Abstract
Separation due to deployment is a hallmark of married life for military couples. As a result of U.S. military engagement in the Middle East since 9/11, known as Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) and Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), these separations resulting from military related deployments have become more frequent and longer. According to recent Department of Defense statistics, since September 11, 2001, over two million service members have been deployed, with nearly 800,000 deploying more than once. In total, U.S. troops have deployed 3.3 million times (Tan, 2009). Since 56 % of the nearly 1.5 million service members are married and 71 % of all officers in the military are married, the vast majority of military couples have experienced one or multiple deployments. The most dominant narrative related to the effects of military service in general, and specifically to deployment to combat zones, is that deployment harms personal well-being and marriages, often irreparably (Dao & Einhorn, 2010). However, there is also evidence that deployment seems to have little effect on marital stability (Karney & Crown, 2007), and many report that deployment strengthened their marriage (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2004). The purpose of this chapter is to begin to understand and describe how some marriages are able to be resilient following the stress of deployment.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Air Force Personnel Center. (2010, December). Air force demographics. Snapshot of the Air Force. Retrieved February 26, 2011, from http://www.afpc.randolph.af.mil/library/airforcepersonnelstatistics.asp
Allen, E. S., Rhoades, G. K., Stanley, S. M., & Markman, H. J. (2010). Hitting home: Relationships between recent deployment, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and marital functioning for Army couples. Journal of Family Psychology, 4, 280–288.
Bell, D. B., & Schumm, W. R. (2000). Providing family support during military deployments. In J. A. Martin, L. N. Rosen, & L. R. Sparacino (Eds.), The military family: A practice guide for human service providers (pp. 139–152). Westport, CT: Praeger.
Benzies, K., & Mychasiuk, R. (2008). Fostering family resiliency: A review of the key protective factors. Child & Family Social Work, 14, 103–114.
Black, K., & Lobo, M. (2008). A conceptual review of family resilience factors. Journal of Family Nursing, 14, 33–55.
Casey, G. W. (2011). Comprehensive soldier fitness: A vision for psychological resilience in the U.S. Army. American Psychologist, 66, 1–3.
Castro, C. A., & McGurk, D. (2007). The intensity of combat and behavioral health status. Traumatology, 13, 6–23.
Chandra, A., Lara-Cinisomo, S., Jaycox, L. H., Tanielian, T., Burns, R. M., Ruder, T., et al. (2010). Children on the homefront: The experience of children from military families. Pediatrics, 125, 13–22.
Cook, J. M., Riggs, D. S., Thompson, R., Coyne, J. C., & Sheikh, J. I. (2004). Posttraumatic stress disorder and current relationship functioning among World War II ex-prisoners of war. Journal of Family Psychology, 18, 36–45.
Dao, J., & Einhorn, C. (2010, December 30). Families bear brunt of deployment strains. New York Times. Retrieved January 4, 2011, from www.nytimes.com/2010/12/31/world/asia/31families.html.
Dirkzwager, A. J. E., Bramsen, I., Ader, H., & Ploeg, H. M. (2005). Secondary traumatization in partners and parents of Dutch peacekeeping soldiers. Journal of Family Psychology, 19, 217–226.
Galovski, T., & Lyons, J. (2004). Psychological sequelae of combat violence: A review of the impact of PTSD on the veteran’s family and possible interventions. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 9, 477–501.
Gewirtz, A. H., Polusny, M. A., DeGarmo, D. S., Khaylis, A., & Erbes, C. R. (2010). Posttraumatic stress symptoms among National Guard soldiers deployed to Iraq: Associations with parenting behaviors and couple adjustment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78, 599–610.
Hanson, J. (2010, September 10). Air force officials increase deployment times. Air Force News. Retrieved February 26, 2011, from www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id+123221320.
Hosek, J., Kavanagh, J., & Miller, L. (2006). How deployments affect service members. Santa Monica, CA: Rand National Defense Research Institute.
Jensen, P. S., & Shaw, J. A. (1996). The effects of war and parental deployment upon children and adolescents. In R. J. Ursano & A. E. Norwood (Eds.), Emotional aftermath of the Persian Gulf War: Veterans, families, communities, and nations (pp. 83–109). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
Kaiser Family Foundation. (2004). Military families survey. Retrieved December 15, 2010, from www.kff.org/kaiserpolls/upload/Military-Families-Survey-Toplines.pdf.
Karney, B. R., & Crown, J. S. (2007). Families under stress: An assessment of data, theory, and research on marriage and divorce in the military. Santa Monica, CA: Rand National Defense Research Institute.
Kelley, M. L., Herzog-Simmer, P. A., & Harris, M. A. (1994). Effects of military-induced separation on the parenting stress and family functioning of deploying mothers. Military Psychology, 6, 125–138.
Lorge, E. M. (2007, October, 17). Army leaders sign covenant with families. Army News Service. Retrieved December 15, 2010, from www.army.mil/-news/2007/10/17/5641-army-leaders-sign-covenant-with-families/.
Lyle, A. (2010, February, 21). SecAF takes stock of progress, future challenges. Air Force News. Retrieved February 26, 2011, from http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123243500.
MacDermid Wadsworth, S. M. (2010). Family risk and resilience in the context of war and terrorism. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72, 537–556.
Mansfield, A. J., Kaufman, J. S., Marshall, S. W., Gaynes, B. N., Morrissey, J. P., & Engel, C. C. (2010). Deployment and the use of mental health services among U.S. Army wives. The New England Journal of Medicine, 362, 101–109.
Martin, J. A., Vaitkus, M. A., Johnson, M. D., Mikolajek, L. M., & Ray, D. L. (1996). Deployment from Europe: The family perspective. In R. J. Ursano & A. E. Norwood (Eds.), Emotional aftermath of the Persian Gulf War: Veterans, families, communities, and nations (pp. 250–282). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
Merolla, A. J. (2010). Relational maintenance during military deployment: Perspectives of wives of deployed US soldiers. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 38, 4–26.
Milliken, C. S., Auchterlonie, J. L., & Hoge, C. W. (2007). Longitudinal assessment of mental health problems among active and reserve component soldiers returning from the Iraq war. Journal of the American Medical Association, 298, 2141–2148.
Monson, C. M., Taft, C. T., & Fredman, S. J. (2009). Military-related PTSD and intimate relationships: From description to theory-driven research and intervention development. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 707–714.
Nelson Goff, B. S., Crow, J. R., Reisbig, A. M. J., & Hamilton, S. (2007). The impact of individual trauma symptoms of deployed soldiers on relationship satisfaction. Journal of Family Psychology, 21, 344–353.
Newby, J. H., McCarroll, J. E., Ursano, R. J., Fan, Z., Shigemura, J., & Tucker-Harris, Y. (2005). Positive and negative consequences of a military deployment. Military Medicine, 170, 815–819.
Norwood, A. E., Fullerton, C. S., & Hagen, K. P. (1996). Those left behind: Military families. In R. J. Ursano & A. E. Norwood (Eds.), Emotional aftermath of the Persian Gulf War: Veterans, families, communities, and nations (pp. 163–197). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
Patterson, J. M. (2002). Understanding family resilience. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 233–246.
Renshaw, K. D., Rodrigues, C. S., & Jones, D. H. (2008). Psychological symptoms and marital satisfaction in spouses of Operation Iraqi Freedom Veterans: Relationships with spouses’ perceptions of veterans experiences and symptoms. Journal of Family Psychology, 22, 586–594.
Riggs, D. S., Byrne, C. A., Weathers, F. W., & Litz, B. T. (1998). The quality of intimate relationships of male Vietnam veterans: Problems associated with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11, 87–101.
Tan, M. (2009, December 18). A million soldiers deployed since 9/11. Army Times, 12. Retrieved December 15, 2010, from www.armytimes.com/news/2009/12/army_deployments_121809w/.
Thomas, J. L., Wilk, J. E., Riviere, L. A., McGurk, D., Castro, C. A., & Hoge, C. W. (2010). Prevalence of mental health problems and functional impairment among active component and National Guard soldiers 3 and 12 months following combat in Iraq. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 614–623.
Vasterling, J. J., Proctor, S. P., Friedman, M. J., Hoge, C. W., Heeren, T., King, L. A., et al. (2010). PTSD symptom increases in Iraq-deployed soldiers: Comparison with nondeployed soldiers and associations with baseline symptoms, deployment experiences, and postdeployment stress. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 23, 41–51.
Walsh, F. (1996). The concept of family resilience: Crisis and challenge. Family Process, 35, 261–281.
Walsh, F. (2002). A family resilience framework: Innovative practice applications. Family Relations, 51, 130–137.
Walsh, F. (2003). Family resilience: A framework for clinical practice. Family Process, 42, 1–18.
Warner, C. H., Appenzeller, G. N., Warner, C. M., & Grieger, T. (2009). Psychological effects of deployments on military families. Psychiatric Annals, 39, 56–63.
Acknowledgments
This manuscript was supported by a grant to the third author from the United States Air Force Family Advocacy Program through a contract with U.S.D.A.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Anderson, J.R., Amanor-Boadu, Y., Stith, S.M., Foster, R.E. (2013). Resilience in Military Marriages Experiencing Deployment. In: Becvar, D. (eds) Handbook of Family Resilience. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3917-2_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3917-2_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-3799-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-3917-2
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawSocial Sciences (R0)