Skip to main content

Evidence-Based Therapies for Enuresis and Encopresis

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Issues in Clinical Child Psychology ((ICCP))

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Ambrosini, P. J. (1984). A pharmacological paradigm for urinary continence and enuresis. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 4, 247–253.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Azrin, N. H., Sneed, T. J., & Foxx, R. M. (1974). Dry-bed training: Rapid elimination of childhood enuresis. Behavior Research & Therapy, 12, 147–156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Banerjee, S., Srivastav, A., & Palan, B. (1993). Hypnosis and self-hypnosis in the management of nocturnal enuresis: A comparative study with imipramine therapy. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 36, 113–119.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barr, R. G., Levine, M. D., Wilkinson, R. H., & Mulvihill, D. (1979). Chronic and occult stool retention: A clinical tool for its evaluation in school aged children. Clinical Pediatrics, 18, 674–686.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blackwell, B., & Currah, J. (1973). The psychopharmacology of nocturnal enuresis. In I. Kolvin, R. C. MacKeith, & S. R. Meadow (Eds.), Bladder Control and Enuresis (pp. 231–257). Philadelphia: Lippincott.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bollard, J., & Nettlebeck, T. (1982). A component analysis of dry-bed training for treatment of bed-wetting. Behavior Research & Therapy, 20, 383–390.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Butler, R. J. (2004). Childhood nocturnal enuresis: Developing a conceptual framework. Clinical Psychology Review, 24, 909–931.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Byrd, R. S., Weitzman, M., Lanphear, N. E., & Auinger, P. (1996). Bed-wetting in US children: Epidemiology and related behavior problems, Pediatrics, 98, 414–419.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christophersen, E. R., & Friman, P. C. (2004). Elimination disorders. In R. Brown (Ed.), Handbook of Pediatric Psychology in School Settings (pp. 467–488). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, M. W. (1975). Enuresis. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 22, 545–560.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cox, D. J., Sutphen, J., Borowitz, S., Kovatchev, B., & Ling, W. (1998). Contribution of behavior therapy and biofeedback to laxative therapy in the treatment of pediatric encopresis. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 2(2), 70–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cox, D. J., Sutphen, J., Ling, W., Quillian, W., & Borowitz, S. (1996). Additive benefits of laxative, toilet training, and biofeedback therapies in the treatment of pediatric encopresis. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 21, 659–670.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Creer, T. L., & Davis, M. H. (1975). Using a staggered waking procedure with enuretic children in an institutional setting. Journal of Behavior Therapy & Experimental Psychiatry, 6, 23–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, M. (1958). Constipation and fecal incontinence. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 5, 749–757.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, M., Kugler, M. M., & Bauer, C. H. (1963). Diagnosis and management in children with severe and protracted constipation and obstipation. Journal of Pediatrics, 62, 261–275.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dimson, S. B. (1977). Desmopressin as a treatment for enuresis. Lancet, 1, 1260.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dimson, S. B. (1986). DDAVP and urine osmolality in refractory enuresis. Archives of Diseases in Children, 61, 1104–1107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doleys, D. M. (1977). Behavioral treatments for nocturnal enuresis in children: A review of the literature. Psychological Bulletin, 84, 30–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, S., & Van Der Spuy, H. (1985). Hypnotherapy as a treatment for enuresis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 26, 161–170.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., & Sannon, F. T. (1986). Factors related to the age of attainment of nocturnal bladder control: An 8-year longitudinal study. Pediatrics, 78, 884–890.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrie, B. G., MacFarlane, J., & Glen, E. S. (1984). DDAVP in young enuretic patients: A double-blind trial. British Journal of Urology, 56, 376–378.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Finn, R. (2005). Clinic rounds. Pediatric News, 39(11), 43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foxman, B., Valdez, R. B., & Brook, R. H. (1986). Childhood enuresis: Prevalence, perceived impact, and prescribed treatments. Pediatrics, 77, 482–487.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Friman, P. C. (in press). Behavior assessment. In D. Barlow, F. Andrasik, & M. Hersen. Single Case Experimental Designs. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friman, P. C. (1986). A preventive context for enuresis. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 33, 871–886.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Friman, P. C. (1995). Nocturnal enuresis in the child. In R. Ferber & M. H. Kryger (Eds.), Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine in the Child (pp. 107–114). Philadelphia: Saunders.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friman, P.C. (2002). The Psychopathological Interpretation of Common Child Behavior Problems: A Critique and Related Opportunity for Behavior Analysis. Invited address at the 28th annual convention of the Association for Behavior Analysis, Toronto, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friman, P. C. (2003). A biobehavioral bowel and toilet training treatment for functional encopresis. In W. O’Donohue, S. Hayes, and J. Fisher. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy: Empirically supported Techniques in Your Practice (pp.51–58). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friman, P. C., Handwerk, M. L., Swearer, S. M., McGinnis, C., & Warzak, W. J. (1998). Do children with primary nocturnal enuresis have clinically significant behavior problems? Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 152, 537–539.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Friman, P. C., & Jones, K. M. (1998). Elimination disorders in children. In S. Watson & F. Gresham (Eds.), Handbook of Child Behavior Therapy (pp. 239–260). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friman, P. C., & Jones, K. M. (2005). Behavioral treatment for nocturnal enuresis. Journal of Early and Intensive Behavioral Intervention, 2, 259–267.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gellis, S. S. (1994). Are enuretics truly hard to arouse? Pediatric Notes, 18, 113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glicklich, L. B. (1951). An historical account of enuresis. Pediatrics, 8, 859–876.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gross, R. T., & Dornbusch, S. M. (1983). Enuresis. In M. D. Levine, W. B. Carey, A. C. Crocker, & R. T. Gross (Eds.), Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics (pp. 575–586). Philadelphia: Saunders.

    Google Scholar 

  • Helfer, R. & Kempe, C. H. (1976). Child Abuse and Neglect. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henoch, E. H. (1889). Lectures on Children’s Diseases, Vol. 2. London: New Syndenham Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herson, V. C., Schmitt, B. D., & Rumack, B. H. (1979). Magical thinking and imipramine poisoning in two school-aged children. Journal of the American Medical Association, 241, 1926–1927.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Houts, A. C. (1991). Nocturnal enuresis as a biobehavioral problem. Behavior Therapy, 22, 133–151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Houts, A. C. (2000). Commentary: Treatments for enuresis: Criteria, mechanisms, and health care policy. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 25, 219–224.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Houts, A. C., Berman, J. S., & Abramson, H. (1994). Effectiveness of psychological and pharmacological treatments for nocturnal enuresis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 737–745.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Houts, A. C., & Liebert, R. M. (1985). Bedwetting: A Guide for Parents. Springfield, IL: Thomas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Houts, A. C., & Liebert, R. M., & Padawer, W. (1984a). A delivery system for the treatment of primary enuresis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 11, 513–519.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Houts, A. C., & Peterson, J. K. (1986). Treatment of a retentive encopretic child using contingency management and diet modification with stimulus control. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 11, 375–383.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Houts, A. C., Peterson, J. K., & Liebert, R. M. (1984b). The effects of prior imipramine treatment on the results of conditioning therapy with NE. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 9, 505–508.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Houts, A. C., Peterson, J. K., & Whelan, J. P. (1986). Prevention of relapse in Full-Spectrum Home Training for primary NE: A component analysis. Behavior Therapy, 17, 462–469.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jenson, W. R., & Sloane, H. N. (1979). Chart moves and grab bags: A simple contingency management. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 12, 334.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaffman, M., & Elizur, E. (1977). Infants who become enuretics: A longitudinal study of 161 Kibbutz children. Monographs of the Society for Research on Child Development, 42, 2–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kegel, A. H. (1951). Physiologic therapy for urinary stress incontinence. Journal of the American Medical Association, 146, 915–917.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Landman, G. B., & Rappaport, L. (1985). Pediatric management of severe treatment-resistant encopresis. Development and Behavioral Pediatrics, 6, 349–351.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levine, M. D. (1982). Encopresis: Its potentiation, evaluation, and alleviation. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 29, 315–330.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loening-Baucke, V. A. (1990). Modulation of abnormal defecation dynamics by biofeedback treatment in chronically constipated children with encopresis. Journal of Pediatrics, 116, 214–221.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loening-Baucke, V. A. (1995). Biofeedback treatment for chronic constipation and encopresis in childhood: Long term outcome. Pediatrics, 96, 105–110.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lowery, S., Srour, J., Whitehead, W. E., & Schuster, M. M. (1985). Habit training as treatment of encopresis secondary to chronic constipation. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 4, 397–401.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luciano, M., Molina, F., Gomez, I., & Herruzo, J. (1993). Response prevention and contingency management in the treatment of nocturnal enuresis: A report of two cases. Child and Family Behavior Therapy, 15, 613–615.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGrath, M. L., Mellon, M. W., & Murphy, L. (2000). Empirically supported treatments in pediatric psychology: Constipation and encopresis. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 25, 225–254.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGuire, T., Rothenberg, M B., & Tyler, D. C. (1983). Profound shock following intervention for chronic untreated stool retention. Clinical Pediatrics, 23, 459–461.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mellon, M. W., & McGrath, M. L. (2000). Empirically supported treatments in pediatric psychology: Nocturnal enuresis. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 25, 193–214.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mellon, M. W., Scott, M. A., Haynes, K. B., Schmidt, D. F., & Houts, A. C. (1997). EMG recording of pelvic floor conditioning in nocturnal enuresis during urine alarm treatment: A preliminary study. Paper presentation at the Sixth Florida Conference on Child Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meunier, P., Marechal, J. M., & De Beaujeu, M. J. (1979). Rectoanal pressures and rectal sensitivity in chronic childhood constipation. Gastroenterology, 77, 330–336.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moffatt, M. E. K., Harlos, S., Kirshen, A. J., & Burd, L. (1993). Desmopressin acetate and nocturnal enuresis: How much do we know? Pediatrics, 92, 420–425.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mowrer, O. H., & Mowrer, W. M. (1938). Enuresis: A method for its study and treatment. AmericanJournal of Orthopsychiatry, 8, 436–459.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muellner, R. S. (1960). Development of urinary control in children. Journal of the American Medical Association, 172, 1256–1261.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muellner, R. S. (1961). Obstacles to the successful treatment of primary enuresis. Journal of the American Medical Association, 178, 147–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, R. (1977). Methodological issues in assessment via self-monitoring. In J. D. Cone & R. P. Hawkins (Eds.), Behavioral Assessment: New Directions in Clinical Psychology. New York: Bruner/Mazel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nolan, T., Debelle, G., Oberklaid, F., & Coffey, C. (1991). Randomized controlled trial of biofeedback training in persistent encopresis with anismus. Archives of Diseases in Childhood, 79, 131–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norgaard, J. P., Pedersen, E. B., & Djurhuus, J. C. (1985). Diurnal antidiuretic hormone levels in enuretics. Journal of Urology, 134, 1029–1031.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Novello, A. C., & Novello, R. (1987). Enuresis. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 34, 719–733.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien, S., Ross, L., & Christophersen, E. R. (1986). Primary encopresis: Evaluation and treatment. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 19, 137–145.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olness, K. (1975). The use of self hypnosis in the treatment of childhood nocturnal enuresis. Clinical Pediatrics, 14, 273–279.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oswald, K., Taylor, A. M., & Treisman, M. (1960). Discriminative responses to stimulation during human sleep. Brain, 83, 440–445.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen, P. S., Hejl, M., & Kjoller, S. S. (1985). Desamino-D-arginine vasopressin in childhood nocturnal enuresis. Journal of Urology, 133, 65–66.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Post, E. M., Richman, R. A., & Blackett, P. R. (1983). Desmopressin response of enuretic children. American Journal of Diseases in Children, 137, 962–963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rauber A., & Maroncelli, R. (1984). Prescribing practices and knowledge of tricyclic antidepressants among physicians caring for children. Pediatrics, 73, 107–109.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ritterband, L. M., Cox, D. J., Walker, L. S., Kovatchev, B., McKnight, L., Patel, K., et al. (2003). An internet intervention as adjunctive therapy for pediatric encopresis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 910–917.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rittig, S., Knudsen, U. B., Norgaard, J. P., Pedersen, E. B., & Djurhuus, J. C. (1989). Abnormal diurnal rhythm of plasma vasopressin and urinary output in patients with enuresis. American Journal of Physiology, 252, F664–F671.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rolider, A., & Van Houten, R. (1986). Effects of degree of awakening and the criterion for advancing awakening on the treatment of bedwetting. Education and Treatment of Children, 9, 135–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rolider, A., Van Houten, R., & Chlebowski, I. (1984). Effects of a stringent versus lenient awakening procedure on the efficacy of the dry bed procedure. Child and Family Behavior Therapy, 14, 1–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ronen, T., Rahav, G., & Wozner, Y. (1995). Self-control and enuresis. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 9, 249–258.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ronen, T., & Wozner, Y. (1995). A self-control intervention package for the treatment of primary nocturnal enuresis. Child and Family Behavior Therapy, 17, 1–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ronen, T., Wozner, Y., & Rahav, G. (1992). Cognitive intervention in enuresis. Child and Family Behavior Therapy, 14, 1–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruckstuhl, L. E., & Friman, P. C. (2003). Evaluating the effectiveness of the vibrating urine alarm: A study of effectiveness and social validity. Paper presented at the 29th annual convention of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Theraphy, San Francisco, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scharf, M. B., & Jennings, S. W. (1988). Childhood enuresis: Relationship to sleep, etiology, evaluation, and treatment. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 10, 113–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt, B. D. (1984). Nocturnal enuresis. Primary Care, 11, 485–495.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, M. S., King, L. R., & Surwitt, R. S. (1994). Kegel exercises and childhood incontinence: A new role for an old treatment. Journal of Pediatrics, 124, 91–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stanton, H. (1979). Short term treatment of enuresis. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 22, 103–107.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Starfield, B. (1967). Functional bladder capacity in enuretic and nonenuretic children. Journal of Pediatrics, 70, 777–782.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Starfield, B., & Mellits, E. D. (1968). Increases in functional bladder capacity and improvements in enuresis. Journal of Pediatrics, 72, 483–487.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stark, L. J., Opipari, L. C., Donaldson, D. L., Danovsky, M. R., Rasile, D. A., & DelSanto, A. F. (1997). Evaluation of a standard protocol for rententive encopresis: A replication. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 22, 619–633.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stark, L., Owens-Stively, J., Spirito, A., Lewis, A., & Guevremont, D. (1990). Group behavioral treatment of retentive encopresis. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 15, 659–671.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stephenson, J. D. (1979). Physiological and pharmacological basis for the chemotherapy of enuresis. Psychological Medicine, 9, 249–263.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Troup, C. W., & Hodgson, N. B. (1971). Nocturnal functional bladder capacity in enuretic children. Journal of Urology, 105, 129–132.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tucker, N. T. (2003). Managing defecation disorders in children. Special supplement to Pediatric News. New York: International Medical News Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • van der Plas, R. N. Benninga, M. A., Buller, H. A., Bossuyt, P. M., Akkermans, I. M., Redekop, W. K., et al. (1996). Biofeedback training in treatment of childhood constipation: A randomised clinical trial. Lancet, 9030(9030), 776–780.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Tijen, N. M., Messer, A. P., & Namdar, Z. (1998). Perceived stress of nocturnal enuresis in childhood. British Journal of Urology, 81 (Suppl 3), 98–99.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vogel, W., Young, M., & Primack W. (1996). A survey of physician use of treatment methods for functional enuresis. Journal of Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics, 17, 90–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zung, W. W., & Wilson, W. P. (1961). Responses to auditory stimulation during sleep. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 548–552.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Friman, P.C. (2008). Evidence-Based Therapies for Enuresis and Encopresis. In: Steele, R.G., Elkin, T.D., Roberts, M.C. (eds) Handbook of Evidence-Based Therapies for Children and Adolescents. Issues in Clinical Child Psychology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-73691-4_18

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics