Abstract
This study examines the relationships of empathy, moral identity and cynicism with the following dimensions of consumer ethics: the passive dimension (passively benefiting at the expense of the seller), the active/legal dimension (benefiting from questionable but legal actions), the ‘no harm, no foul’ dimension (actions that do not harm anyone directly but are considered unethical by some) and the ‘doing-good’/recycling dimension (pro-social actions). A survey of six hundred Australian consumers revealed that both empathy and moral identity were related to negative beliefs regarding the passive and the active/legal dimensions of consumer ethics and were related to positive beliefs regarding the ‘doing-good’/recycling dimension. Cynicism was related to positive beliefs regarding the passive dimension of consumer ethics and was related to negative beliefs regarding the ‘doing-good’/recycling dimension. The role of moral disengagement in mediating these relationships was examined. Empathy and moral identity were only indirectly negatively related to the ‘no harm, no foul’ dimension of consumer ethics through moral disengagement, while cynicism was indirectly positively related to this dimension through moral disengagement. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
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Appendices
Appendices
Appendix 1
Empathy Scale (Adapted from Davis 1980)
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1.
I believe that there are two sides to every question and try to look at them both.
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2.
I sometimes find it difficult to see things from the “other person’s” point of view.*
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3.
I try to look at everybody’s side of a disagreement before I make a decision.
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4.
When I’m upset at someone, I usually try to “put myself in his or her shoes” for a while.
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5.
I often have tender, concerned feelings for people less fortunate than me.
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6.
I would describe myself as a pretty soft-hearted person.
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7.
Other people’s misfortunes do not usually disturb me a great deal.*
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8.
I am often quite touched by things that I see happen.
*Reverse-coded.
Appendix 2
Moral Identity Scale (Aquino and Reed 2002)
Listed below are some characteristics that might describe a person: Caring, Compassionate, Fair, Friendly, Generous, Helpful, Hardworking, Honest, and Kind.
The person with these characteristics could be you or it could be someone else. For a moment, visualize in your mind the kind of person who has these characteristics. Imagine how that person would think, feel, and act. When you have a clear image of what this person would be like, please indicate how strongly you agree or disagree with each of the following statements.
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1.
It would make me feel good to be a person who has these characteristics.
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2.
Being someone who has these characteristics is an important part of who I am.
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3.
I would be ashamed to be a person who had these characteristics.*
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4.
Having these characteristics is not really important to me.*
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5.
I strongly desire to have these characteristics.
*Reverse-coded.
Appendix 3
Cynicism Scale (Adapted from Wrightsman 1991)
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1.
If most people could get into a movie without paying and be sure that they would not be seen, they would do it.
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2.
Most people would tell a lie if they could gain by it.
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3.
People claim that they have ethical standards regarding honesty and morality, but few people stick to them when the chips are down.
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4.
People pretend to care more about one another than they really do.
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5.
Most people are not really honest for a desirable reason; they are afraid of getting caught.
Appendix 4
Moral Disengagement Scale (Detert et al. 2008 adapted from Bandura et al. 1996)
Moral Justification
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1.
It is alright to fight to protect your friends.
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2.
It is ok to steal to take care of your family’s needs.
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3.
It is ok to attack someone who threatens your family’s honour.
Euphemistic Labelling
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4.
Sharing test questions is just a way of helping your friends.
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5.
Talking about people behind their backs is just part of the game.
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6.
Looking at a friend’s homework without permission is just “borrowing it”.
Advantageous Comparison
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7.
Damaging some property is no big deal when you consider that others are beating up people.
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8.
Stealing some money is not too serious compared to those who steal a lot of money.
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9.
Compared to other illegal things people do, taking some things from a store without paying for them is not very serious.
Displacement of Responsibility
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10.
If people are living under bad conditions, they cannot be blamed for behaving aggressively.
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11.
If someone is pressured into doing something, they shouldn’t be blamed for it.
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12.
People cannot be blamed for misbehaving if their friends pressured them to do it.
Diffusion of Responsibility
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13.
A member of a group or team should not be blamed for the trouble the team caused.
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14.
If a group decides together to do something harmful, it is unfair to blame any one member of the group for it.
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15.
You can’t blame a person who plays only a small part in the harm caused by a group.
Distortion of Consequences
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16.
People don’t mind being teased because it shows interest in them.
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17.
Teasing someone does not really hurt them.
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18.
Insults don’t really hurt anyone.
Attribution of Blame
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19.
If someone leaves something lying around, it’s their own fault if it gets stolen.
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20.
People who are mistreated have usually done things to deserve it.
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21.
People are not at fault for misbehaving at work if their managers mistreat them.
Dehumanization
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22.
Some people deserve to be treated like animals.
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23.
It is OK to treat badly someone who behaved like a ‘worm’.
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24.
Someone who is obnoxious does not deserve to be treated like a human being.
Appendix 5
Consumer Ethics Scale (Muncy and Vitell 1992; Vitell and Muncy 1992, 2005)
Active/Illegal Dimension
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1.
Giving misleading price information to a clerk for an unpriced item.
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2.
Using a long distance telephone access code that does not belong to you.
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3.
Drinking a can of soda in a store without paying for it.
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4.
Reporting a lost item as ‘stolen’ to an insurance company in order to collect the insurance money.
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5.
Changing price tags on merchandise in a retail store.
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6.
Returning damaged goods when the damage was your own fault.
Passive Dimension
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1.
Moving into a residence, finding that the cable (pay) TV is still hooked up, and using it without paying for it.
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2.
Lying about a child’s age to get a lower price.
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3.
Not saying anything when the waiter or waitress miscalculates a bill in your favour.
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4.
Getting too much change and not saying anything.
Active/Legal Dimension
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1.
Using an expired coupon for merchandise.
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2.
Returning merchandise to a store by claiming it was a gift when it was not.
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3.
Not telling the truth when negotiating the price of a new automobile.
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4.
Stretching the truth on an income tax return.
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5.
Using a coupon for merchandise you did not buy.
‘No Harm, No Foul’ Dimension
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1.
‘Burning’ a CD rather than buying it.
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2.
Returning merchandise after buying it and not liking it.
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3.
Recording a movie off the television.
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4.
Spending over an hour trying on clothing and not buying anything.
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5.
Installing software on your computer without buying it.
‘Doing-good’/Recycling Dimension
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1.
Buying products labelled as “environmentally friendly” even if they don’t work as well as competing products.
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2.
Purchasing something made of recycled materials even though it is more expensive.
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3.
Buying only from companies that have a strong record of protecting the environment.
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4.
Recycling materials such as cans, bottles, newspapers etc.
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5.
Returning to the store and paying for an item that the cashier mistakenly did not charge you for.
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6.
Correcting a bill that has been miscalculated in your favour.
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7.
Giving a larger than expected tip to a waiter or waitress.
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8.
Not purchasing products from companies that you believe don’t treat their employees fairly.
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Chowdhury, R.M.M.I., Fernando, M. The Relationships of Empathy, Moral Identity and Cynicism with Consumers’ Ethical Beliefs: The Mediating Role of Moral Disengagement. J Bus Ethics 124, 677–694 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1896-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1896-7