Over the past three decades, standardized rating forms obtained from multiple informants have become increasingly common in both clinical and school settings for assessing children's behavioral and emotional problems. Two widely used systems that assess a broad range of problems from the perspectives of parents, teachers, and children themselves are the Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA; Achenbach & Rescorla, 2001) and the Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC, BASC-2; Reynolds & Kamphaus, 1992; 2004). This chapter first presents the history of the ASEBA and the BASC and then summarizes the similarities between the two systems. The main focus of the chapter is a review of the important differences between the ASEBA and the BASC-2. The chapter closes with conclusions and implications.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Achenbach, T. M. (1966). The classification of children's psychiatric symptoms: A factor-analytic study. Psychological Monographs, 80, (No. 615).
Achenbach, T. M. (1986). The direct observation form of the child behavior checklist (rev. ed.). Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.
Achenbach, T. M. (1991a). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/4–18 and 1991 Profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.
Achenbach, T. M. (1991b). Manual for the Teacher's Report Form and 1991 Profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.
Achenbach, T. M. (1991c). Manual for the Youth Self-Report and 1991 Profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.
Achenbach, T. M. (1992). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/2–3 and 1992 Profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.
Achenbach, T. M. (1997). Guide for Caregiver-Teacher Report Form for Ages 2–5. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.
Achenbach, T. M. (1997). Manual for the Young Adult Self-Report and Young Adult Behavior Checklist. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.
Achenbach, T.M. (2006) Applications of the Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA) to children, adolescents, and their parents. In S. R. Smith & L. Handler (Eds.), The clinical assessment of children and adolescents: A practitioners' guide. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum (pp. 329–346).
Achenbach, T. M., & Edelbrock, C. (1981). Behavioral problems and competencies reported by parents of normal and disturbed children aged four to sixteen. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 46 (1, Serial No. 188).
Achenbach, T. M., & Edelbrock C. (1983). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/4–18 and Revised Child Behavior Profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.
Achenbach, T. M., & Edelbrock, C. (1986). Manual for the Teacher's Report Form and Teacher Version of the Child Behavior Profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.
Achenbach, T. M., & Edelbrock, C. (1987). Manual for the Youth Self-Report and Profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.
Achenbach, T. M., Howell, C. T., McConaughy, S. H., & Stanger, C. (1995). Six-year predictors of problems in a national sample: III. Transitions to young adult syndromes. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 658–669.
Achenbach, T. M., Howell, C. T., McConaughy, S. H., & Stanger, C. (1998). Six-year predictors of problems in a national sample: IV. Young adult signs of disturbance. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 718–727.
Achenbach, T. M., Howell, C. T., Quay, H. C., & Conners, C. K. (1991) National survey of problems and competencies among 4- to 16-year olds. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development. Serial No. 225, 56, 3.
Achenbach, T. M., McConaughy, S. H., & Howell, C. T. (1987). Child/adolescent behavioral and emotional problems: Implications of cross-informant correlations for situ-ational specificity. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 213–232.
Achenbach, T. M., Newhouse, P. A., & Rescorla, L. A. (2004). Manual for the ASEBA Older Adult Forms & Profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, and Families.
Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2000). Manual for the ASEBA Preschool Forms & Profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.
Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2001). Manual for the ASEBA School-Age Forms & Profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, and Families.
Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2003). Manual for the ASEBA Adult Forms & Profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, and Families.
Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2004). The Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA) for ages 1.5 to 18 years. In M. E. Maruish (Ed.), The use of psychological testing for treatment planning and outcomes assessment (3rd ed). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum (pp. 179–213).
Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2007a). Multicultural supplement for the manual for the ASEBA School-Age Forms and Profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, and Families.
Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2007b). Multicultural understanding of child and adolescent psychopathology: Implications for mental health assessment. New York: Guilford.
American Psychiatric Association. (1952;1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (1st ed., 4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Bartels, M., van den Oord, E. J. C. G., Hudziak, J. J., Rietveld, M. J. H., van Beijsterveldt, C. E. M., & Boomsma, D. I. (2004). Genetic and environmental mechanisms underlying stability and change in problem behaviors at ages 3, 7, 10, and 12. Developmental Psychology, 40, 852–867
Bauermeister, J. J., Matos, M., Reina, G., Salas, C. C., Martínez, J. V., Cumba, E., et al. (2005). Comparison of the DSM-IV combined and inattentive types of ADHD in a school-based sample of Latino/Hispanic children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 166–179.
Bérubé, R. L., & Achenbach, T. M. (2008). Bibliography of published studies using the Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA): 2008 edition. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, & Families.
Browne, N. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136–162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Carlson, C. L., & Mann, M. (2002). Sluggish cognitive tempo predicts a different pattern of impairment in the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, predominantly inattentive type. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 31, 123–129.
Cho, S. J., Hudley, C., & Back, H. J. (2003). Cultural influences on ratings of self-perceived social, emotional, and academic adjustment for Korean American adolescents. Assessment for Effective Intervention, 29, 3–14.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). New York: Academic Press.
Conners, C. K. (1997). Conners' Parent Rating Scale-Revised. North Tonawanda, NY: Multi-Health Systems.
Crijnen, A. A. M., Achenbach, T. M., & Verhulst, F. C. (1997). Comparisons of problems reported by parents of children in 12 cultures: Total Problems, Externalizing, and Internal-izing. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 1269–1277.
Crijnen, A. A. M., Achenbach, T. M., & Verhulst, F. C. (1999). Comparisons of problems reported by parents of children in twelve cultures: The CBCL/4-18 syndrome constructs. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 569–574.
Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16, 297–334.
DiStefano, C., Kamphaus, R. W., Horne, A. M., & Winsor, A. P. (2003). Behavioral adjustment in the U.S. elementary school: Cross-validation of a person-oriented typology of risk. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 21, 338–357.
Doyle, A., Ostrander, R., Skare, S., Crosby, R. D., & August, G. (1997). Convergent and criterion-related validity of the Behavior Assessment System for Children-Parent Rating Scales. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 26, 276–284.
Dumenci, L., McConaughy, S. H., & Achenbach, T. M. (2004). A hierarchical three-factor model of inattention-hyperactivity-impulsivity derived from the attention problems syndrome of the Teacher's Report Form. School Psychology Review, 33, 287–301.
Edelbrock, C., & Achenbach, T. M. (1980). A typology of Child Behavior Profile patterns: Distribution and correlates for disturbed children aged 6–16. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 8, 441–470.
Edelbrock, C., & Costello, A. J. (1988). Convergence between statistically derived behavior problem syndromes and child psychiatric diagnoses. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 16, 219–231.
Eley, T. C., Lichtenstein, P., & Stevenson, J. (1999). Sex differences in the etiology of aggressive and nonaggressive antisocial behavior: Results from two twin studies. Child Development, 70, 155–168.
Ferdinand, R. F., & Verhulst, F. C. (1995). Psychopathology in Dutch young adults: Enduring or changeable? Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 30, 60–64.
Gabel, S., Stadler, J., Bjorn, J., Shindledecker, R., & Bowden, C. (1993). Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in behaviorally disturbed youth. Relationship between teacher and parent ratings.Biological Psychiatry 34, 434–442.
Geller, D. A., Doyle, R., Shaw, D., Mullin, B., Coffey, B., Petty, C., et al. (2006). A quick and reliable screening measure for OCD in youth: reliability and validity of the obsessive compulsive scale of the Child Behavior Checklist.Comprehensive Psychiatry 47, 234–240.
Hanna, G. L., Yuwiler, A., & Coates, J. K. (1995). Whole blood serotonin and disruptive behaviors in juvenile obsessive-compulsive disorder.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 34, 28–35.
Hofstra, M. B.,van der Ende, J., & Verhulst, F. C. (2001). Adolescents' self-reported problems as predictors of psychopathology in adulthood: 10-year follow-up study.British Journal of Psychiatry 179, 203–209.
Hofstra, M. B., van der Ende, J., & Verhulst, F. C. (2002). Child and adolescent problems predict DSM-IV disorders in adulthood: A 14-year follow-up of a Dutch epidemiological sample.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 41, 182–189.
Hudziak, J. J. (1998).DSM-IV Checklist for Childhood Disorders. Burlington, VT: Univertsity of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth and Families.
Hudziak, J. J., van Beijsterveldt, C. E. M., Althoff, R. R., Stanger, C., Rettew, D. C., Nelson, E. C., et al. (2004). Genetic and environmental contributions to the Child Behavior Checklist obsessive-compulsive scale: A cross-cultural twin study.Archives of General Psychiatry 61, 608–616.
Hudziak, J. J., Wadsworth, M. E., Heath, A. C., & Achenbach, T. M., (1999). Latent class analysis of Child Behavior checklist Attention Problems.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 38, 985–991.
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), 1997, 20 USC et seq. (Fed Reg 64, 1999).
Ivanova, M. Y., Achenbach, T. M., Dumenci, L., Rescorla, L. A., Almqvist, F., Bilenberg, N., et al. (2007a).Testing the 8-syndrome structure of the CBCL in 30 societies.Journal of Child and Adolescent Clinical Psychology 36, 405–417.
Ivanova, M. Y., Achenbach, T. M., Rescorla, L. A., Dumenci, L., Almqvist, F., Bathiche, et al. (2007b).The generalizability of Teacher's Report Form syndromes in 20 societies.School Psychology Review 36, 468–483.
Ivanova, M. Y., Achenbach, T. M., Rescorla, L. A., Dumenci, L., Almqvist, F., Bilenberg, N., et al. (2007c).The generalizability of the Youth Self-Report syndrome structure in 23 societies.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 75, 729–738.
Jung, W. S., & Stinnett, T. A. (2005). Comparing judgments of social, behavioral, emotional, and school adjustment functioning for Korean, Korean American, and Caucasian American children.School Psychology International 26, 317–329.
Kamphaus, R. W., Huberty, C. J., Distefano, C., & Petoskey, M. D. (1997). A typology of teacher-rated child behavior for a national U.S. sample.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 25, 453–463.
Kamphaus, R. W., Petoskey, M. D., Cody, A. H., Rowe, E. W., Huberty, C. J., & Reynolds, C. R. (1999). A typology of parent-rated child behavior for a national U.S. sample.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 40, 1–10.
Kasius, M. C., Ferdinand, R. F., van den Berg, H., & Verhulst, F. C. (1997). Associations between different diagnostic approaches for child and adolescent psychopathology.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 38, 625–632.
Lahey, B. B., Pelham, W. E., Schaughency, E. A., Atkins, M. S., Murphy, H. A., Hynd, G. W., et al. (1988). Dimensions and types of attention deficit disorder.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 27, 330–335.
Lambert, M. C., Lyubansky, M., & Achenbach, T. M. (1998). Behavioral and emotional problems among adolescents of Jamaica and the United States: Parent, teacher, and self-reports for ages 12 to 18.Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 6, 180–187.
Manning, S. C, & Miller, D. C. (2001). Identifying ADHD subtypes using the Parent and Teacher Rating Scales of the Behavior Assessment Scale for Children.Journal of Attention Disorders 5, 41–51.
McCloskey, D. M., Hess, R. S., & D'Amato, R. C. (2003). Evaluating the utility of the Spanish version of the Behavioral Assessment System for Children-Parent Report System.Journal of Psychoeducational Assessmemt 21, 325–357.
McConaughy, S. H., & Achenbach, T. M. (1994).Manual for the Semistructured Clinical Interview for Children and Adolescents. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, and Families.
McConaughy, S. H., & Achenbach, T. M. (2001)Manual for the Semistructured Clinical Interview for Children and Adolescents (2nd ed.). Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, and Families.
McConaughy, S. H., & Achenbach, T. M. (2004).Manual for the Test Observation Form for Ages 2–18. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, and Families.
Nelson, E. C., Hanna, G. L., Hudziak, J. J., Botteron, K. N., Heath, A. C., & Todd, R. D. (2001). Obsessive-compulsive scale of the Child Behavior Checklist: Specificity, sensitivity, and predictive power.Pediatrics 108, E14.
Ostrander, R., Weinfurt, K. P., Yarnold, P. R., & August, G. J. (1998). Diagnosing attention deficit disorders with the Behavior Assessment System for Children and the Child Behavior Checklist: Test and construct validity analyses using optimal discriminant classification trees.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 66, 660–672.
Piedmont, R. L., McCrae, R. R., Riemann, R., & Angleitner, A. (2000). On the invalidity of validity scales: Evidence from self-report and observer rating in volunteer samples.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 78, 582–593.
Rescorla, L. A, Achenbach, T. M., Ivanova, M. Y, Dumenci, L., Almqvist, F., Bilenberg, N., et al. (2007a).Problems reported by parents of children ages 6 to 16 in 31 cultures (in review).
Rescorla, L. A., Achenbach, T. M., Ginzburg, S., Ivanova, M. Y., Dumenci, L., Almqvist, F., et al. (2007b, in press). Problems reported by teachers of children ages 6 to 15 in 21 countries.School Psychology Review.
Rescorla, L. A, Achenbach, T. M., Ivanova, M. Y., Dumenci, L., Almqvist, F., Bilenberg, N., et al. (2007c, in press). Problems reported by adolescents ages 11 to 16 in 22 countries.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology.
Reynolds, C. R., & Kamphaus, R. W. (1992).Behavior Assessment System for Children. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.
Reynolds, C. R., & Kamphaus, R. W. (2002). The clinician's guide to the Behavior Assessment System for Children. New York: Guilford.
Reynolds, C. R., & Kamphaus, R. W. (2004).Behavior Assessment System for Children — 2. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.
Rietveld, M. J. H., Hudziak, J. J., Bartels, M., Van Beijsterveldt, C. E. M., & Boomsma, D. I. (2004). Heritability of attention problems in children: Longitudinal results from a study of twins, age 3 to 12.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 45, 577–588.
Ruggiero, K. J., & McLeer, S. V. (2000). PTSD scale of the Child Behavior Checklist: Concurrent and discriminant validity with non-clinic-referred sexually abused children.Journal of Traumatic Stress 13, 287–299.
Scerbo, A. S., & Kolko, D. (1994). Salivary testosterone and cortisol in disruptive children: Relationship to aggressive, hyperactive, and internalizing behaviors.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 33, 1174–1184.
Shelby, M. D., Nagle, R. J., Barnett-Queen, L. L., Quattlebaum, P. D., & Wuori, D. F. (1998). Parental reports of psychosocial adjustment and social competence in childhood survivors of acute lymphocytic leukemia.Children's Health Care 27, 113–129.
Sullivan, J. R., & Riccio, C. A. (2006). An empirical analysis of the BASC Frontal Lobe/ Executive Control scale with a clinical sample.Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 21, 495–501.
Vaughn, M. L., Riccio, C. A., Hynd, G. W., & Hall, J. (1997). Diagnosing ADHD (predominantly inattentive and combined type sybtypes): Discriminant validity of the Behavior Assessment for Children and the Achenbach Parent and Teacher Rating Scales.Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 26, 349–357.
Verhulst, F. C., Achenbach, T. M., van der Ende, J., Erol, N., Lambert, M. C., Leung, P. W. L., Silva, M. A., Zilber, N., & Zubrick, S. R. (2003). Comparisons of problems reported by youths from seven countries.American Journal of Psychiatry 160, 1479–1485.
Verhulst, F. C., & van der Ende, J. (1992). Six-year stability of parent-reported problem behavior in an epidemiological sample.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 20, 595–610.
Wolfe, V. V., & Birt, J. H. (1997). Child sexual abuse. In E. Mash and L. Terdal (Eds.)Assessment of childhood disorders (3rd ed., pp. 569–623). New York: Guilford.
Wolfe, V. V., & Birt, J. H. (2006). The Children's Peritraumatic Experiences Questionnaire: A measure to assess DSM-IV PTSD criterion A2 (unpublished manuscript).
Wolfe, V. V., Gentile, C., & Wolfe, D. A. (1989). The impact of sexual abuse on children: A PTSD formulation.Behavior Therapy 20, 215–228.
Zhou, Z., Peverly, S. T., Xin, T, Huang, A. S., & Wang, W. (2003). School adjustment of first generation Chinese-American adolescents.Psychology in the Schools 40, 71–84.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer Science + Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rescorla, L.A. (2009). Rating Scale Systems for Assessing Psychopathology: The Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA) and the Behavior Assessment System for Children-2 (BASC-2). In: Matson, J.L., Andrasik, F., Matson, M.L. (eds) Assessing Childhood Psychopathology and Developmental Disabilities. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09528-8_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09528-8_5
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-09527-1
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-09528-8
eBook Packages: Behavioral ScienceBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)