The treatment of childhood anxiety disorders is one of the most interest ing and gratifying experiences in clinical psychology. For example, by using techniques such as exposure to feared stimuli, a clinician can regularly effect significant reductions of psychopathology in many youth in as little as a single session for some disorders (e.g., specific phobias; cf., st, Svensson, Hellström,&Lindwall, 2001). Moreover, the clinician is afforded the invigorating oppor tunity to handle and manage various stimuli (e.g., snakes, dogs, and insects) that defy the common treatment session stereotype. Although certainly not all anxiety disorders are so quickly amenable to treatment efforts, there has been something of a renaissance in child anxiety treatment research since the intro duction of evidence-based practices (EBPs) over a decÖade ago and the identifi cation of the first empirically supported treatments (ESTs) for children.
Simultaneously, however, this attention and research is overdue and deserved. There is an urgent need to continue child treatment research, particularly with anxiety disorders. Based upon a recent review, it has been estimated that between 2.4% and 23.9% of preadolescent children have anxiety disorders depending on the disorder(s), sample, time period, and methodologies used (Cartwright-Hatton, McNicol,&Doubleday, 2006). Moreover, results of at least one study indicate that by 16 years of age 36.7% of children will meet diagnostic criteria for at least one DSM-IV disorder (i.e., Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fourth edition, American Psychiatric Association, 1994), and that 9.9% will meet criteria for an anxiety disorder (Costello, Mustillo, Erkanli, Keeler,&Angold, 2003).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Achenbach, T. (1991). Integrative guide for the 1991 CBCL/4-18, YSR, and TRF profiles. Burlington: University of Vermont.
Achenbach, T. (2005). Advancing assessment of children and adolescents: Commentary on evidence-based assessment of child and adolescent disorders. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34, 541–547.
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
Bandura, A. (1969). Principles of behavior modification. New York: Holt, Rinehart,&Winston.
Bandura, A., Blanchard, E. B.,&Ritter, B. (1969). Relative efficacy of desensitiza-tion and modeling approaches for inducing behavioral, affective, and attitudinal changes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 13, 173–199.
Barlow, D. (2002). Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
Baron, R.,&Kenny, D. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Jour nal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173–1182.
Barrett, P. (1998). Evaluation of cognitive-behavioral group treatments for childhood anxiety disorders. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27, 459–468.
Barrett, P., Dadds, M.,&Rapee, R. (1996). Family treatment of childhood anxiety: A controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 333–342.
Barrett, P., Healy-Farrell, L.,&March, J. (2004). Cognitive-behavioral family treatment of childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder: A controlled trial. Journal of the Ameri can Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 46–62.
Barrett, P. M. (2000). Treatment of childhood anxiety: Developmental aspects. Clinical Psychology Review, 20, 479–494.
Beck, A. T. (1991). Cognitive therapy: A 30-year retrospective. American Psychologist, 46, 368–375.
Beck, A. T. (1993). Cognitive therapy: Past, present, and future. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 194–198.
Beck, A. T.&Clark, D. A. (1997). An information processing model of anxiety: Auto matic and strategic processes. Behavioral Research Therapy, 35, 49–58.
Beidel, D., Turner, S.,&Morris, T. (2000). Behavioral treatment of childhood social phobia. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 1072–1080.
Bergman, L.,&Piacentini, J. (2005). Targeting discrete response channels in the treatment of childhood specific phobia. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 12, 166–169.
Bouton, M. (2004). Context and behavioral processes in extinction. Learning and Mem ory, 11, 485–494.
Cantwell, D.,&Baker, L. (1989). Stability and natural history of DSM–III childhood diagnoses. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 691–700.
Casey, R. J.,&Berman, J. S. (1985). The outcome of psychotherapy with children. Psy chological Bulletin, 98, 388–400.
Cartwright-Hatton, S., McNicol, K.,&Doubleday, E. (2006). Anxiety in a neglected population: Prevalence of anxiety disorders in pre-adolescent children. Clinical Psychol ogy Review, 26, 817–833.
Chambless, D. L. (1990). Spacing of exposure sessions in treatment of agoraphobia and simple phobia. Behavior Therapy, 21, 217–229.
Chambless, D. L., Baker, M. J., Baucom, D. H., Beutler, L. E., Calhoun, K. S., Crits-Christoph, P., Daiuto, A., DeRubeis, R., Detweiler, J., Haaga, D. A. F., Johnson, S. B., McCurry, S., Mueser, K. T., Pope, K. S., Sanderson, W. C., Shoham, V., Stickle, T., Williams, D. A.,&Woody, S. R. (1998). Update on empirically validated thera pies, II. The Clinical Psychologist, 51, 3–16.
Chambless, D. L.,&Ollendick, T. H. (2001). Empirically supported psychological inter ventions: Controversies and evidence. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 685–716.
Chambless, D. L., Sanderson, W. C., Shoham, V., Johnson, S. B., Pope, K. S., Crits-Christoph, P., Baker, M. J., Johnson, B., Woody, S. R., Sue, S., Beutler, L., Williams, D. A.,&McCurry, S. (1996). An update on empirically validated therapies. The Clini cal Psychologist, 49, 5–18.
Chaplin, E. W.,&Levine, B. A. (1981). The effects of total exposure duration and inter rupted versus continuous exposure in flooding therapy. Behavior Therapy, 12, 360– 368.
Chorpita, B. F., Taylor, A. A., Francis, S. E., Moffitt, C. E.,&Austin, A. A. (2004). Effi cacy of modular cognitive behavior therapy for childhood anxiety disorders. Behav ior Therapy, 35, 263–287.
Choudhury, M. S., Pimentel, S. S.,&Kendall, P. C. (2003). Childhood anxiety disorders: Parent-child (dis)engagement using a structured interview for the DSM–IV. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 957–964.
Cohen, J., Deblinger, E., Mannarino, A.,&Steer, R. (2004). A multisite, randomized controlled trial for children with sexual abuse-related PTSD symptoms. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 393–402.
Comer, J. S.&Kendall, P. C. (2004). A symptom level examination of parent-child agreement in the diagnosis of anxious youths. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 878–886.
Cornwall, E., Spence, S.,&Schotte, D. (1996). The effectiveness of emotive imagery in the treatment of darkness phobia in children. Behaviour Change, 13, 223–229.
Costello, E. J., Mustillo, S., Erkanli, A., Keeler, G.,&Angold, A. (2003). Prevalence and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 837–844.
Craske, M., Brown, T.,&Barlow, D. (1991). Behavioral treatment of panic disorder: A two year follow-up. Behavior Therapy, 22, 289–304.
Davis, A., Rosenthal, T.,&Kelley, J. (1981). Actual fear cues, prompt therapy, and rationale enhance participation modeling with adolescents. Behavior Therapy, 12, 536–542.
Davis III, T. E., Kurtz, P., Gardner, A.,&Carman, N. (2007). Cognitive-behavioral treat ment for specific phobias with a child demonstrating severe problem behavior and developmental delays. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 28, 546–558.
Davis III, T. E.,&Ollendick, T. H. (2005). A critical review of empirically supported treatments for specific phobia in children: Do efficacious treatments address the components of a phobic response? Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 12, 144–160.
Davis III, T. E., Ollendick, T. H.,&Nebel-Schwalm, M. (2008). Intellectual ability and achievement in anxiety-disordered children: A clarification and extension of the lit erature. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 30, 43–51.
Deblinger, E., Lippmann, J.,&Steer, R. (1996). Sexually abused children suffering posttraumatic stress symptoms: Initial treatment outcome findings. Child Maltreat ment, 1, 310–321.
de Haan, E., Hoogduin, K., Buitelaar, J.,&Keijsers, G. (1998). Behavior therapy versus clomipramine for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 1022–1029.
De Los Reyes, A.,&Kazdin, A. (2005). Informant discrepancies in the assessment of childhood psychopathology: A critical review, theoretical framework, and recom mendations for further study. Psychological Bulletin, 131, 483–509.
Drobes, D. J.,&Lang, P. J. (1995). Bioinformational theory and behavior therapy. In W. O'Donohue&L. Krasner (Eds.), Theories of behavior therapy: Exploring behavior change (pp.229–257). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Fisak, B.,&Grills-Taquechel, A. E. (2007). Parental modeling, reinforcement, and infor mation transfer: Risk factors in the development of child anxiety? Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 10, 213–231.
Flannery-Schroeder, E.,&Kendall, P. (2000). Group and individual cognitive-behavioral treatments for youth with anxiety disorders: A randomized clinical trial. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 24, 251–278.
Foa, E. B., Jameson, J. S., Turner, R. M.,&Payne, L. L. (1980). Massed vs. spaced exposure sessions in the treatment of agoraphobia. Behaviour Research and Ther apy, 18, 333–338.
Foa, E. B.,&Kozak, M. J. (1986). Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information. Psychological Bulletin, 99, 20–35.
Foa, E. B.,&Kozak, M. J. (1998). Clinical applications of bioinformational theory: Understanding anxiety and its treatment. Behavior Therapy, 29, 675–690.
Gallagher, H., Rabian, B.,&McCloskey, M. (2004). A brief cognitive-behavioral inter vention for social phobia in childhood. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 18, 459–479.
Ginsburg, G.,&Drake, K. (2002). School-based treatment for anxious African-Ameri can adolescents: A controlled pilot study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 768–775.
Goodman, W. L., Price, L. H., Rasmussen, S. A.,&Mazure, C., Fleischman, R. L., Hill, C. L., et al. (1989). The Yale-Brown obsessive-compulsive scale. Part I. Develop ment, use, and reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 1006–1011.
Grills, A.,&Ollendick, T. H. (2002). Peer victimization, global self-worth, and anxiety in middle-school children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 31, 59–68.
Grills, A.&Ollendick, T. H. (2003). Multiple informant agreement and the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for Parents and Children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 30–40.
Gullone, E. (2000). The development of normal fear: A century of research. Clinical Psy chology Review, 20, 429–451.
Hanley, G., Iwata, B.,&McCord, B. (2003). Functional analysis of problem behavior: A review. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 36, 147–185.
Herbert, J., Rheingold, A., Gaudiano, B.,&Myers, V. (2004). Standard versus extended cognitive behavior therapy for social anxiety disorder: A randomized-controlled trial. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 32, 131–147.
Hodgson, R. I.,&Rachman, S. (1974). Desynchrony in measures of fear. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 12, 319–326.
Holmbeck, G. (1997). Toward terminological, conceptual, and statistical clarity in the study of mediators and moderators: Examples from the child-clinical and pedi-atric psychology literatures. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 599–610.
Iwata, B. A., Dorsey, M. F., Slifer, K. J., Bauman, K. E.,&Richman, G. S. (1982/1994). Toward a functional analysis of self-injury. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 27, 197–209 (reprinted from Analysis and Intervention in Development Disabilities, 2, 3–20, 1982).
Jacobson, E. (1938). Progressive relaxation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Jenson, P. S., Rubio-Stipec, M., Canino, G., Bird, H.R., Dulcan, M. K., Schwab-Stone, M. E., et al. (1999). Parent and child contributions to diagnosis of mental disorder: Are both informants always necessary? Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 1569–1579.
Kazdin, A.,&Bass, D. (1989). The power to detect differences between alternative treat ments in comparative psychotherapy outcome research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 138–147.
Kazdin, A. E., Bass, D., Ayers, W. A.,&Rodgers, A. (1990). Empirical and clinical focus of child and adolescent psychotherapy research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 729–740.
Kearney, C.,&Silverman, W. (1993). Measuring the function of school refusal behavior: The school refusal assessment scale. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 22, 85–96.
Kendall, P. (1990). Coping cat workbook. Ardmore: PA: Workbook.
Kendall, P. (1994). Treating anxiety disorders in children: Results of a randomized clini cal trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 100–110.
Kendall, P., Flannery-Schroeder, E., Panichelli-Mindel, S., Southam-Gerow, M., Henin, A.,&Warman, M. (1997). Therapy for youths with anxiety disorders: A second ran domized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 366–380.
Kendall, P.,&Hedtke, K. (2006). Coping cat workbook (2nd ed.). Ardmore: PA: Workbook.
Kendall, P., Robin, J., Hedtke, K., Suveg, C., Flannery-Schroeder, E.,&Gosch, E. (2005). Considering CBT with anxious youth? Think exposures. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 12, 136–150.
Kendall, P.,&Suveg, C. (2006). Treating anxiety disorders in youth. In P. Kendall (Ed.), Child and adolescent therapy: Cognitive-behavioral procedures (3rd ed., pp. 492– 520). New York: The Guildford Press.
Kendall, P. C. (1993). Cognitive-behavioral therapies with youth: Guiding theory, cur rent status, and emerging developments. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychol ogy, 61, 235–247.
King, N., Tonge, B., Heyne, D., Pritchard, M., Rollings, S., Young, D., et al. (1998). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of school-refusing children: A controlled evaluation. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 395–403.
King, N., Tonge, B., Mullen, P., Myerson, N., Heyne, D., Rollings, S., et al. (2000). Treat ing sexually abuse children with posttraumatic stress symptoms: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 1347–1355.
Kovacs, M., Gatsonis, C., Paulauskas, S.,&Richards, C. (1989). Depressive disorders in childhood: IV. A longitudinal study of comorbidity with and risk for anxiety dis orders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 776–782.
Kraemer, H., Wilson, T., Fairburn, C.,&Agras, S. (2002). Mediators and moderators of treatment effects in randomized clinical trials. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 877–883.
Lang, A. J.,&Craske, M. G. (2000). Manipulations of exposure-based therapy to reduce return of fear: A replication. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 1–12.
Lang, P. J. (1977). Imagery in therapy: An information processing analysis of fear. Behavior Therapy, 8, 862–886.
Lang, P. J. (1979). A bio-informational theory of emotional imagery. Psychophysiology, 16, 495–512.
Lang, P. J., Cuthbert, B. N., Bradley, M. M. (1998). Measuring emotion in therapy: Imagery, activation, and feeling. Behavior Therapy, 29, 655–674.
Last, C., Hansen, C.,&Franco, N. (1997). Anxious children in adulthood: A prospec tive study of adjustment. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 645–652.
Leitenberg, H.,&Callahan, E. J. (1973). Reinforced practice and reduction of different kinds of fears in adults and children. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 11, 19–30.
Manassis, K., Mendlowitz, S. L., Scapillato, D., Avery, D., Fiksenbaum, L., Freire, M., et al. (2002). Group and individual cognitive-behavioral therapy for childhood anxiety disorders: A randomized trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Ado lescent Psychiatry, 41, 1423–1430.
March, J., Parker, J., Sullivan, K., Stallings, P.,&Conners, C. K. (1997). The Multidimen sional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC): Factor structure, reliability, and validity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 554–565.
Marks, I. (2002). Innate and learned fears are at opposite ends of a continuum of asso-ciability. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 165–167.
Matson, J. L., Andrasik, F.,&Matson, M. L. (Eds.). (in press). Assessing childhood psychopathology and developmental disabilities (Vol. 1). New York: Springer Science and Business Media.
Matson, J. L., Bamburg, J. W., Cherry, K.,&Paclawskyj, T. (1999). A validity study on the Questions About Behavioral Function (QABF) Scale: Predicting treatment suc cess for self-injury, aggression, and stereotypies. Research in Developmental Dis abilities, 20, 163–175.
McGee, R., Feehan, M., Williams, S.,&Anderson, J. (1992). DSM–III disorders from age 11 to 15 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 50–59.
McManis, M. H., Bradley, M. M., Berg, W. K., Cuthbert, B. N.,&Lang, P. J. (2001). Emotional reactions in children: Verbal, physiological, and behavioral responses to affective pictures. Psychophysiology, 38, 222–231.
Menzies, R. G.,&Clarke, J. C. (1993). A comparison of in vivo and vicarious exposure in the treatment of childhood water phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31, 9–15.
Mineka, S.&Zinbarg, R. (2006). A contemporary learning theory perspective on the etiology of anxiety disorders: It's not what you thought it was. American Psycholo gist, 61, 10–26.
Muris, P., Meesters, C.,&van Melick, M. (2002). Treatment of childhood anxiety disor ders: A preliminary comparison between cognitive-behavioral group therapy and a psychological placebo intervention. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 33, 143–158.
Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., de Jong, P.,&Ollendick, T. H. (2002). The etiology of spe cific fears and phobias in children: A critique of the non-associative account. Behav iour Research and Therapy, 40, 185–195.
Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., Holdrinet, I.,&Sijsenaar, M. (1998). Treating phobic chil dren: Effects of EMDR versus exposure. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychol ogy, 66, 193–198.
Muris, P., Merkelbach, H., Meesters, C.,&van den Brand, K. (2002). Cognitive develop ment and worry in normal children. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26, 775–787.
Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., Van Haaften, H.,&Mayer, B. (1997). Eye movement desen-sitisation and reprocessing versus exposure in vivo: A single-session crossover study of spider-phobic children. British Journal of Psychiatry, 171, 82–86.
Myers, K.&Davis, M. (2002). Behavioral and neural analysis of extinction. Neuron, 36, 567–584.
Nauta, M., Scholing, A., Emmelkamp, P.,&Minderaa, R. (2003). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for children with anxiety disorders in a clinical setting: No additional effect of a cognitive parent training. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adoles cent Psychiatry, 42, 1270–1278.
Nelson-Gray, R. O. (2003). Treatment utility of psychological assessment. Psychological Assessment, 15, 521–531.
Ollendick, T. H. (1995). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia in adolescents: A multiple baseline design analysis. Behavior Therapy, 26, 517–531.
Ollendick, T. H.,&Cerny, J. A. (1981). Clinical behavior therapy with children. New York: Plenum.
Ollendick, T. H.,&Davis III, T. E. (2004). Empirically supported treatments for children and adolescents: Where to from here? Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11, 289–294.
Ollendick, T. H., Davis III, T. E.,&Muris, P. (2004). Treatment of specific phobia in children and adolescents. In P. Barrett&T. H. Ollendick (Eds.), The handbook of interventions that work with children and adolescents—From prevention to treatment (pp. 273–300). West Sussex, UK: John Wiley&Sons.
Ollendick, T. H.,&King, N. J. (1991). Origins of childhood fears: An evaluation of Rach-man's theory of fear acquisition. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 29, 117–123.
Ollendick, T. H.,&King, N. J. (1998). Empirically supported treatments for children with phobic and anxiety disorders: Current status. Journal of Clinical Child Psychol ogy, 27, 156–167.
Ollendick, T. H., King, N.,&Chorpita, B. (2006). Empirically supported treatments for children and adolescents. In P. Kendall (Ed.), Child and adolescent therapy: Cogni tive-behavioral procedures (3rd ed., pp. 492–520). New York: Guildford Press.
Ollendick, T. H.,&Vasey, M. (1999). Developmental theory and the practice of clinical child psychology. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 28, 457–466.
Öst, L. G., Svensson, L., Hellstrom, K.,&Lindwall, R. (2001). One-session treatment of specific phobias in youths: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 814–824.
Pediatric OCD treatment study (POTS) team. (2004). Cognitive-behavior therapy, ser-traline, and their combination for children and adolescents with obsessive-com pulsive disorder: The pediatric OCD treatment study (POTS) randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 292, 1969–1976.
Prins, P.,&Ollendick, T. H. (2003). Cognitive change and enhanced coping: Missing mediational links in cognitive behavior therapy with anxiety-disordered children. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 6, 87–105.
Rachman, S. (1976). The passing of the two-stage theory of fear and avoidance: Fresh possibilities. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 14, 125–131.
Rachman, S. (2002). Fears born and bred: Non-associative fear acquisition? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 121–126.
Rachman, S.,&Hodgson, R. I. (1974). Synchrony and desynchrony in fear and avoid ance. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 12, 311–318.
Rapp, J. T., Vollmer, T. R.,&Hovanetz, A. N. (2005). Evaluation and treatment of swim ming pool avoidance exhibited by an adolescent girl with autism. Behavior Therapy, 36, 101–105.
Reynolds, C. R.,&Richmond, B. O. (1978). What I think and feel: A revised measure of children's manifest anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 6, 271–280.
Ritter, B. (1965). The treatment of a dissection phobia. Unpublished manuscript, Queens College.
Ritter, B. (1968). The group desensitization of children's snake phobias using vicarious and contact desensitization procedures. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 6, 1–6.
Rosen, G.,&Davison, G. (2003). Psychology should list empirically supported princi ples of change (ESPs) and not credential trademarked therapies or other treatment packages. Behavior Modification, 27, 300–312.
Scahill, L., Riddle, M. A., McSwiggin-Hardin, M., Ort, S. I., King, R. A., Goodman, W., K., et al. (1997). Children's Yale-Brown obsessive-compulsive scale: Reliability and validity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 844–852.
Scotti, J. R., Morris, T.L., McNeil, C. B.,&Hawkins, R.P. (1996). DSM—IV and disorders of childhood and adolescence: Can structural criteria be functional? Journal of Con sulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 1177–1191.
Seligman, L.,&Ollendick, T. H. (1999). Anxiety disorders. In H. C. Steinhauser&F. Verhulst (Eds.), Risks and outcomes in developmental psychopathology (pp. 103– 120). New York: Oxford University Press.
Shortt, A., Barrett, P.,&Fox, T. (2001). Evaluating the FRIENDS program: A cognitive-behavioral group treatment for anxious children and their parents. Journal of Clini cal Child Psychology, 30, 525–535.
Silverman, W., Kurtines, W., Ginsburg, G., Weems, C., Lumpkin, P.,&Carmichael, D. (1999). Treating anxiety disorders in children with group cognitive-behavioral therapy: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 995–1003.
Silverman, W.,&Ollendick, T.H. (2005). Evidence-based assessment of anxiety and its disorders in children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34, 380–411.
Silverman, W. K.,&Albano, A. M. (1996). Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM—IV, Child and Parent Versions. San Antonio, TX: Psychological.
Skinner, B. F. (1988). The operant side of behavior therapy. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 19, 171–179.
Southam-Gerow, M. A.,&Kendall, P. C. (2000). A preliminary study of the emotion understanding of youths referred for treatment of anxiety disorders. Journal of Clin ical Child Psychology, 29, 319–327.
Southam-Gerow, M. A.,&Kendall, P. C. (2002). Emotion regulation and understanding: Implications for child psychopathology and therapy. Clinical Psychology Review, 22, 189–222.
Spence, S., Donovan, C.,&Brechman-Toussaint, M. (2000). The treatment of child hood social phobia: The effectiveness of a social skills training-based, cognitive-behavioural intervention, with and without parental involvement. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 41, 713–726.
Spence, S., Holmes, J., March, S.,&Lipp, O. (2006). The feasibility and outcome of clinic plus Internet delivery of cognitive-behavior therapy for childhood anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 614–621.
Stein, B., Jaycox, L., Kataoka, S., Wong, M., Tu, W., Elliot, M.,&Fink, A. (2003). A mental health intervention for schoolchildren exposed to violence: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 290, 603–611.
Svensson, L., Larsson, Asa,&Öst, L. G. (2002). How children experience brief exposure treatment of specific phobias. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 31, 80–89.
Task Force on Promotion and Dissemination of Psychological Procedures. (1995). Train ing in and dissemination of empirically-validated psychological treatments: Report and recommendations. The Clinical Psychologist, 48, 3–23.
Toth, S. L.,&Cicchetti, D. (1999). Developmental psychopathology and child psycho therapy. In S. W. Russ&T. H. Ollendick (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapies with children and families (p.15–44). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum.
Treadwell, K.,&Kendall, P. (1996). Self-talk in youth with anxiety disorders: States of mind, content specificity, and treatment outcome. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 941–950.
Tryon, W. W. (2005). Possible mechanisms for why desensitization and exposure ther apy work. Clinical Psychology Review, 25, 67–95.
Turner, C. (2006). Cognitive-behavioural theory and therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents: Current status and future directions. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 912–938.
Vermilyea, J. A., Boice, R.,&Barlow, D. (1984). Rachman and Hodges (1974) a decade later: How do synchronous response systems relate to the treatment of agorapho bia? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 22, 615–621.
Weisz, J., Jensen-Doss, A.,&Hawley, K. (2006). Evidence-based youth psychotherapies versus usual clinical care. American Psychologist, 61, 671–689.
Wolpe, J. (1958). Psychotherapy by reciprocal inhibition. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Wood, J. J., McLeod, B. D., Sigman, M., Hwang, W. C.,&Chu, B. C. (2003). Parenting and childhood anxiety: Theory, empirical findings, and future directions. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 134–151.
Woodward, L.,&Fergusson, D. (2001). Life course outcomes of young people with anxi ety disorders in adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adoles cent Psychiatry, 40, 1086–1093.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer Science + Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Davis, T.E. (2009). PTSD, Anxiety, and Phobia. In: Matson, J.L., Andrasik, F., Matson, M.L. (eds) Treating Childhood Psychopathology and Developmental Disabilities. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09530-1_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09530-1_7
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-09529-5
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-09530-1
eBook Packages: Behavioral ScienceBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)