The author is deeply grateful to Professors Lawrence A. Pervin, A. Timothy Church, and Fanny M. Cheung for their critical and useful comments on an earlier version.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Chan, W. T. (Translated and compiled) (1963). A source book in Chinese philosophy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Chang, H. C., & Holt, G. R. (1991). The concept of yuan and Chinese interpersonal relationship. In S. Ting-Toomey & F. Korzenny (Eds.), Cross-cultural interpersonal communication (pp. 28–57). Newburry Park, CA: Sage.
Chen, C. C. (1989). The psychology of face: Theoretical analysis and empirical research. In K. S. Yang (Ed.), The Chinese mind (pp.155–237). Taipei, Taiwan: Guiguan Book Co. (In Chinese).
Cheng, B. S., Chou, L. F., & Farh, J. L. (2001). Paternalistic leadership: The construction and assessment of the Three-element Model. Indigenous Psychological Research in Chinese Societies, 14, 3–64. (In Chinese).
Cheung, F. M., & Leung, K. (1998). Indigenous personality measures: Chinese examples. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 29, 233–248.
Cheung, F. M., Leung, K., Fan, R. M., Song, W. Z., Zhang, J. X., & Zhang, J. P. (1996). Development of the Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 24(2), 181–199.
Cheung, P. C., Conger, A. J., Hau, K. T., Lew, W. J. F., & Lau, S. (1992). Development of the Multi-Trait Personality Inventory (MTPI): Comparison among four Chinese populations. Journal of Personality Assessment, 59, 528–551.
Chiao, C. (1982). Guanxi (relationship): A preliminary analysis. In K. S. Yang & C. I. Wen (Eds.), The Sinicization of social and behavioral science research in China. Taipei, Taiwan: Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica. (In Chinese).
Chiu, C. Y. (2000). Assessment of zhong-yong (dialectic) thinking: Preliminary findings from a cross-regional study. Hong Kong Journal of Social Sciences, 18, 33–55. (In Chinese).
Chiu, C. Y., Hong, Y., & Dweck, C. S. (1997). Lay dispositionism and implicit theories of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 19–30.
Chou, M. L. (1995). The relationships of protective and acquisitive face needs with personality factors in self-presentation. Unpublished manuscript, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
Chu, R. L. (1983). Empirical studies on the psychological and behavioral phenomena of face. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. (In Chinese).
Chu, R. L. (1990). Expressive and utilitarian renqing. In Teacher Chang Monthly (Ed.), Chinese people’s psychological games (pp. 120–127). Taipei, Taiwan: Teacher Chang Monthly Editorial Board. (In Chinese).
Church, A. T. (2000). Culture and personality: Toward an integrated cultural trait psychology. Paper presented at the 25th International Congress of the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology, Pultusk, Poland.
Costa, P. T. Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1985). The NEO Personality Inventory Manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D. (1964). The approval motive: Studies in evaluative dependence. New York: Wiley.
Dweck, C. S., & Leggett, E. L. (1988). A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality. Psychological Review, 95, 256–273.
Dweck, C. S., Hong, Y., & Chiu, C. (1993). Implicit theories: Individual differences in the likelihood and meaning of dispositional inference. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, 644–656.
Farh, J. L., & Cheng, B. S. (2000). A cultural analysis of paternalistic leadership in Chinese organizations. In J. T. Li, A. S. Tsui, & E. Weldon (Eds.), Management and Organizations in the Chinese Context (pp. 84–127). London: Macmillan.
Fei, H. T. (1980). Rural China. Hong Kong: Fenghuang Publishing Co. (In Chinese).
Freud, S. (1924). The loss of reality in neurosis and psychosis. In J. Stachey (Ed.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud, Vol. 19: The ego and the id and other works (pp. 183–187). London: Hogarth Press.
Goodwin, R., & Findlay, C. (1997). “We were just fated together”. Chinese love and the concept of yuan in England and Hong Kong. Personal Relationship, 4, 85–92.
Guildford, J. P. (1959). Personality. New York: McCraw-Hill.
Ho, D. Y. F. (1976). On the concept of face. American Journal of Sociology, 81, 867–884.
Ho, D. Y. F. (1991). Relational orientation and methodological relationalism. Bulletin of the Hong Kong Psychological Society, Nos. 26/27, 81–95.
Ho, D. Y. F. (1996). Filial piety and its psychological consequences. In M. H. Bond (Ed.), The handbook of Chinese psychology (pp.155–165). Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.
Ho, D. Y. F. (1998). Interpersonal relationships and relationship dominance: Analysis based on methodological relationalism. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 1, 1–16.
Ho, D. Y. F., & Chiu, C. Y. (1994). Component idea of individualism, collectivism, and social organization: An application in the study of Chinese culture. In U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, C. Kagitcibasi, S. C. Choi, & G. Yoon (Eds.), Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications (pp.137–156). London: Sage.
Ho, D. Y. F., & Lee, L. Y. (1974). Authoritarianism and attitude toward filial piety in Chinese teachers. Journal of Social Psychology, 92, 305–306.
Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Hsu, F. L. K. (1971). Psychosocial homeostasis and jen: Conceptual tools for advancing psychological anthropology. American Anthropologist, 73(1), 23–44.
Hsu, F. L. K. (1985). The self in cross-cultural perspective. In A. J. Marsella, G. DeVos, & F. L. K. Hsu (Eds.), Culture and Self: Asian and Western perspectives. New York: Tavistock.
Hsu, K. Y., Wang, D. F., & Yang, K. S. (2001). Differences between Taiwanese and Mainland Chinese basic personality dimensions. Indigenous Psychological Research in Chinese Societies, 16, 185–224. (In Chinese).
Hu, H. C. (1944). The Chinese concept of “face”. American Anthropologist, 46, 45–64.
Huang, L. L. (1999). Interpersonal harmony and conflict: Indigenized theory and research. Taipei, Taiwan: Guiguan Book Co. (In Chinese).
Hwang, K. K. (1987). Face and favor: Chinese power game. American Journal of Sociology, 92, 944–974.
Hwang, K. K. (2000). Chinese relationalism: Theoretical construction and methodological considerations. Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior, 30, 155–178.
King, A. Y. C. (1980). An analysis of renqing in interpersonal relationship. In Academia Sinica (Ed.), Proceedings of the First International Conference on Sinology. Taipei, Taiwan: Academia Sinica. (In Chinese).
King, A. Y. C. (1991) Kuan-hsi and network building: A sociological interpretation. DAEDALUS: Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Science, Spring, 63–84.
Kitayama, S., Markus, H. R., Matsumoto, H., & Norasakkunkit, V. (1997). Individual and collective processes in the construction of the self: Self-enhancement in the United States and self-criticism in Japan. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(6), 1245–1267.
Kuo, D. J., Zhang, G. L., & Yang, S. Z. (1993). Effects of parents’ training style on the child’s achievement motivation. Journal of Beijing Normal University, 2, 20–30. (In Chinese).
Leung, K., & Wu, P. G. (1998). The role of he (harmony) as a double-edged sword in management. In B. S. Cheng, K. L. Hwang, & J. Z. Kuo (Eds.), Human resources management in Taiwan and Mainland China. Taipei, Taiwan: Sinyi Cultural Foundation. (In Chinese).
Lew, W. J. F (1998/2001). Understanding the Chinese personality. Taipei, Taiwan: Yuanliu Publishing Co. (In Chinese).
Li, T. S. (1999). The content and measurement of marital intimate affection. Chinese Journal of Mental Health, 12(4), 197–216. (In Chinese).
Li, T. S. (2001). The study of Chinese marital relationship from the perspective of enqing between husband and wife. Unpublished manuscript, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan. (In Chinese).
Liang, S. M. (1974). The essentials of Chinese culture. Hong Kong: Chicheng Book Co. (In Chinese).
Lin, Y. C., & Yang, C. F. (2001). The measurement and process of the tendency of social desirability: An indigenized approach. Unpublished manuscript, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. (In Chinese).
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1998). The cultural psychology of personality. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 29, 63–87.
Matthews, G., & Deary, I. J. (1998). Personality traits. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
McClelland, D. C., Atkinson, J.W., Clark, R. A., & Lowell, E. L. (1953). The achievement motive. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Norman, W. T. (1961). Development of self-report test to measure personality factors identified from peer nominations (USAF ASD Technical Note No. 61-44). Lackland Air Force Base, TX: U.S. Air Force.
Norman, W. T. (1963). Toward an adequate taxonomy of personality attributes: Replicated factor structure in peer nomination personality ratings. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66, 574–583.
Parsons, T. (1951). The social system. New York: The Free Press.
Paulhus, D. L. (1984). Two-component models of socially desirable responding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(3), 598–609.
Paulhus, D. L. (1985). Self-deception and impression management in test responses. In A. Angletitner & J. S. Wiggins (Eds.), Personality assessment via questionnaires. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Paulhus, D. L. (1991). Measurement and control of response bias. Measures of social psychological attitudes, Vol. 1 (pp.17–59). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Pervin, L. A. (1996). The science of personality. New York: Wiley.
Triandis, H. C. (1993). Collectivism and individualism as cultural syndromes. Cross-cultural Research, 27, 155–180.
Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. Boulder, CA: Westview Press.
Tupes, E. C., & Christal, R. E. (1958). Stability of personality trait rating factors obtained under diverse conditions (USAF WADC Technical Note No. 58-61). Lackland Air Force Base, TX: U.S. Air Force.
Wang, D. F., & Cui, H. (2003). Progress and preliminary results in the construction of the Chinese Personality Scale (OZPS). Acta Psychologica Sinica, 35(1), 127–136. (In Chinese).
Wang, D. F., & Cui, H. (2004). Reliabilities and validities of the Chinese Personality Scale. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 36(3), 347–358. (In Chinese).
Weiner, B. (1979). A theory of motivation for some classroom experiences. Journal of Educational Psychology, 71, 3–25.
Weng, C. Y., Hsu, Y., & Yang, K. S. (2004). Social-oriented and individual-oriented self-esteem: Conceptual analysis and empirical assessment. In K. S. Yang & K. Y. Hsu (Eds.), Proceedings of the Conference in Chinese self process, concept, and evaluation. I-Lan County, Taiwan: Department of Psychology, Fu Guang College of Humanities and Social Sciences.
Yang, C. F. (1988). Familism and development: An examination of the role of family in contemporary China Mainland, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. In D. Sinha & H. S. R. Kao (Eds.), Social values and development: Asian perspectives (pp.93–123). New Delhi: Sage.
Yang, C. F. (1991). On the Chinese self: Theoretical analysis and research directions. In C. F. Yang & H. S. R. Kao (Eds.), Chinese people, Chinese mind: Personality and social psychological processes (pp. 15–92). Taipei, Taiwan: Yuanliu Publishing Co. (In Chinese).
Yang, C. F. (1993a). On ways to deepen the indigenization of psychological research in Chinese societies. Indigenous Psychological Research in Chinese Societies, 1, 122–183. (In Chinese).
Yang, C. F. (1993b). On how to study Chinese personality: Lessons from Western personality and social psychological research. In K. S. Yang & A. B. Yu (Eds.), Chinese mind and behavior: Conceptual and methodological considerations (pp. 319–439). Taipei, Taiwan: Guiguan Book Co. (In Chinese).
Yang, C. F. (1996). How to study the Chinese people. Taipei: Guiguan Book Co. (In Chinese).
Yang, C. F. (1997). Study on underlying psychological processes of social desirability scores. Unpublished manuscript, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
Yang, C. F. (2001). The conceptualization of interpersonal relationship and interpersonal affection. In C. F. Yang (Ed.), Chinese interpersonal relationship, affection, and trust: An interpersonal transactional viewpoint. Taipei, Taiwan: Yuanliu Publishing Co. (In Chinese).
Yang, K. S. (1982). The Sinicization of psychological research: Levels and dirctions. In K. S. Yang & C. I. Wen (Eds.), The Sinicization of social and behavioral research in China. Taipei, Taiwan: Institute of Ethonology, Academia Sinica.
Yang, K. S. (1986). Chinese personality and its change. In M. H. Bond (Ed.), The psychology of the Chinese people (pp. 106–170). Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.
Yang, K. S. (1988). Chinese filial piety: A conceptual analysis. In K. S. Yang (Ed.), The Chinese mind (pp.39–73). Taipei, Taiwan: Guiguan Book Co. (In Chinese).
Yang, K. S. (1993a). Shao Liu’s personality theory: Systematization and exegesis. In Y. K. Hwang (Ed.), Person, meaning and society (pp.89–127). Taipei, Taiwan: Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica. (In Chinese).
Yang, K. S. (1993b). Why do we need to develop an indigenized Chinese psychology? Indigenous Psychological Research in Chinese Societies, 1, 6–88. (In Chinese).
Yang, K. S. (1995). Chinese social orientation: An integrative analysis. In W. S. Tseng, T. Y. Lin, & Y. K. Yeh (Eds.), Chinese societies and mental health (pp.19–39). Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.
Yang, K. S. (1996). Psychological transformation of the Chinese people as a result of societal modernization. In M. H. Bond (Ed.), The handbook of Chinese psychology (pp. 479–498). New York: Oxford University Press.
Yang, K. S. (1997a). Indigenizing Westernized Chinese psychology. In M. H. Bond (Ed.), Working at the interface of cultures: Eighteen lives in social science. London: Routledge.
Yang, K. S. (1997b). Indigenous compatibility in psychological research and its related problems. Indigenous Psychological Research in Chinese Societies, 8, 75–120. (In Chinese).
Yang, K. S. (1999). Towards an indigenous Chinese psychology: A selective review of methodological, theoretical, and empirical accomplishments. Chinese Journal of Psychology, 4, 181–211.
Yang, K. S. (2000). Monocultural and cross-cultural indigenous approaches: The royal road to the development of a balanced global psychology. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 3, 241–263.
Yang, K. S. (2003). Beyond Maslow’s culture-bound linear theory: A preliminary statement of the double-Y model of basic human needs. In V. Murphy-Berman & J. J. Berman (Eds.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, Vol. 49: Cross-cultural differences in perspectives on the self. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
Yang, K. S. (2004). Toward a theory of the Chinese self: Conceptual analysis in terms of Social orientation and individual orientation. In K. S. Yang & K. Y. Hsu (Eds.), Proceedings of the Conference on Chinese Self Process, Concept, and Evaluation. I-Lan County, Taiwan: Department of Psychology, Fu Guang College of Humanities and Social Sciences.
Yang, K. S., & Bond, M. H. (1990). Exploring implicit personality theories with indigenous or imported constructs: The Chinese case. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 1087–1095.
Yang, K. S., & Cheng, C. F. (2002). Self-concept discrepancy and affect: An indigenized test of Higgins’ theory (Tech. Rep. No. 89-H-FA01-2-4). Taipei, Taiwan: National Taiwan University.
Yang, K. S., & Ho, Y. F. (1988). The role of yuan in Chinese social life: A conceptual and empirical analysis. In A. C. Paranjpe, D. H. F. Ho, & R. W. Rieber (Eds.), Asian contributions to psychology (pp. 263–281). New York: Praeger.
Yang, K. S., & Wang, D. F. (2000). Basic Chinese personality dimensions and their relationships with the American big five. Report of the 3-year Specially Appointed Research Project Financially Supported by the National Science Council of the Republic of China (NSC 86-2143-H002-026). Taipei, Taiwan: National Science Council. (In Chinese).
Yang, K. S., & Yu, A. B. (1988). Social-oriented and individual-oriented achievement motivation: Conceptualization and measurement. Paper presented at the 24th International Congress of Applied Psychology, Sydney.
Yang, K. S., & Yu, A. B. (1989). Social-oriented and individual-oriented achievement motivation: An attributional analysis of their cognitive, affective, motivational, and behavioral consequences. Paper presented at the 10th biennial meeting of the International Society for the Study of Behavioral Development, Jyävskylä, Finland.
Yang, K. S., Yeh, K. H., & Huang, L. K. (1989). Social psychological aspects of Chinese filial piety: Conceptualization and measurement. Bulletin of the Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica, 65, 171–227. (In Chinese).
Yang, Y. Y. (2001). Chinese affectional interaction pattern in the relationship between mother-in-law and daughter-in-law. In C. F. Yang (Ed.), Chinese interpersonal relationship, affection, and trust: An interpersonal transactional viewpoint (pp. 199–222). Taipei, Taiwan: Yuanliu Publishing Co. (In Chinese).
Yeh, K. H. (1989). Renqing orientation, distributive equity, and performance. Unpublished manuscript, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. (In Chinese).
Yeh, M. H., & Yang, K. S. (1998). Chinese familism: Conceptualization and assessment. Bulletin of the Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica, 83, 169–225. (In Chinese).
Yu, A. B. (1990). The construct validity of social-oriented and individual-oriented achievement motivation. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. (In Chinese).
Yu, A. B. (1996). Ultimate life concerns, self, and Chinese achievement motivation. In M. H. Bond (Ed.), The handbook of Chinese psychology (pp. 227–246). Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.
Yu, A. B., & Yang, K. S. (1993). The nature of achievement motivation in collectivistic societies. In U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, C. Kagitcibasi, S. C. Choi, & G. Yoon (Eds.), Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications (pp. 239–250). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Zhai, X. W. (1995). Chinese views of lian and mian. Taipei, Taiwan: Guiguan Book Co. (In Chinese).
Zhang, Z. X., & Yang, C. F. (2001). A study on the renqing concept. In C. F. Yang (Ed.), Chinese interpersonal relationship, affection, and trust: An interpersonal transactional viewpoint (pp. 223–246). Taipei, Taiwan: Yuanliu Publishing Co. (In Chinese).
Zuo, B. (1993). A social psychological study of Chinese students’ cognitions of face events. In Q. S. Li (Ed.), The social psychological study of Chinese people (pp. 122–140). Hong Kong: Modern Culture Publishing Co. (In Chinese).
Zuo, B. (2000). The measurement of Chinese relationship orientation: An indigenized approach. Paper presented at the 5th Interdisciplinary Conference on Chinese Mind and Behavior: Family-Member Relationships and Psychological Processes Involved, held in the Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. (In Chinese).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Yang, KS. (2006). Indigenous Personality Research. In: Kim, U., Yang, KS., Hwang, KK. (eds) Indigenous and Cultural Psychology. International and Cultural Psychology. Springer, Boston, MA . https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-28662-4_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-28662-4_13
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-28661-7
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-28662-4
eBook Packages: Behavioral ScienceBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)