Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

The Effect of Waiting Time on Youth Engagement to Evidence Based Treatments

  • Brief Report
  • Published:
Community Mental Health Journal Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Prolonged waiting times to receive mental health services are common and may have negative consequences. This study examines the relationship between waiting time and treatment engagement among 2,054 youth referred to an evidence based treatment (EBT). Findings indicate that families are more likely to refuse services if they face longer waiting times. Families exposed to a prolonged waiting time were also more likely to drop out prematurely from Functional Family Therapy, but this relationship was not significant among youth receiving Multisystemic Therapy. Implications for EBT implementation and strategies for engaging families are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

References

  • Alexander, J. F. (2008). Functional family therapy (FFT) clinical training manual. Salt Lake City, UT: FFT INC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, J. F., Pugh, C., & Parsons, B. V. (1998). Functional Family Therapy. In D. S. Elliott (Series Ed.), Blueprints for violence prevention (Book 3). Boulder, CO: Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado.

  • Alexander, J. F., & Sexton, T. L. (2002). Functional family therapy: A model for treating high-risk, acting-out youth. In F. W. Kaslow (Ed.), Comprehensive handbook of psychotherapy: Integrative/eclectic (Vol. 4, pp. 111–132). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alterman, A., Bedrick, J., Howden, D., & Maany, I. (1994). Reducing waiting time for substance abuse treatment does not reduce attrition. Journal of Substance Abuse, 6(3), 325–332. doi:10.1016/S0899-3289(94)90513-4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andersson, H. W. (2004). Factors associated with waiting time for access to mental health services for children and adolescents in Norway. Child Care in Practice, 10(1), 47–56. doi:10.1080/1357527042000188089.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Austin, A., & Wagner, E. F. (2006). Correlates of treatment retention among multi-ethnic youth with substance use problems: Initial examination of ethnic group differences. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse, 15(3), 105–128. doi:10.1300/J029v15n03_07.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beckerman, A., & Fontana, L. (2001). Issues of race and gender in court-ordered substance abuse treatment. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 33(4), 45–61. doi:10.1300/J076v33n04_03.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bjørngaard, J. H., Andersson, H. W., Ose, S. O., & Hanssen-Bauer, K. (2008). User satisfaction with child and adolescent mental health services: Impact of the service unit level. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 43, 635–641. doi:10.1007/s00127-008-0347-8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Borduin, C. M., Mann, B. J., Cone, L. T., Henggeler, S. W., Fucci, B. R., Blaske, D. M., et al. (1995). Multisystemic treatment of serious juvenile offenders: Long-term prevention of criminality and violence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63(4), 569–578. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.63.4.569.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Borduin, C. M., Schaeffer, C. M., & Heiblum, N. (2009). A randomized clinical trial of multisystemic therapy with juvenile sexual offenders: Effects on youth social ecology and criminal activity. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77(1), 26–37. doi:10.1037/a0013035.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, R. G. (2006). Ethnography and applied substance use research: Anthropological and cross-cultural factors. In W. Miller & K. Carroll (Eds.), A rethinking of substance abuse: What the science shows, and what we should do about it (pp. 201–209). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carr, C. J. A., Xu, J., Redko, C., Lane, D. T., Rapp, R. C., Goris, J., et al. (2008). Individual and system influences on waiting time for substance abuse treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 34, 192–201. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2007.03.005.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chamberlain, P., Roberts, R., Jones, H., Marsenich, L., Sosna, T., & Price, J. M. (2011). Three collaborative models for scaling up evidence-based practices. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research. Advance online publication. doi:10.1007/s10488-011-0349-9.

  • Cunningham, P. B., & Henggeler, S. W. (1999). Engaging multiproblem families in treatment: Lessons learned throughout the development of Multisystemic Therapy. Family Process, 38, 265–281.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Curtis, N. M., Ronan, K. R., & Borduin, C. M. (2004). Multisystemic treatment: A meta-analysis of outcome studies. Journal of Family Psychology, 18, 411–419. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.18.3.411.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fixsen, D. L., Blase, K. A., Duda, M. A., Naoom, S. F., & Van Dyke, M. (2010). Implementation of evidence-based treatments for children and adolescents: Research findings and their implications for the future. In J. R. Weisz, A. E. Kazdin, J. R. Weisz, & A. E. Kazdin (Eds.), Evidence-based psychotherapies for children and adolescents (2nd ed., pp. 435–450). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fixsen, D. L., Naoom, S. F., Blase, K. A., Friedman, R. M. & Wallace, F. (2005). Implementation research: A synthesis of the literature. Tampa, FL: University of South Florida, Louis de la Parte Florida Mental Health Institute, The National Implementation Research Network (FMHI Publication #231). Retrieved from http://cfs.cbcs.usf.edu/_docs/publications/NIRN_Monograph_Full.pdf.

  • Folkins, C., Hersch, P., & Dahlen, D. (1980). Waiting time and no-show rate in a community mental health center. American Journal of Community Psychology, 8(1), 121–123. doi:10.1007/BF00892287.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foreman, D. M., & Hanna, M. (2000). How long can a waiting list be?: The impact of waiting time on intention to attend child and adolescent psychiatric clinics. Psychiatric Bulletin, 24, 211–213. doi:10.1192/pb.24.6.211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, M. E., McKay, M. M., & Bannon, W. M., Jr. (2004). Inner-city child mental health service use: The real question is why youth and families do not use services. Community Mental Health Journal, 40(2), 119–131. doi:10.1023/B:COMH.0000022732.80714.8b.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henggeler, S. W. (2004). Decreasing effect sizes for effectiveness studies—Implications for the transport of evidence-based treatments: Comments on Curtis, Ronan, and Borduin (2004). Journal of Family Psychology, 18(3), 420–423. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.18.3.420.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henggeler, S. W., Pickrel, S. G., Brondino, M. J., & Crouch, J. L. (1996). Eliminating (almost) treatment dropout of substance abusing or dependent delinquents through home-based multisystemic therapy. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 153(3), 427–428. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henggeler, S. W., Schoenwald, S. K., Borduin, C. M., Rowland, M. D., & Cunningham, P. B. (2009). Multisystemic therapy for antisocial behavior in children and adolescents (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herschell, A. D., McNeil, C. B., & McNeil, D. W. (2004). Clinical child psychology’s progress in disseminating empirically supported treatments. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11(3), 267–288. doi:10.1093/clipsy.bph082.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, E., Lucey, C., & Wadland, L. (2000). Triage: a waiting list initiative in a child mental health service. Psychiatric Bulletin, 24, 57–59. doi:10.1192/pb.24.2.57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kataoka, S. H., Zhang, L., & Wells, K. B. (2002). Unmet need for mental health care among U.S. children: Variation by ethnicity and insurance status. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 1548–1555. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.9.1548.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keller, G. A. (1997). Management for quality: Continuous quality improvement to increase access to outpatient mental health services. Psychiatric Services, 48(6), 821–825. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.

    Google Scholar 

  • La Greca, A. M., Silverman, W. K., & Lochman, J. E. (2009). Moving beyond efficacy and effectiveness in child and adolescent intervention research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77, 373–382. doi:10.1037/a0015954.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loumidis, K. S., & Shropshire, J. M. (1997). Effects of waiting time on appointment attendance with clinical psychologists and length of treatment. Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine, 14(2), 49–54. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGarry, J., McNicholas, F., Buckley, H., Kelly, B. D., Atkin, L., & Ross, N. (2008). The clinical effectiveness of a brief consultation and advisory approach compared to treatment as usual in child and adolescent mental health services. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 13(3), 365–376. doi:10.1177/1359104508090600.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McKay, M. M., & Bannon, W. M., Jr. (2004). Engaging families in child mental health services. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 13(4), 905–921. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2004.04.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McKay, M. M., Harrison, M. E., Gonzales, J., Kim, L., & Quintana, E. (2002). Multiple-family groups for urban children with conduct difficulties and their families. Psychiatric Services, 53(11), 1467–1468. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.53.11.1467.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McKay, M. M., Hibbert, R., Hoagwood, K., Rodriguez, J., Murray, L., Legerski, J., et al. (2004). Integrating evidence-based engagement interventions into “Real World” child mental health settings. Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention, 4, 177–186. doi:10.1093/brief-treatment/mhh014.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McKay, M. M., Lynn, C. J., & Bannon, W. M. (2005). Understanding inner city child mental health need and trauma exposure: Implications for preparing urban service providers. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 75(2), 201–210.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McKay, M., McCadam, K., & Gonzales, J. (1996). Addressing the barriers to mental health services for inner city children and their caretakers. Community Mental Health Journal, 32(4), 353–361. doi:10.1007/BF02249453.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McKay, M., Stoewe, J., McCadam, K., & Gonzales, J. (1998). Increasing access to child mental health services for urban children and their caregivers. Health & Social Work, 23(1), 9–15. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.

    Google Scholar 

  • Painter, K., & Scannapieco, M. (2009). Part II: Multisystemic therapy: Addressing racial disparity and its effectiveness with families from diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds. Journal of Family Social Work, 12(3), 197–210. doi:10.1080/10522150903030154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pérez, R., Ezpeleta, L., & Domenech, J. (2007). Features associated with the non-participation and drop out by socially-at-risk children and adolescents in mental-health epidemiological studies. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 42(3), 251–258. doi:10.1007/s00127-006-0155-y.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prochaska, J. O., & DiClemente, C. C. (1982). Transtheoretical therapy: Toward a more integrative model of change. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 19(3), 276–288. doi:10.1037/h0088437.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rawal, P., Romansky, J., Jenuwine, M., & Lyons, J. S. (2004). Racial difference in the mental health needs and service utilization of youth in the juvenile justice system. Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research, 31(3), 242–254.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Redko, C., Rapp, R. C., & Carlson, R. G. (2006). Waiting time as a barrier to treatment entry: Perceptions of substance users. Journal of Drug Issues, 36(4), 831–852. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell, M. N., Lang, M., & Brett, B. (1987). Reducing dropout rates through improved intake procedures. Social Casework, 68(7), 421–425.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snell-Johns, J., Mendez, J. L., & Smith, B. H. (2004). Evidence-based solutions for overcoming access barriers, decreasing attrition, and promoting change with underserved families. Journal of Family Psychology, 18, 19–35. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.18.1.19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Staudt, M. (2007). Treatment engagement with caregivers of at-risk children: Gaps in research and conceptualization. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 16(2), 183–196. doi:10.1007/s10826-006-9077-2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Subotski, F., & Berelowitz, M. (1990). Consumer views at a child guidance clinic. Newsletter of Association for Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 12, 8–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tahhan, J., St. Pierre, J., Stewart, S. L., Leschied, A. W., & Cook, S. (2010). Families of children with serious emotional disorders: Maternal reports on the decision and impact of their child’s placement in residential treatment. Residential Treatment for Children & Youth, 27, 191–213. doi:10.1080/0886571X.2010.500956.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weisz, J. R., & Kazdin, A. E. (2010). Present and future of evidence-based psychotherapies for children and adolescents. In J. R. Weisz & A. E. Kazdin (Eds.), Evidence-based psychotherapies for children and adolescents (2nd ed., pp. 557–572). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, M. E., Latta, J., & Conversano, P. (2008). Eliminating the wait for mental health services. Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 35(1), 107–114. doi:10.1007/s11414-007-9091-1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge funding support from Maryland’s Governor’s Office for Children and input from the Maryland Department of Juvenile Services.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Anna M. L. Westin.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Westin, A.M.L., Barksdale, C.L. & Stephan, S.H. The Effect of Waiting Time on Youth Engagement to Evidence Based Treatments. Community Ment Health J 50, 221–228 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-012-9585-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-012-9585-z

Keywords

Navigation