Skip to main content

Gifted LearnersWho Drop Out: Prevalence and Prevention

  • Chapter

Abstract

Gifted dropout rates vary depending on how one defines both “giftedness” and “dropping out.” Recent empirical studies seem to agree that in contrast to allegorical estimates of 20% or higher, relatively few academically gifted learners actually leave high school without a diploma. However, dropping out clearly can be a serious problem for some gifted individuals. This chapter situates dropping out of school as an extreme manifestation of academic underachievement. Reviews of recent and emerging scholarship are considered to estimate the magnitude of this problem and to suggest possible interventions that may minimize the likelihood of the academically able learner dropping out.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   669.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   849.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   849.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Reference

  • Artiles, A. J., Rueda, R., Salazar, J. J., & Higareda, I. (2005). Within-group diversity in minority disproportionate representation: English language learners in urban school districts. Exceptional Children, 71, 283–300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Battin-Pearson, S., Newcomb, M. D., & Abbott, R. D. (2000). Predictors of early high school dropout: a test of five theories. Journal of Educational Psychology, 92, 568–582.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Booth, D., & Stanley, J. C. (Eds.). (2004). In the eyes of the beholder: Critical issues for diversity in gifted education. Waco, TX: Prufrock Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandt, E. A. (1992). The navajo area student dropout study: Findings and implications. Journal of American Indian Education, 31(2), 48–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castellano, J. A., & Díaz, E. I. (Eds.). (2002). Reaching new horizons: Gifted and talented education for culturally and linguistically diverse students. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • California Dropout Prevention Network. (2003, October 28). CDPN beliefs. Retrieved December 22, 2006, from http://www.edualliance.org/cdpn/beliefs/

  • Chang, A. L. (2005, October 29). Is district deficient in programs for gifted? School officials fear smart kids aren’t served. Milwaukee Journal Sentinel [online edition]. Retrieved December 21, 2006 from http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=366409

  • Colangelo, N., Assouline, S. G., & Gross, M. U. M. (2004). A nation deceived: How schools hold back america’s brightest students. Iowa City: The University of Iowa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Colangelo, N., Kerr, B., Christensen, P., & Maxey, J. (1993). A comparison of gifted underachievers and gifted high achievers. Gifted Child Quarterly, 37, 155–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Council of State Directors of Programs for the Gifted & the National Association for Gifted Children. (2003). State of the States Gifted and Talented Education Report 2001–2002. Washington, DC: National Association for Gifted Children.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cramond, B. (1994). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and creativity: What is the connection? Journal of Creative Behavior, 28, 193–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cramond, B., & Martin, C. E. (1987). Inservice and preservice teachers’ attitudes toward the academically brilliant. Gifted Child Quarterly, 31, 15–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dai, D. Y. (2005). Reductionism versus emergentism: A framework for understanding conceptions of giftedness. Roeper Review, 27, 144–151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elhoweris, H., Mutua, K., Alsheikh, N., & Holloway, P. (2005). Effect of children’s ethnicity on teachers’ referral and recommendation decisions in gifted and talented programs. Remedial and Special Education, 26(1), 25–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farmer, J. (2006, November). A Decade of Discussion: The Literature on Gifted Students with Learning Disabilities. Graduate student poster session presented at the annual meeting of the National Association for Gifted Children, Charlotte, NC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feller, B. (2006, Sunday, September 17). U.S. high school dropouts take hard hit in paycheck; they earn 65% of what grads make. The Tampa Tribune [Nation/World section], p. 20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flint, L. J. (2002). Stories of success: Self-interventions of gifted underachievers. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The University of Georgia, Athens.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frasier, M. M. (1997). Multiple criteria: the mandate and the challenge. Roeper Review, 20, A4–A6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gagné, F. (2004). An imperative, but, alas, improbable consensus. Roeper Review, 27, 12–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gándara, P. (2005). Fragile futures: Risk and vulnerability among Latino high achievers. Princeton, NJ: Policy Information Center, Educational Testing Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garnier, H. E., Stein, J. A., & Jacobs, J. K. (1997). The process of dropping out of high school: a 19-year perspective. American Educational Research Journal, 34, 395–419.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, D.(2005, June). Getting honest about grad rates: How states play the numbers and students lose. Washington, DC: The Education Trust. Accessed June 29, 2005 at http://www2.edtrust.org/NR/rdonlyres/C5A6974D-6C04-4FB1-A9FC-05938CB0744D/0/GettingHonest.pdf

  • Harsin, C. (2006, April 4). Helping gifted students soar in the era of “No Child Left Behind” [Power Point presentation]. Retrieved December 21, 2006, from http://print.ditd.org/GD/Arizona_2_9_2006_ch.pdf

  • Irvine, D. J. (1987). What research doesn’t show about gifted dropouts. Educational Leadership, 44(6), 79–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, P. S., & Peterson, J. S. (2003). Depressive disorder in highly gifted adolescents. Journal of Secondary Gifted Education, 14, 175–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanevsky, L., & Keighley, T. (2003). To produce or not to produce? Understanding boredom and the honor in underachievement. Roeper Review, 26, 20–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaskaloglu, E. (2003, January 7–10). Gifted students who drop out–-who and why: A meta-analytical review of the literature. Paper presented at the Hawaii International Conference on Education, Honolulu. Retrieved January 16, 2007 from http://www.hiceducation.org/Edu_Proceedings/Esra%20Ayse%20Kaskaloglu.pdf

  • Krisel, S., & Cowan, R. (1997). Georgia’s journey toward multiple-criteria identification of gifted students. Roeper Review, 20, A1–A3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lau, K.-L., & Chan, D. W. (2001). Motivational characteristics of under-achievers in Hong Kong. Educational Psychology, 21, 417–430.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, S.-Y., Matthews, M. S., & Olszewski-Kubilius, P. (2008). A national picture of talent search and talent search educational programs. Gifted Child Quarterly, 52(1), 55–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lupart, J. L., & Pyryt, M. C. (1996). “Hidden gifted” students: Underachiever prevalence and profile. Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 20, 36–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marland, S. P. (1972). Education of the gifted and talented, Volume 1: Report to the Congress of the United States by the U.S. Commissioner of Education. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, D. J., & Foster, J. F. (2006). Mystery to mastery: Shifting paradigms in gifted education. Roeper Review, 28, 64–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, M. S. (2006a). Gifted students dropping out: Recent findings from a Southeastern state. Roeper Review, 28, 216–223.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, M. S. (2006b). Working with gifted English language learners. Waco, TX: Prufrock Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, M. S. (2007). Talent search programs. In J. A. Plucker & C. M. Callahan (Eds.), Critical issues and practices in gifted education: What the research says. (pp. 641–653).

    Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, M. S., Cramond, B., Landis, R. N., Lee, S., & Kim, K. H. (2008, October). Are high schools meeting the needs of our highly creative students? A research panel on reasons why high ability students drop out of school. Presented at the Annual Convention of the National Association for Gifted Children, Tampa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, M. S. & McBee, M. T. (2006, May). Quantitative examination of gifted high school dropouts. Paper presented at the Eighth Biennial Henry B. & Jocelyn Wallace National Research Symposium on Talent Development, The University of Iowa, Iowa City.

    Google Scholar 

  • McBee, M. T. (2006). A descriptive analysis of referral sources for gifted identification screening by race and socioeconomic status. Journal of Secondary Gifted Education, 17, 103–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • McBee, M. T., & Matthews, M. S. (2006). Academically Gifted High School Dropouts: A Statewide Study. (Manuscript in preparation).

    Google Scholar 

  • McCall, R. B., & Beach, S. R. (2000). The nature and correlates of underachievement among elementary schoolchildren in Hong Kong. Child Development, 71, 785–802.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCoach, D. B., & Siegle, D. (2003). Factors that differentiate underachieving gifted students from high-achieving gifted students. Gifted Child Quarterly, 47, 144–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCoach, D. B., & Siegle, D. (2005, April). What predicts teachers’ attitudes toward the gifted? Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Montreal, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miao, J., & Haney, W. (2004, October 15). High school graduation rates: Alternative methods and implications. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 12(55), Retrieved October 25, 2004 from http://epaa.asu.edu/epaa/v2012n2055/

  • Moore, J. L., III, Ford, D. Y., & Milner, H. R. (2005). Underachievement among gifted students of color: Implications for educators. Theory Into Practice, 44, 167–177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Center for Education Statistics. (2003). Public school student, staff, and graduate counts by state: School year 2001–2002. Retrieved December 21, 2006, from http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2003/snf_report03/table_01_1.asp

  • Paulson, A. (2006, March 3). Dropout rates high, but fixes underway. The Christian Science Monitor [online edition]. Retrieved March 4, 2006 from http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0303/p2001s2002-legn.html.

  • Peters, W. A. M., & van Boxtel, H. W. (1999). Irregular error patterns in Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices: A sign of underachievement in testing situations? High Ability Studies, 10, 213–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, J. S. (2001). Successful adults who were once adolescent underachievers. Gifted Child Quarterly, 45, 236–249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, J. S., & Ray, K. E. (2006). Bullying and the gifted: Victims, perpetrators, prevalence, and effects. Gifted Child Quarterly, 50, 148–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reis, S. M., & McCoach, D. B. (2000). The underachievement of gifted students: What do we know and where do we go? Gifted Child Quarterly, 44, 152–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reis, S. M., & McCoach, D. B. (2002). Underachievement in gifted and talented students with special needs. Exceptionality, 10, 113–125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Renzulli, J. S., & Park, S. (2000). Gifted dropouts: The who and the why. Gifted Child Quarterly, 44, 261–271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Renzulli, J. S., & Park, S. (2002). Giftedness and high school dropouts: Personal, family, and school-related factors (No. RM02168). Storrs, CT: The National Research Center on the Gifted and Talented, University of Connecticut.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rimm, S. B. (1995). Why bright kids get poor grades and what you can do about it. New York: Crown Publishers, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, E. (1991). Neglected dropouts: the gifted and talented. Equity & Excellence, 25, 62-74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rumbaut, R. G. (1995). The new Californians: Comparative research findings on the educational progress of immigrant children. In R. G. Rumbaut, & W. A. Cornelius (Eds.), California’s immigrant children: Theory, research and implications for educational policy. San Diego: University of California, Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaunessy, E., Matthews, M. S., & Smith, D. (2006, November). District Practices in the Identification of Underrepresented Populations in Gifted Education. Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the National Association for Gifted Children, Charlotte, NC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaunessy, E., Suldo, S. M., Hardesty, R. B., & Shaffer, E. J. (2006). School functioning and psychological well-being of International Baccalaureate and general education students: A preliminary examination. Journal of Secondary Gifted Education, 17, 76–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shavinina, L. V., & Ferrari, M. (Eds.). (2004). Beyond knowledge: Extracognitive aspects of developing high ability. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegle, D. (2001, April). Teacher bias in identifying gifted and talented students. Paper presented at the 80th Annual Meeting of the Council for Exceptional Children, Kansas City, MO [ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 454664].

    Google Scholar 

  • Silverman, L. K. (Ed.). (1993). Counseling the Gifted and Talented. Denver, CO: Love Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spiers Neumeister, K. L., & Hébert, T. P. (2003). Underachievement versus selective achievement: Delving deeper and discovering the difference. Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 26, 221–238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tan, G. (2001). “I want my teachers to like me”: Multiculturalism and school dropout rates among Mexican Americans. Equity & Excellence in Education, 34(2), 35–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Valdés, G. (Ed.). (2003). Expanding definitions of giftedness: The case of young interpreters from immigrant communities. Mahweh, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vizcain, D. C. (2005, November). Hispanic/Latino male student dropout: Age, retention, behavior, program of study, and state GPA are useful predictors. Paper presented at the 50th anniversary meeting of the Florida Educational Research Association, Miami, FL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woods, E. G. (1995). Reducing the dropout rate. School Improvement Research Series (SIRS) Close-Up #17. Portland, OR: Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory. Retrieved November 24, 2004, from http://www.nwrel.org/scpd/sirs/9/c017.html

  • Ziegler, A., & Stoeger, H. (2003). Identification of underachievement: An empirical study on the agreement among various diagnostic sources. Gifted and Talented International, 18(2), 87–94.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Michael S. Matthews .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Matthews, M.S. (2009). Gifted LearnersWho Drop Out: Prevalence and Prevention. In: Shavinina, L.V. (eds) International Handbook on Giftedness. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6162-2_24

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics