practices and parent involvement. In K. Hurrelmann, F. Kaufmann, & F. Lösel (Eds.), Social intervention: Potential and constraints (pp. 121–136). Oxford, UK: Walter De Gruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, J. L., Clark, L., Salinas, K. C., & Sanders, M. G. (1997). Scaling up school-family- community connections in Baltimore: Effects on student achievement and attendance. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, J. L., & Connors, L. J. (1994). School, family, and community partnerships in high schools (Report no. 24). Retrieved from http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED380525&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=ED3805 25

  • Federation of Families for Children’s Mental Health. (1998, Winter). Family-professional relationships. Claiming Children, 13

    Google Scholar 

  • Fixsen, D. L., Naoom, S. F., Blase, K. A., Friedman, R. M., & Wallace, F. (2005). Implementation research: A synthesis of the literature. (FMHI Publication #231). Retrieved from http://www.schools.utah.gov/fsp/College-and-Career-Ready/Meetings/2011-Fall-Directors/NIRN-Implementation-Research-Synthesis.aspx

  • Garcia, J., & Weisz, J. (2002). When youth mental health care stops: Therapeutic relationship problems and other reasons for ending youth outpatient treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70(2), 439–443.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gopalan, G., Goldstein, L., Klingenstein, K., Sicher, C., Blake, C., & McKay, M. M. (2010). Engaging families into child mental health treatment: Updates and special considerations. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 19(3), 182–196.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gyamfi, P., Walrath, C., Burns, B. J., Stephens, R. L., Geng, Y., & Stambaugh, L. (2010). Family education and support services in systems of care. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 18(1), 14–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, M. E., McKay, M. M., & Bannon, W. R. (2004). Inner-city child mental health service use: The real question is why youth and families do not use services. Community Mental Health Journal, 40(2), 119–131.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hawley, K. M., & Weisz, J. R. (2005). Youth versus parent working alliance in usual clinical care: Distinctive associations with retention, satisfaction, and treatment outcome. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34, 117–128.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, A. T., & Mapp, K. L. (2002). The impact of school, family, and community connections on student achievement: Annual synthesis. Retrieved from the National Center for Family and Community Connections with Schools website http://www.sedl.org/connections/resources/evidence.pdf

  • Hiatt-Michael, D. B. (2006). Reflections and directions on research related to family- community involvement in schooling. School Community Journal. Lincoln: Academic Development Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, N. E., & Taylor, L. C. (2004). Parental school involvement and children’s academic achievement: Pragmatics and issues. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13(4), 161–164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoagwood, K. E. (2005). Family-based services in children’s mental health: A research review and synthesis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 670–713.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoagwood, K. E., Cavaleri, M. A., Serene Olin, S. S., Burns, B. J., Slaton, E., Gruttadaro, D., et al. (2010). Family support in children’s mental health: A review and synthesis. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 13(1), 1–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoagwood, K. E., Green, E., Kelleher, K., Schoenwald, S., Rolls- Reutz, J., Landsverk, J., et al. (2008). Family advocacy, support and education in children’s mental health: Results of a national survey. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 35, 73–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoover-Dempsey, K. V., & Sandler, H. M. (1995). Parental involvement in children’s education: Why does it make a difference? Teachers College Record, 97(2), 310–331.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoover-Dempsey, K. V., & Sandler, H. M. (1997). Why do parents become involved in their children’s education? Review of Educational Research, 67(1), 3–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ireys, H., Devet, K. A., & Sakwa, D. (2002). Family support and education. In B. J. Burns & K. Hoagwood (Eds.), Community treatment for youth: Evidence-based interventions for severe emotional and behavioral disorders (pp. 154–175). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Itzhaky, H., & York, A. S. (2000). Empowerment and community participation: Does gender make a difference? Social Work Research, 24(4), 225–234.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, P., & Hoagwood, K. (Eds.). (2008). Improving children’s mental health through parent empowerment: A guide to assisting families. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karver, M. S., Handelsman, J. B., Fields, S., & Bickman, L. (2005). A theoretical model of common process factors in youth and family therapy. Mental Health Services Research, 7, 35–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karver, M. S., Handelsman, J. B., Fields, S., & Bickman, L. (2006). Meta-analysis of therapeutic relationship variables in youth and family therapy: The evidence for different relationship variables in the child and adolescent treatment outcome literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 50–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koroloff, N. M., Elliott, D. J., Koren, P. E., & Friesen, B. J. (1996). Linking low-income families to children’s mental health services: An outcome study. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 4, 2–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koroloff, N., Hunter, R., & Gordon, L. (1994). Family involvement in policy making: A final report on the families in action project. Retrieved from http://www.rtc.pdx.edu/PDF/pbFamInvolvInPolicyMaking.pdf

  • LaParo, K. M., Kraft-Sayre, M., & Pianta, R. C. (2003). Preschool to kindergarten transition activities: Involvement and satisfaction of families and teachers. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 17(2), 147–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lever, N., Anthony, L., Stephan, S., Moore, E., Harrison, B., & Weist, M. D. (2006). Best practice in expanded school mental health. In C. Franklin, M. Harris, & P. Allen-Meares (Eds.), School social work training and resource manual (pp. 1011–1020). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKay, M. M., & Bannon, W. M. (2004). Engaging families in child mental health services. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 13, 905–921.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McKay, M. M., Hibbert, R., Hoagwood, K., Rodriguez, J., Murray, L., Legerski, J., et al. (2004). Integrating evidence-based engagement interventions into “real world” child mental health settings. Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention, 4(2), 177–186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McKay, M. M., Lynn, C. J., & Bannon, W. M. (2005). Understanding inner city child mental health need and trauma exposure: Implications for preparing urban service providers. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 75(2), 201–210.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McKay, M., McCadam, K., & Gonzales, J. (1996). Addressing the barriers to mental health services for inner city children and their caretakers. Community Mental Health Journal, 32(4), 353–361.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McKay, M., Quintana, E., Kim, L., Gonzales, J., & Adil, J. A. (1999). Multiple family groups: An alternative for reducing disruptive behavioral difficulties of urban children. Research on Social Work Practice, 9, 414–428.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McKay, M., Stoewe, J., McCadam, K., & Gonzales, J. (1998). Increasing access to child mental health services for urban children and their caregivers. Health and Social Work, 23(1), 9–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mendez, J. L., Carpenter, J. L., LaForett, D. R., & Cohen, J. S. (2009). Parental engagement and barriers to participation in a community-based preventive intervention. American Journal of Community Psychology, 44, 1–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miedel, W. T., & Reynolds, A. J. (1999). Parent involvement in early intervention for disadvantaged children: Does it matter? Journal of School Psychology, 37(4), 379–402.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morris, V. G., & Taylor, S. I. (1998). Alleviating barriers to family involvement in education: The role of teacher education. Teaching and Teacher Education, 14(2), 219–231.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Institute of Mental Health National Advisory Mental Health Council Workgroup on Child and Adolescent Mental Health Intervention Development and Deployment. (2001). Blueprint for change: Research on child and adolescent mental health. Retrieved from http://wwwapps.nimh.nih.gov/ecb/archives/nimhblueprint.pdf

  • New Freedom Commission on Mental Health. (2003). Achieving the promise: Transforming mental health care in America, final report (Pub. No. SMA-03-3832). Retrieved from http://www.nami.org/Template. cfm?Section=New_Freedom_Commission&Template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=28335.

  • No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act of 2001, Pub. L. No. 107–110, § 115, Stat. 1425 (2002).

    Google Scholar 

  • Olin, S., Hoagwood, K. E., Rodriguez, J., Radigan, M., Burton, G., Cavaleri, M., et al. (2010). Impact of empowerment training on the professional work of family peer advocates. Children and Youth Services Review, 32(10), 1426–1429.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olin, S., Hoagwood, K. E., Rodriguez, J., Ramos, B., Burton, G., Penn, M., et al. (2010). The application of behavior change theory to family-based services: Improving parent empowerment in children’s mental health. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 19(4), 462–470.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olin, S. S., Saka, N., Crowe, M., Forman, S. G., & Hoagwood, K. E. (2009). Implementation of evidence-based interventions in schools: Issues and challenges in social-emotional learning and mental health programs. In V. W. Berninger & S. Rosenfield (Eds.), Implementing evidence-based interventions in school settings. Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osher, T., Penn, M., & Spencer, S. A. (2008). Partnerships with families for family-driven systems of care. In B. A. Stroul & G. M. Blau (Eds.), The system of care handbook: Transforming mental health services for children, youth, and families (pp. 249–274). Baltimore: Brookes Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Resendez, M. G., Quist, R. M., & Matshazi, D. M. (2000). A longitudinal analysis of family empowerment and client outcomes. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 9(4), 449–460.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rones, M., & Hoagwood, K. (2000). School-based mental health services: A research review. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 3(4), 223–241.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruffolo, M., Kuhn, M., & Evans, M. (2005). Support, empowerment and education: A study of multiple family group psychoeducation. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 13(4), 200–212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shaver, A. V., & Walls, R. T. (1998). Effect of Title I parent involvement on student reading and mathematics achievement. Journal of Research and Development in Education, 31(2), 90–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shirk, S. R., & Karver, M. (2003). Prediction of treatment outcome from relationship variables in child and adolescent therapy: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 452–464.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shumow, L., & Miller, J. D. (2001). Parents’ at-home and at-school academic involvement with young adolescents. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 21(1), 68–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Staudt, M. (2007). Treatment engagement with caregivers of at-risk children: Gaps in research and conceptualization. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 16(2), 183–196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stephan, S. H., Weist, M., Kataoka, S., Adelsheim, S., & Mills, C. (2007). Transformation of children’s mental health services: The role of school mental health. Psychiatric Services, 58, 1330–1338.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taub, J., Tighe, T. A., & Burchard, J. (2001). The effects of parent empowerment on adjustment for children receiving comprehensive mental health services. Children’s Services: Social Policy, Research, and Practice, 4(3), 103–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trusty, J. (1999). Effects of eighth-grade parental involvement on late adolescents’ educational expectations. Journal of Research and Development in Education, 32(4), 224–233.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1999). Mental health: A report of the surgeon general–executive summary. Retrieved from http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/access/NNBBHS.pdf

  • Walker, J. T., Wilkins, A. S., Dallaire, J. R., Sandler, H. M., & Hoover-Dempsey, K. V. (2005). Parental involvement: Model revision through scale development. The Elementary School Journal, 106(2), 85–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weist, M. D. (1997). Expanded school mental health services: a national movement in progress. In T. H. Ollendick & R. J. Prinz (Eds.), Advances in clinical child psychology (pp. 319–352). New York: Plenum.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Weist, M. D. (2009). Family engagement/empowerment observational system. Baltimore: Center for School Mental Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weist, M. D., Stephan, S., Lever, N., Moore, E., Flaspohler, P., Maras, M., et al. (2007). Quality and school mental health. In S. Evans, M. Weist, & Z. Serpell (Eds.), Advances in school-based mental health interventions (pp. 4:1–4:14). New York: Civic Research Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weisz, J. (2004). Psychotherapy for children and adolescents: Evidence-based treatments and case examples. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Westat and Policy Studies Associates. (2001). The longitudinal evaluation of school change and performance in Title I schools. Retrieved from the U.S. Department of Education website http://www.ed.gov/offices/OUS/PES/esed/lescp_highlights.html

  • Yatchmenoff, D. K. (2005). Measuring client engagement from the client’s perspective in nonvoluntary child protective services. Research on Social Work Practice, 15, 84–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Heather L. McDaniel .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

McDaniel, H.L., Schiele, B.E., Taylor, L.K., Haak, J., Weist, M.D. (2014). Strengthening Components and Processes of Family Involvement in School Mental Health. In: Weist, M., Lever, N., Bradshaw, C., Owens, J. (eds) Handbook of School Mental Health. Issues in Clinical Child Psychology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7624-5_15

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics