Abstract
Brenda, a fifth grader with a measured IQ in the gifted range (135), has reading skills that are only slightly above average (a standard score of 108). There is a significant discrepancy between her ability and her level of achievement. Does this mean that Brenda has a learning disability in the area of reading? Is a score of 108 a deficit in relation to most people? The reading score may be a relative weakness, but does Brenda need special education services and test accommodations?
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Achenbach, T. M. (1991a). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/4–18 and 1991 Profile. Burlington: University of Vermont Department of Psychiatry.
Achenbach, T. M. (1991b). Manual for the Teacher's Report Form and 1991 Profile. Burlington: University of Vermont Department of Psychiatry.
Achenbach, T. M. (2000). Assessment of psychopathology. In Sameroff, A. J. Lewis, M. & Miller S. M. , Handbook of developmental psychopathology (2nd ed., pp. 41–56). New York: Kluwer.
Achenbach, T. M., & McConaughy, S. H. (1987). Empirically based assessment of child and adolescent psychopathology: Practical applications. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., revised). Washington, DC: Author.
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text revision). Washington, DC: Author.
Angold, A., Costello, E. J., Farmer, E. M., Burns, B. J., & Erkanli, A. (1999). Impaired but undiagnosed. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 129–137.
Barkley, R. A. (1997). Attention defi cit hyperactivity disorder. In E. J. Mash & L. Terdal (Eds.), Assessment of childhood disorders (3rd ed., pp. 71–129). New York: Guilford.
Barkley, R. A. (2006). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment (3rd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
Barkley, R. A., & Murphy, K. R. (2006). Identifying new symptoms for diagnosing ADHD in adulthood. ADHD Report, 14 (4), 7–11.
Barkley, R. A., Cunningham, C. E., Gordon, M., Faraone, S. V., Lewandowski, L., & Murphy, K. R. (2006). ADHD symptoms vs. impairment: Revisited. The ADHD Report, 14, 1–9.
Barkley, R A., Fischer, M., Smallish, L., & Fletcher, K. (2004). Young adult follow-up of hyperactive children: Antisocial activities and drug use. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 195–211.
Barkley, R. A., Murphy, K. R., & Fischer, M. (2008). ADHD in adults. New York: Guilford Press.
Biederman, J., Faraone, S.V., Keenan, K., Benjamin, J., Krifcher, B., Moore, C., et al. (1992). Further evidence for family-genetic risk factors in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Patterns of comorbidity in probands and relatives in psychiatrically and pediatrically referred samples. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 728–738.
Biederman, J., Faraone, S. V., Mick, E., Williamson, S., Wilens, T. E., Spencer, T.J., et al. (1999). Clinical correlates of ADHD in females: findings from a large group of girls ascertained from pediatric and psychiatric referral sources. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 966–975.
Bird, H. R. (1999). The assessment of functional impairment. In Shaffer, D. Lucas, & C.P. Richters J.E. , Diagnostic assessment in child and adolescent psychopathology (pp. 209–229). New York: Guilford.
Bird, H. R., Andrews, H., Schwab-Stone, M., Goodman, S., Dulcan, M., Richters, J., et al. (1996). Global measures of impairment for epidemiological and clinical use with children and adolescents. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 6, 295–307.
Bird, H. R., Canino, G. J., Rubio-Stipec, M., Gould, M. S., Ribera, J., Sesman, M., et al. (1988). Estimates of the prevalence of childhood maladjustment in a community survey in Puerto Rico. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 1120–1126.
Bird, H. R., Shaffer, D., Fisher, P. W., Gould, M. S., Staghezza, B., Chen, J. Y., et al. (1993). The Columbia Impairment Scale (CIS): Pilot findings on a measure of global impairment for children and adolescents. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 3, 167–176.
Bird, H. R., Canino, G. J., Davies, M., Ramirez, R., Chávez, L., Duarte, C., et al. (2005). The Brief Impairment Scale (BIS): A multidimensional scale of functional impairment for children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 699–707
Breslau, N., & Alvarado, G. F. (2007). The clinical significance criterion in DSM-IV post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychological Medicine, 37, 1437–1444.
Brody, L. E., & Mills, C. J. (1997). Gifted children with learning disabilities: A review of the issues. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 30, 282–296.
Canino, G., Costello, E. J. & Angold, A. (1999). Assessing functional impairment and social adaptation for child mental health services research: A review of measures. Mental Health Services Research, 1, 93–108.
Costello, E. J., Angold, A., & Keeler, G. (1999). Adolescent outcomes of childhood disorders: the consequences of severity and impairment. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 121–128.
Cunningham, C.E., Pettingill, P., & Boyle, M.H. (2004). The Brief Child and Family Phone Interview Version 3: Interviewer's manual. Retrieved February 25, 2006, from http://www.bcfpi.com/bcfpi/downloads/manual/en/ENIntMan.pdf.
Dunn, L. M., & Dunn, L. M. (1997). Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test–Third Edition. Circle Pines, MN: AGS.
Eriksen, K., & Kress, V. E. (2005). Beyond the DSM story: Ethical quandaries, challenges, and best practices. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Fabiano, G. A., Pelham, W. E., Waschbusch, D. A., Gnagy, E. M., Lahey, B. B., Chronis, A. M., et al. (2006). A practical measure of impairment: Psychometric properties of the Impairment Rating Scale in samples of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and two school-based samples. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 35, 369–385.
Gathje, R., Lewandowski, L., & Gordon, M. (2008). The role of impairment in the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Attention Disorders, 11, 529–537.
Gordon, M., Antshel, K., Faraone, S., Barkley, R., Lewandowski, L., Hudziak, J. J., et al. (2006). Symptoms versus impairment: The case for respecting DSM-IV's Criterion D. Journal of Attention Disorders, 9, 465–475.
Gordon, M., Lewandowski, L., Murphy, K. & Dempsey, K. (2002). ADA-based accommodations in higher education: A survey of clinicians about documentation requirements and diagnostic standards. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 35, 357–363.
Gregg, N., Coleman, C., Lindstrom, J., & Lee, C. (2007). Who are most, average, or high-functioning adults? Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, 22 , 264–274.
Harrison, P. L., & Oakland, T. (2003). Adaptive Behavior Assessment System . (2nd ed.). San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation
Hudziak, J. J., Copeland, W., Stanger, C., & Wadsworth, M. (2004). Screening for DSM-IV externalizing disorders with the Child Behavior Checklist: A receiver-operating characteristic analysis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 1299–1307.
John, K., Gammon, G. D., Prusoff, B.A., & Warner, V. (1987). The Social Adjustment Inventory for Children and Adolescents (SAICA): Testing of a new semistructured interview. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26, 898–911.
Kutchins, H., & Kirk, S. A. (1997): Making us crazy: DSM: The psychiatric bible and the creation of mental disorders. New York: Free Press.
Lehman, A. F., Alexopoulos, G. S. Goldman, H., Jeste, D., & Ustun, B. (2002). Mental disorders and disability: Time to reevaluate the relationship? In Kupfer, D.J. First, & M.B. Regier D.A. , A research agenda for DSM-V (pp. 201–218). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Lewandowski, L., Lovett, B., Gordon, M. & Antshel, K. (2006). The case for clinical impairment in DSM-V criteria for ADHD. ADHD Report, 14(6), 8–16.
Lewandowski, L., Lovett, B., Gordon, M. & Codding, R. (2008). Symptoms of ADHD and academic concerns in college students with and without ADHD diagnoses. Journal of Attention Disorders, 12, 156–161.
Lovett, B. J. & Lewandowski, L. J. (2006). Gifted students with learning disabilities: Who are they? Journal of Learning Disabilities, 39, 515–527.
Murphy, K., & Barkley, R. A. (1996). Prevalence of DSM-IV symptoms of ADHD in adult licensed drivers: Implications for clinical diagnosis. Journal of Attention Disorders, 1, 147–161.
Orvaschel, H., & Puig-Antich, J. (1987). Schedule for Affective Disorder and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children: Epidemiologic (4th version). Pittsburgh, PA: Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic.
Pelham, W. E., & Fabiano, G. A. (2001). Treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: The impact of comorbidity. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 8, 315–329.
Pelham, W. E., Fabiano, G. A., & Massetti, G. M. (2005). Evidence-based assessment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34, 449–476.
Pelham, W. E., Gnagy, E. M., Greenslade, K. E., & Milich, R. (1992). Teacher ratings of DSM-III-R symptoms for the disruptive behavior disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 210–218.
Resick, P. A., & Calhoun, K. S. (2001). Posttraumatic stress disorder. In Barlow D. H. , Clinical handbook of psychological disorders (3rd ed., pp. 60–113). New York: Guilford.
Shaffer, D., Fisher, P., Dulcan, M. K., Davies, M., Piacentini, J., Schwab-Stone, M. et al. (1996). The NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children version 2.3: I. Description, acceptability, prevalence rates, and performance in the MECA study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 865–877.
Shaffer, D., Gould, M. S., Brasic, J., Ambrosini, P., Fischer, P., Bird, H., et al. (1983). A Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS). Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 1228–1231.
Winters, N. C., Collett, B. R., & Myers, K. M. (2005). Ten-year review of rating scales, VII: Scales assessing functional impairment. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 309–338.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lewandowski, L.J., Lovett, B.J., Gordon, M. (2009). Measurement of Symptom Severity and Impairment. In: Naglieri, J., Goldstein , S. (eds) Assessing Impairment. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-387-87542-2_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-387-87542-2_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-87541-5
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-87542-2
eBook Packages: Behavioral ScienceBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)