Skip to main content

Age Structuring and the Rhythm of the Life Course

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research ((HSSR))

Abstract

Age is important from the perspectives of societies, groups, and individuals. For societies, the meanings and uses of age are often formal. For example, age underlies the organization of family, educational, work, and leisure institutions and organizations. Many laws and policies structure rights, responsibilities, and entitlements on the basis of age, whether through explicit age-related rules or implicit judgments about the nature of particular life periods. At the same time, members of a society, or large subgroups of the population, may share informal ideas about the changes that occur between birth and death, and how these changes are significant. For example, age may be tied to common notions about appropriate behavior or the proper timing and progression of experiences and roles.

This chapter is dedicated to Bernice L. Neugarten (1916-2001): pioneer, mentor, and friend. “Though lost to sight, to memory dear Thou ever wilt remain” (Song, George Linley, 1798-1865). This chapter undoubtedly carries her imprint, along with that of Gunhild Hagestad, with whom I have shared an active conversation, now 15 years strong, about age and age norms. I am indebted to them both.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Beck, U. (2000). Living your own life in a runaway world: Individualisation, globalisation, and politics. In W. Hutton & A. Giddens (Eds.), Global capitalism (pp. 164–174). New York: The New Press.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Brandtstädter, J. (1998). Action perspectives on human development. In R. M. Lerner (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 1. Theoretical models of human development (5th ed.), pp. 807–863). New York: John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Burton, L. (1996). Age norms, the timing of family role transitions, and intergenerational caregiving among aging African-American women. The Gerontologist, 36(2), 199–208.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Burton, L., Allison, K., & Obeidallah, D. (1995). Social context and adolescence: Perspectives on development among inner-city African-American teens. In L. Crockett & A. Crouter (Eds.), Pathways through adolescence (pp. 119–138). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Byrd, M., & Bruess, T. (1992). Perceptions of sociological and psychological age norms by young, middle-aged, and elderly New Zealanders. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 34(2), 145–163.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Chudacoff, H. P. (1989). How old are you? Age consciousness in American culture. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Cohler, B., Pickett, S. A., & Cook, J. A. (1996). Life course and persistent psychiatric illness: Social timing, cohort, and intervention. In V. Bengtson (Ed.), Adulthood and aging: Research on continuities and discontinuities (pp. 69–95). New York: Springer Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Daly, K. J. (1996). Families and time: Keeping pace in a hurried culture. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Dannefer, D. (1996). The social organization of diversity, and the normative organization of age. The Gerontologist, 36(2), 174–177.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Dannefer, D. (2003). Whose life course is it, anyway? Diversity and “linked lives” in global perspective. In R. A. Settersten, Jr. (Ed.), Imitation to the life course: Toward new understandings of later life (pp. 259–268). Amityville, NY: Baywood Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Fallo-Mitchell, L., & Ryff, C. D.(1982). Preferred timing of female life events: Cohort differences. Research on Aging, 4, 249–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Fry, C. L. (2003). The life course as a cultural construct. In R. A. Settersten, Jr. (Ed.). Invitation to the life course: Toward new understandings of later life (pp. 269–294). Amityville, NY: Baywood.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Gee, E. M. (1990). Preferred timing of women’s life events: A Canadian study. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 37(4), 279–294.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Geronimus, A. (1996). What teen mothers know. Human Nature, 7(4), 323–352.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Graff, H. (1995). Conflicting paths: Growing up in America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Hagestad, G. O. (1996). On-time, off-time, out of time? Reflections on continuity and discontinuity from an illness process. In V. Bengtson (Ed.), Adulthood and aging: Research on continuities and discontinuities (pp. 204–222). New York: Springer Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Hagestad G. O. (2003). Interdependent lives and relationships in changing times: A life-course view of families and aging. In R. A. Settersten, Jr. (Ed.), Invitation to the life course: Toward new understandings of later life (pp. 135–159). Amityville, NY: Baywood Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Hagestad, G. O., & Neugarten, B. L. (1985). Age and the life course. In E. Shanas & R. Binstock (Eds.), Handbook of aging and the social sciences (2nd ed.), pp. 36–61). New York: Van Nostrand and Reinhold Company.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Hechter, M, & Opp, K.-D. (Eds.). (2001). Social norms. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Heckhausen, J. (1997). Developmental regulation across adulthood: Primary and secondary control of age-related challenges. Developmental Psychology, 33(1), 176–187.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Heckhausen, J. (2000). Developmental regulation across the life span: An action-phase model of engagement and disengagement with developmental goals. In J. Heckhausen (Ed.), Motivational psychology of human development: Developing motivation and motivating development (pp. 213–231). New York: Elsevier Science.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Heckhausen, J., Wrosch, C, & Fleeson, W(2001). Developmental regulation before and after a developmental deadline: The sample case of the “biological clock” for childbearing. Psychology and Aging, 76(3), 400–413.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Heinz, W R. (1996). Status passages as micro-macro linkages in life-course research. In A. Weymann and W.R. Heinz (Eds.), Society and biography (pp. 51–65). Weinheim: Deutscher Studien Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Heinz, W R. (2002). Self-socialization and post-traditional society. In R. A. Settersten & T. Owens (Eds.), Advances in life-course research: New frontiers in socialization (pp. 41–64). London: Elsevier Science.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Hendricks, J. (1994). Revisiting the Kansas City Study of Adult Life: Roots of the disengagement model in social gerontology. The Gerontologist, 34(6), 753–755.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Henretta, J. (2003). The life-course perspective on work and retirement. In R. A. Settersten, Jr. (Ed.), Invitation to the life course: Toward new understandings of later life (pp. 85–105). Amityville, NY: Baywood.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Home, C. (2001). Sociological perspectives on the emergence of social norms. In M. Hechter & K.-D. Opp (Eds.), Social norms (pp. 3–34). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Karp, D. A. (1996). Speaking of sadness: Depression, disconnection, and the meanings of illness. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Keith, J., Fry, C. L., Glascock, A. P., Ikels, C, Dickerson-Putnam, J., Harpending, H. C, & Draper, P. (1994). The aging experience: Diversity and commonality across cultures. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Kertzer, D. I. (1989). Age structuring in comparative and historical perspective. In D. I. Kertzer & K. Warner Schaie (Eds.), Age structuring in comparative and historical perspective (pp. 3–21). Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Kohli, M. (1986). The world we forgot: A historical review of the life course. In V Marshall (Ed.), Later life (pp. 271–303). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Kohli, M. (1994). Work and retirement: A comparative perspective. In M. W. Riley, R. L. Kahn, & A. Foner (Eds.), Age and structural lag (pp. 80–106). New York: John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Kohli, M. (1999). Private and public transfers between generations: Linking the family and the state. European Societies, 1, 81–104.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Kohli, M., & Meyer, J. W(1986). Social structure and the social construction of life stages. Human Development, 29, 145–149.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Krueger, J., Heckhausen, J., & Hundertmark, J. (1995). Perceiving middle-aged adults: Effects of stereotype-congruent and incongruent information. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 50, P82–P93.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Lashbrook, J. (1996). Promotional timetables: An exploratory investigation of age norms for promotional expectations and their association with job well-being. The Gerontologist, 36(2), 189–198.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Lawrence, B. S. (1996). Organizational age norms: Why is it so important to know one when you see one? The Gerontologist, 36, 209–220.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Levy, R. (1996). Toward a theory of life-course institutionalization. In A. Weymann and W.R. Heinz (Eds.), Society and biography (pp. 83–108). Weinheim: Deutscher Studien Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Marini, M. M. (1984). Age and sequencing norms in the transition to adulthood. Social Forces, 63, 229–243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Mason, M., Skolnick, A., & Sugarman, S. D. (1998). All our families: New policies for a new century. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Mayer, K. U. (1997). Life courses in the welfare state. In W.R. Heinz (Ed.), Theoretical advances in life-course research (2nd ed.), pp. 146–158). Weinheim: Deutscher Studien Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Meyer, J. W(1986). Myths of socialization and personality. In T. C. Heller, M. Sosna, & D. E. Wellberg (Eds.), Reconstructing individualism: Autonomy, individuality, and the self in Western thought (pp. 209–221). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Modell, J. (1997). What do life-course norms mean? Human Development, 40, 282–286.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Moen, P.(2001). The gendered life course. In R. Binstock & L. George (Eds.), Handbook of aging and the social sciences (pp. 179–190). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Moen, P., & Forest, K. B. (1999). Strengthening families: Policy issues for the 21st Century. In M. Sussman, S. Steinmetz, & G. Peterson (Eds.), Handbook of marriage and the family (pp. 633–664). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Neugarten, B. L. (1969). Continuities and discontinuities of psychological issues into adult life. Human Development 12, 121–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Neugarten, B. L., & Hagestad, G. O. (1976). Age and the life course. In R. Binstock & E. Shanas (Eds.), Handbook of aging and the social sciences (pp. 35–55). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Neugarten, B. L., Moore, J. W., & Lowe, J. C. (1965). Age norms, age constraints, and adult socialization. American Journal of Sociology, 70, 710–717.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Nydegger, C. N. (1986). Age and life-course transitions. In C. L. Fry & J. Keith (Eds.), New methods for old age research: Strategies for studying diversity (pp. 131–161). South Hadley, MA: Bergin and Garvey.

    Google Scholar 

  50. O’Rand, A. M., & Henretta, J. (1999). Age and inequality: Diverse pathways through later life. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Passuth, P. M., & Maines, D. R. (1981). Transformations in age norms and age constraints: Evidence bearing on the age-irrelevancy hypothesis. Paper presented at the meeting of the World Congress of Gerontology, Hamburg, Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Peterson, C. C. (1996). The ticking of the social clock: Adults’ beliefs about the timing of transition events. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 42(3), 189–203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Plath, D. W, & Ikeda, K. (1975). After coming of age: Adult awareness of age norms. In T. R. Williams (Ed.), Socialization and communication in primary groups. Mouton: The Hague.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Riley, M. W., Kahn, R. L., & Foner, A. (Eds.). (1994). Age and structural lag: Society’s failure to provide meaningful opportunities in work, family, and leisure. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Rook, K. S., Catalano, R., & Dooley, D. (1989). The timing of major life events: Effects of departing from the social clock. American Journal of Community Psychology, 17(2), 233–258.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Roscoe, B., & Peterson, K. L. (1989). Age-appropriate behaviors: A comparison of three generations of females. Adolescence, 24(93), 167–178.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Schulz, R., & Heckhausen, J. (1999). Aging, culture, and control: Setting a new research agenda. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 54B(3), 139–145.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Settersten, R. A., Jr. (1997). The salience of age in the life course. Human Development, 40(5), 257–281.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Settersten, R. A., Jr. (1998a). Time, age, and the transition to retirement: New evidence on life-course flexibility? International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 47(3), 177–203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Settersten, R. A., Jr. (1998b). A time to leave home and a time never to return? Age constraints around the living arrangements of young adults. Social Forces, 76(4), 1373–1400.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Settersten, R. A., Jr. (1999). Lives in time and place: The problems and promises of developmental science. Amityville, NY: Baywood.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Settersten, R. A., Jr. (2002). Socialization and the life course: New frontiers in theory and research. In R. A. Settersten, Jr. & Owens, T.(Eds.), Advances in life course research: New frontiers in socialization (pp. 13–40). London: Elsevier Science.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Settersten, R. A., Jr. (2003). Rethinking social policy: Lessons of a life-course perspective. In R. A. Settersten, Jr. (Ed.), Invitation to the life course: Toward new understandings of later life (pp. 191–222). Amityville, NY: Baywood.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Settersten, R. A., Jr., & Hagestad, G. O. (1996a). What’s the latest? II. Cultural age deadlines for educational and work transitions. The Gerontologist, 36(5), 602–613.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Settersten, R. A., Jr.,& Hagestad, G. O. (1996b). What’s the latest?: Cultural age deadlines for family transitions. The Gerontologist, 36(2), 178–188.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Shanahan, M. J. (2000). Pathways to adulthood in changing societies: Variability and mechanisms in life course perspective. Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 967–692.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Tobin, S. (1996). A non-normative old age contrast: Elderly parents caring for offspring with mental retardation. In V. Bengtson (Ed.), Adulthood and aging: Research on continuities and discontinuities (pp. 124–142). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Uhlenberg, P., & Riley, M. W. (Eds.)(2000). Essays on age integration. The Gerontologist, 40(3), 261–307.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Valsiner, J., & Lawrence, J. A. (1997). Human development in culture across the life span. In J. W. Berry, P. R. Dasen, & T. S. Saraswathi (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology: Vol. 2. Basic processes and human development (pp. 69–106). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Veevers, J. E., Gee, E. M., & Wister, A. V. (1996). Homeleaving age norms: Conflict or consensus? International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 43(4), 227–295.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Wrosch, C, & Freund, A. (2001). Self-regulation of normative and non-normative developmental challenges. Human Development, 44(5), 264–283.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Wrosch, C, & Heckhausen, J. (1999). Control processes before and after passing a developmental deadline: Activation and deactivation of intimate relationship goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(2), 415–427.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Wrosch, C, Heckhausen, J., & Lachman, M. E. (2000). Primary and secondary control strategies for managing health and financial stress across adulthood. Psychology and Aging, 75(3), 387–399.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Zepelin, H., Sills, R. A., & Heath, M. W.(1986-87). Is age becoming irrelevant? An exploratory study of perceived age norms. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 24, 241–246.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2003 Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Settersten, R.A. (2003). Age Structuring and the Rhythm of the Life Course. In: Mortimer, J.T., Shanahan, M.J. (eds) Handbook of the Life Course. Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-306-48247-2_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-306-48247-2_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-306-47498-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-306-48247-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics