6. Conclusion
In this chapter we reviewed a variety of harmful medical and non medical problems associated with tic disorders, trichotillomania, and other RBDs. We also attempted to explain the potential etiology of the concerns, and discussed possible strategies for their clinical management. Although this chapter summarized the extant research on these topics, it is clear that the lines of investigation are either in their early stages or have yet to inaugurated. For example, the epidemiology of secondary non medical problems is incomplete across disorders and research on the cause of these problems is incomplete for some disorders (e.g., tic disorders) and missing entirely for others (e.g., nail biting). The empirical literature on psychological and/or behavioral treatments for the harmful effects of RBDs is also quite limited. Although we describe or propose a sample of interventions to address at least some problems associated with RBDs, few of these have been scientifically evaluated in that context. There are examples of other important research agendas scattered throughout this chapter. It is our ardent hope that research on the sequelae of RBDs will expand sufficiently to achieve a goal of paramount importance for those afflicted, elimination or substantial reduction in related harm.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
7. References
American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4 th edition). Washington, D.C: Author.
Bawden, H. N., Stokes, A., Camfield, C. S., Camfield, P. R., & Salisbury, S. (1998). Peer relationship problems in children with Tourette’s disorder or diabetes mellitus. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39, 663–668.
Bhatia, M. S., Singhal, P. K., & Rastogi, V. (1991). Clinical profile of trichotillomania. Journal of the Indian Medical Association, 89, 137–139.
Boudjouk, P. J., Woods, D. W., Miltenberger, R. G., & Long, E. S. (2000). Negative peer evaluation in adolescents: Effects of tic disorders and trichotillomania. Child and Family Behavior Therapy, 22, 17–28.
Bowers, F. E., Woods, D. W., Carlyon, W. D., & Friman, P. C. (2000). Using positive peer reporting to improve the social interactions and acceptance of socially isolated adolescents in residential care: A Systematic Replication. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 33, 239–242.
Carter, A. S., Pauls, D. L., Leckman, J. F., & Cohen, D. J. (1994). A prospective longitudinal study of Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 377–385.
Champion, L. M., Fulton, W. A., & Shady, G. A. (1988). Tourette syndrome and social functioning in a Canadian population. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 12, 255–257.
Christenson, G. A., & Mansueto, C. S. (1999). Trichotillomania: Descriptive characteristics and phenomenology. In D. J. Stein, G. A. Christenson, & E. Hollander (Eds.), Trichotillomania (1–42). Washington, D. C: American Psychiatric Press, Inc.
Comings, D. E. & Comings, B. G. (1987). A controlled study of Tourette syndrome. I. Attention-deficit disorder, learning disorders, and school problems. American Journal of Human Genetics, 41, 701–741.
Creath, C. J., Steinmetz, S., & Roebuck, R. (1995). Gingival swelling due to a fingernail biting habit. Journal of the American Dental Association, 126, 1019–1021.
Dykens, E., Leckman, J., Riddle, M, Hardin, M., Schwartz, S., & Cohen, D. (1990). Intellectual, academic, and adaptive functioning of Tourette syndrome children with and without attention deficit disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 18, 607–615.
Ervin, R., Miller, P., & Friman, P.C. (1996). Feed the hungry bee: Using positive peer reports to improve the social interactions and acceptance of a socially rejected girl in residential placement. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 29, 251–253.
Friedrich, S., Morgan, S. B., & Devine, C. (1996). Children’s attitudes and behavioral intentions toward a peer with Tourette syndrome. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 21, 307–319.
Friman, P. C. (2000). Profound social skills deficit and a 6-point plan. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 7,_ 228–231.
Friman, P. C., Finney, J. W., & Christophersen, E. R. (1984). Behavioral treatment of trichotillomania: An evaluative review. Behavior Therapy, 15, 249–266.
Friman, P. C., McPherson, K. M., Warzak, W. J., & Evans, J. (1993). Influence of thumb sucking on peer social acceptance in first-grade children. Pediatrics, 91, 784–786.
Hagin, R. A. & Kugler, J. (1988). School problems associated with Tourette’s syndrome. In D. J. Cohen, R. D. Bruun, & J. F. Leckman (Eds.), Tic and tic disorders: Clinical understanding and treatment_(pp. 223–236). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Hansen, D. J., Tishelman, A. C., Hawkins, R. P., & Doepke, K. J. (1990). Habits with potential as disorders: Prevalence, seventy, and other characteristics among college students. Behavior Modification, 14, 66–80.
Josell, S. D. (1995). Habits affecting dental and maxillofacial growth and development. Dental Clinics of North America, 39, 851–860.
Joubert, C. E. (1993). Relationship of self-esteem, manifest anxiety, and obsessive-compulsiveness to personal habits. Psychological Reports, 73, 579–583.
King, R. A., Leckman, J. F., Scahill, L., & Cohen, D. J. (1999). Obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety, and depression. In J.F. Leckman & D.J. Cohen (Eds.), Tourette’s syndrome: Tics, obsessions, and compulsions (pp. 43–62). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Long, E. S., Woods, D. W., Miltenberger, R. G., Fuqua, R. W., & Boudjouk, P. (1998). Examining the social effects of habit behaviors exhibited by individuals with mental retardation. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 11, 295–312.
Mantoura, A., & Bryan, H. (1989). Nail disorders due to trauma and other acquired conditions of the nail. Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery, 6, 347–354.
Messiha, F. S., & Carlson, J. C. (1983). Behavioral and clinical profiles of Tourette’s disease: A comprehensive overview. Brain Research Bulletin, 11, 195–204.
Meyers, A. S. (1988). Social issues of Tourette’s syndrome. In D.J. Cohen, R. D. Bruun, & J. F. Leckman (Eds.), Tic and tic disorders: Clinical understanding and treatment_(pp. 257–264). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Meyers, D. G. (1990). Social Psychology, 3 rd Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
Moon, B. S., Price, C. T., & Campbell, J. B. (1998). Upper extremity and rib stress fractures in a child. Skeletal Radiology, 27, 403–405.
Odenrick, L., & Brattstrom, V. (1985). Nail biting: Frequency and association with root resorption during orthodontic treatment. British Journal of Orthodontics, 12, 78–81.
O’Sullivan, R. L., Keuthen, N. J., Jenike, M. A., & Gumley, G. (1996). Trichotillomania and carpal tunnel syndrome. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 57, 174.
Parker, J.G., & Asher, S.R. (1987). Peer relations and later personal adjustment: Are low-accepted children at risk. Psychological Bulletin, 102, 357–389.
Reid, D., & Price, A. (1984). Digital deformities and dental malocclusion due to finger sucking. British Journal of Plastic Surgery, 37, 445–452.
Schultz, R. T., Carter, A. S., Scahill, L., & Leckman, J. F. (1999). Neuropsychological findings. In J.F. Leckman & D.J. Cohen (Eds.), Tourette’s syndrome: Tics, obsessions, and compulsions (pp. 80–103). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Shady, G., Broder, R., Staley, D., Furer, P., & Papadopolos, R. B. (1995). Tourette syndrome and employment: Descriptors, predictors, and problems. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 19, 35–42.
Shimberg, E. F. (1995). Living with Tourette syndrome. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Skinner, B. F. (1974). About Behaviorism. New York: Random House.
Steck, W. D. (1979). The clinical evaluation of pathologic hair loss. Cutis, 24, 293–301.
Stein, D. J., Niehaus, D., Seedat, S., & Emsley, R. A. (1998). Phenomenology of stereotypic movement disorder. Psychiatric Annals, 28, 307–312.
Stokes, A., Bawden, H. N., Camfield, P. R., Backman, J. E., & Dooley, J. M. (1991). Peer problems in Tourette’s disorder. Pediatrics, 87, 936–942.
Strain, P.S., Guralnick, M.J., & Walker, H.M. (1986). Children’s social behavior. Orlando: Academic Press.
Teng, E. J., Woods, D. W., & Twohig, M. P. (2000). Is stereotypic movement disorder a simple habit? An investigation of comorbid conditions and the validity of DSM-IV criteria in typically developing adults. Unpublished manuscript.
Thibert, A. L, Day, H. I., & Sandor, P. (1995). Self-concept and self-consciousness in adults with Tourette syndrome. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 40, 35–39.
Tosti, A., Peluso, A. M., Bardazzi, F., Morelli, R., & Bassi, F. (1994). Phalangeal osteomyelitis due to nail biting. Acta Dermatologica Venereol, 74, 206–207.
Townsley-Stemberger, R. M, Thomas, A., Mansueto, C. S., & Carter, J. G. (2000). Personal toll of trichotillomania: Behavioral and interpersonal sequelae. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 14, 97–104.
Vogel, L. D. (1998). When children put their fingers in their mouths: Should parents and dentists care? New York State Dental Journal, 64, 48–53.
Walkup. J. T., Khan, S., Schuerholz. L.. Paik, Y. S.. Leckman,.J. F, & Schultz, R. T. (1999). Phenomenology and natural history of tic-related ADHD and learning disabilities. In J.F. Leckman & D.J. Cohen (Eds.), Tourette’s syndrome: Tics, obsessions, and compulsions (pp. 63–79). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Walter, A. L. & Carter, A. S. (1997). Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome in childhood: A guide for school professionals. School Psychology Review, 26, 28–46.
Wells, J. H., Haines, J., & Williams, C. L. (1998). Severe morbid onychophagia: The classification as self-mutilation and a proposed model of maintenance. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 32, 534–545.
Wilhelm, S., Keuthen, N. J., Deckersbach, T., Engelhard, I. M., Forker, A. E., Baer, L., O’Sullivan, R. L., & Jenike, M. A. (1999). Self-injurious skin picking: Clinical characteristics and comorbidity. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 60, 454–459.
Wyllie, R. (1996). Illeus, adhesions, intussesception, and closed loop obstructions. In R. E. Behrman, R. M. Kliegman, and A. M. Arvin (Eds.), Nelson textbook of pediatrics (pp. 1072–1075). Philadelphia: Saunders.
Woods, D. W., Fuqua, R. W., & Outman, R. C. (1999). Evaluating the social acceptability of persons with habit disorders: The effects of topography, frequency, and gender manipulation. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 21, 1–18.
Woods, D. W., Hook, S. S., Spellman, D. F., & Friman, P. C. (2000). Exposure and response prevention for an adolescent with Tourette’s syndrome. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 904–907.
Woods, D. W. (in press). The effect of video based peer education on the social acceptability of adults with Tourette’s syndrome. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Woods, D.W., Friman, P.C., Teng, E.J. (2001). Physical and Social Impairment in Persons With Repetitive Behavior Disorders. In: Woods, D.W., Miltenberger, R.G. (eds) Tic Disorders, Trichotillomania, and Other Repetitive Behavior Disorders. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-45944-8_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-45944-8_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-32566-8
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-45944-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive