Abstract
During the past few years, SDT scholars have progressively developed knowledge that helps to better understand the roots of students’ maladaptive motivational functioning. This body of work was advanced by the recognition that the frustration of the psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness plays a distinct role in the elicitation of maladaptive motivational functioning. Given the presumed critical role of experiences of need frustration, an increasing number of studies have shed light on the role of need thwarting in general and controlling teaching in particular in the prediction of defiance and other maladaptive outcomes at school. This rapidly growing body of work, which has either made use of self-reports or observations of controlling teaching, is reviewed herein. In addition, we provide an overview of previous studies on antecedents of controlling teaching and sketch a number of research directions for future research. The chapter closes with a set of practical recommendations for teachers.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aelterman, N., Vansteenkiste, M., Van den Berghe, L., De Meyer, J., & Haerens, L. (2014). Fostering a need-supportive teaching style: Intervention effects on physical education teachers’ beliefs and teaching behaviors. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 36(3), 595–609. doi:10.1123/jsep.2013-0229.
Aelterman, N., Vansteenkiste, M., Van Keer, H., De Meyer, J., Van den Berghe, L., & Haerens, L. (2013). Development and evaluation of a training on need-supportive teaching in physical education: Qualitative and quantitative findings. Teaching and Teacher Education, 29, 64–75. doi:10.1016/j.tate.2012.09.001.
Amabile, T. M., Dejong, W., & Lepper, M. R. (1976). Effects of externally imposed deadlines on subsequent intrinsic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 92–98. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.34.1.92.
Assor, A., Kaplan, H., Kanat-Maymon, Y., & Roth, G. (2005). Directly controlling teacher behaviors as predictors of poor motivation and engagement in girls and boys: The role of anger and anxiety. Learning and Instruction, 15, 397–413. doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2005.07.008.
Assor, A., Kaplan, H., & Roth, G. (2002). Choice is good, but relevance is excellent: Autonomy-enhancing and suppressing teacher behaviours predicting students’ engagement in schoolwork. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 72, 261–278. doi:10.1348/000709902158883.
Balaguer, I., González, L., Fabra, P., Castillo, I., Mercé, J., & Duda, J. L. (2012). Coaches’ interpersonal style, basic psychological needs and the well- and ill-being of young soccer players: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Sports Sciences, 30(15), 1619–1629. doi:10.1080/02640414.2012.731517.
Bartholomew, K. J., Ntoumanis, N., Cuevas, R., & Lonsdale, C. (2014). Job pressure and ill-health in physical education teachers: The mediating role of psychological need thwarting. Teaching and Teacher Education, 37, 101–107. doi:10.1016/j.tate.2013.10.006.
Bartholomew, K. J., Ntoumanis, N., Ryan, R. M., Bosch, J. A., & Thogersen-Ntoumani, C. (2011a). Self-determination theory and diminished functioning: The role of interpersonal control and psychological need thwarting. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(11), 1459–1473. doi:10.1177/0146167211413125.
Bartholomew, K. J., Ntoumanis, N., Ryan, R. M., & Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C. (2011b). Psychological need thwarting in the sport context: Assessing the darker side of athletic experience. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 33(1), 75–102.
Black, A. E., & Deci, E. L. (2000). The effects of instructors’ autonomy support and students’ autonomous motivation on learning organic chemistry: A self-determination theory perspective. Science Education, 84(6), 740–756. doi:10.1002/1098-237x(200011)84:6<740::aid-sce4>3.0.co;2-3.
Chen, A., Vansteenkiste, M., Beyers, W., Boone, L., Deci, E. L., & Deeder, J. (2015). Psychological need satisfaction and desire for need satisfaction across four cultures. Motivation and Emotion, 39(2), 216–236.
Cheon, S. H., & Reeve, J. (2013). Do the benefits from autonomy-supportive PE teacher training programs endure? A one-year follow-up investigation. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14(4), 508–518. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.02.002.
Cheon, S. H., Reeve, J., Yu, T. H., & Jang, H. R. (2014). The teacher benefits from giving autonomy support during physical education instruction. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 36, 331–346. doi:10.1123/jsep.2013-0231.
De Meyer, J., Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Aelterman, N., Van Peteghem, S., & Haerens, L. (2015). Do students with different motivational orientations benefit from autonomy supportive teaching and suffer from controlling teaching? Manuscript submitted for publication, in press.
De Meyer, J., Tallir, I. B., Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Aelterman, N., Van den Berghe, L., et al. (2014). Does observed controlling teaching behavior relate to students’ motivation in physical education? Journal of Educational Psychology, 106, 541–554. doi:10.1037/a0034399.
Deci, E. L. (1995). Why we do what we do: Understanding self-motivation. New York: Penguin Books.
Deci, E. L., Koestner, R., & Ryan, R. M. (1999). A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 125(6), 627–668. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.125.6.627.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). The general causality orientations scale: Self-determination in personality. Journal of Research in Personality, 19(2), 109–134. doi:10.1016/0092-6566(85)90023-6.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227–268. doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1104_01.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2002). Handbook of self-determination research. Rochester, NY: The University of Rochester Press.
Deci, E. L., Schwartz, A. J., Sheinman, L., & Ryan, R. M. (1981). An instrument to assess adults’ orientations toward control versus autonomy with children: Reflections on intrinsic motivation and perceived competence. Journal of Educational Psychology, 73, 642–650.
Deci, E. L., Spiegel, N. H., Ryan, R. M., Koestner, R., & Kauffman, M. (1982). Effects of performance standards on teaching styles: Behavior of controlling teachers. Journal of Educational Psychology, 74(6), 852–859. doi:10.1037//0022-0663.74.6.852.
Flanagan, J. C. (1954). The critical incident technique. Psychological Bulletin, 51(4), 327–358. doi:10.1037/h0061470.
Flink, C., Boggiano, A. K., & Barrett, M. (1990). Controlling teaching strategies: Undermining children’s self-determination and performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(5), 916–924. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.59.5.916.
Gillet, N., Fouquereau, E., Forst, J., Brunaults, P., & Colombat, P. (2012). The impact of organizational factors on psychological needs and their relations with well-being. Journal of Business and Psychology, 27, 437–450. doi:10.1007/s10869-011-9253-2.
Grolnick, W. S. (2003). The psychology of parental control: How well-meant parenting backfires. Mahwah, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates.
Grolnick, W. S., & Pomerantz, E. M. (2009). Issues and challenges in studying parental control: Toward a new conceptualization. Child Development Perspectives, 3, 165–170.
Haerens, L., Aelterman, N., Vansteenkiste, M., Soenens, B., & Van Petegem, S. (2015). Do perceived autonomy-supportive and controlling teaching relate to physical education students’ motivational experiences through unique pathways? Distinguishing between the bright and dark side of motivation. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 16, 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.08.013.
Jang, H., Kim, E. J., & Reeve, J. (2012). Longitudinal test of self-determination theory’s motivation mediation model in a naturally occurring classroom context. Journal of Educational Psychology, 104(4), 1175–1188. doi:10.1037/a0028089.
Jang, H., Reeve, J., Ryan, R. M., & Kim, A. (2009). Can self-determination theory explain what underlies the productive, satisfying learning experiences of collectivistically oriented Korean students? Journal of Educational Psychology, 101(3), 644–661. doi:10.1037/a0014241.
Jang, H., Reeve, J., & Deci, E. L. (2010). Engaging students in learning activities: It is not autonomy support or structure but autonomy support and structure. Journal of Educational Psychology, 102, 588–600. doi:10.1037/a0019682.
Koestner, R., Ryan, R. M., Bernieri, F., & Holt, K. (1984). Setting limits on children’s behavior: The differential effects of controlling vs informational styles on intrinsic motivation and creativity. Journal of Personality, 52(3), 233–248. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1984.tb00879.x.
Korthagen, F. A. J. (2004). In search of the essence of a good teacher: Towards a more holistic approach in teacher education. Teaching and Teacher Education, 20(1), 77–97. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2003.10.002.
Matosic, D., & Cox, A. E. (2014). Athletes’ motivation regulations and need satisfaction across combinations of perceived coaching behaviors. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 26(3), 302–317. doi:10.1080/10413200.2013.879963.
Mosston, M., & Ashworth, S. (2002). Teaching physical education (5th ed.). San Fransisco: Benjamin Cummings.
Mouratidis, A., Vansteenkiste, M., Michou, A., & Lens, W. (2013). Perceived structure and achievement goals as predictors of students’ self-regulated learning and affect and the mediating role of competence need satisfaction. Learning and Individual Differences, 23, 179–186. doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2012.09.001.
Ng, J. Y., Ntoumanis, N., Thogersen-Ntoumani, C., Stott, K., & Hindle, L. (2013). Predicting psychological needs and well-being of individuals engaging in weight management: The role of important others. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 5(3), 291–310. doi:10.1111/aphw.12011.
Niemiec, C. P., & Ryan, R. M. (2009). Autonomy, competence, and relatedness in the classroom applying self-determination theory to educational practice. Theory and Research in Education, 7(2), 133–144.
Pajares, M. F. (1992). Teachers’ beliefs and educational research: Cleaning up a messy construct. Review of Educational Research, 62(3), 307–332. doi:10.3102/00346543062003307.
Pelletier, L. G., Seguin-Levesque, C., & Legault, L. (2002). Pressure from above and pressure from below as determinants of teachers’ motivation and teaching behaviors. Journal of Educational Psychology, 94(1), 186–196. doi:10.1037//0022-0663.94.1.186.
Pelletier, L. G., & Sharp, E. C. (2009). Administrative pressures and teachers’ interpersonal behaviour in the classroom. Theory and Research in Education, 7(2), 174–183. doi:10.1177/1477878509104322.
Reeve, J. (1998). Autonomy support as an interpersonal motivating style: Is it teachable? Contemporary Educational Psychology, 23(3), 312–330. doi:10.1006/ceps.1997.0975.
Reeve, J. (2009). Why teachers adopt a controlling motivating style toward students and how they can become more autonomy supportive. Educational Psychologist, 44(3), 159–175. doi:10.1080/00461520903028990.
Reeve, J., & Jang, H. S. (2006). What teachers say and do to support students’ autonomy during a learning activity. Journal of Educational Psychology, 98(1), 209–218. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.98.1.209.
Reeve, J., & Tseng, C. M. (2011). Cortisol reactivity to a teacher’s motivating style: The biology of being controlled versus supporting autonomy. Motivation and Emotion, 35(1), 63–74. doi:10.1007/s11031-011-9204-2.
Reeve, J., Vansteenkiste, M., Assor, A., Ahmad, I., Cheon, S. H., Jang, H., et al. (2014). The beliefs that underlie autonomy-supportive and controlling teaching: A multinational investigation. Motivation and Emotion, 38(1), 93–110. doi:10.1007/s11031-013-9367-0.
Rietzschel, E. F., Slijkhuis, M., & Van Yperen, N. W. (2014). Close monitoring as a contextual stimulator: How need for structure affects the relation between close monitoring and work outcomes. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 23(3), 394–404.
Richardson, P. W., Karabenick, S. A., & Watt, H. M. G. (2014). Teacher motivation: Theory and practice. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis.
Roth, G., & Weinstock, M. (2013). Teachers’ epistemological beliefs as an antecedent of autonomy-supportive teaching. Motivation and Emotion, 37(3), 402–412. doi:10.1007/s11031-012-9338-x.
Ryan, R. M. (1982). Control and information in the intrapersonal sphere: An extension of cognitive evaluation theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43(3), 450–461. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.43.3.450.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). The darker and brighter sides of human existence: Basic psychological needs as a unifying concept. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 319–338.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2002). An overview of self-determination theory. In E. L. Deci & R. M. Ryan (Eds.), Handbook of self-determination research (pp. 3–33). Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2008). From ego depletion to vitality: Theory and findings concerning the facilitation of energy available to the self. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2(2), 702–717. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00098.x.
Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L., Vansteenkiste, M. (2015). Autonomy and autonomy disturbances in self-development and psychopa-thology: Research on motivation, attachment, and clinical process. To appear In D. Cicchetti (Ed.), Developmental psychopathology (3rd Edn). New York: Wiley.
Ryan, R. M., & Niemiec, C. P. (2009). Self-determination theory in schools of education: Can an empirically supported framework also be critical and liberating? Theory and Research in Education, 7(2), 263–272. doi:10.1177/1477878509104331.
Sarrazin, P. G., Tessier, D. P., Pelletier, L. G., Trouilloud, D. O., & Chanal, J. P. (2006). The effects of teachers’ expectations about students’ motivation on teachers’ autonomy-supportive and controlling behaviors. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 4(3), 283–301.
Sheldon, K. M., & Hilpert, J. C. (2012). The balanced measure of psychological needs (BMPN) scale: An alternative domain general measure of need satisfaction. Motivation and Emotion, 36(4), 439–451. doi:10.1007/s11031-012-9279-4.
Skinner, E. A., & Belmont, M. J. (1993). Motivation in the classroom: Reciprocal effects of teacher behavior and student engagement across the school year. Journal of Educational Psychology, 85(4), 571–581. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.85.4.571.
Skinner, E. A., Kindermann, T. A., Connell, J. P., & Wellborn, J. G. (2009). Engagement and disaffection as organizational constructs in the dynamics of motivational development. In K. R. Wentzel & A. Wigfield (Eds.), Handbook of motivation at school (pp. 223–246). New York/London: Routledge.
Soenens, B., Sierens, E., Vansteenkiste, M., Dochy, F., & Goossens, L. (2012). Psychologically controlling teaching: Examining outcomes, antecedents, and mediators. Journal of Educational Psychology, 104(1), 108–120. doi:10.1037/a0025742.
Soenens, B., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2010). A theoretical upgrade of the concept of parental psychological control: Proposing new insights on the basis of self-determination theory. Developmental Review, 30(1), 74–99. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2009.11.001.
Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., & Luyten, P. (2010). Toward a domain-specific approach to the study of parental psychological control: Distinguishing between dependency-oriented and achievement-oriented psychological control. Journal of Personality, 78(1), 217–256. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00614.x.
Stebbings, J., Taylor, I. M., Spray, C. M., & Ntoumanis, N. (2012). Antecedents of perceived coach interpersonal behaviors: The coaching environment and coach psychological well- and ill-being. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 34(4), 481–502.
Su, Y.-L., & Reeve, J. (2011). A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of intervention programs designed to support autonomy. Educational Psychology Review, 23(1), 159–188. doi:10.1007/s10648-010-9142-7.
Taylor, I. M., Ntoumanis, N., & Smith, B. (2009). The social context as a determinant of teacher motivational strategies in physical education. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10(2), 235–243. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2008.09.002.
Tessier, D., Sarrazin, P., & Ntoumanis, N. (2010). The effect of an intervention to improve newly qualified teachers’ interpersonal style, students motivation and psychological need satisfaction in sport-based physical education. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 35(4), 242–253. doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2010.05.005.
Vallerand, R. J. (1997). Toward a hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 29, pp. 271–360). New York: Academic.
Van den Berghe, L., Soenens, B., Aelterman, N., Cardon, G., Tallir, I. B., & Haerens, L. (2014). Within-person profiles of teachers’ motivation to teach: Associations with need satisfaction at work, need-supportive teaching, and burnout. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15(4), 407–417. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.04.001.
Van den Berghe, L., Cardon, G., Tallir, I., Kirk, D., & Haerens, L. (2015). Dynamics of needsupportive and need-thwarting teaching behavior: The bidirectional relationship with student engagement and disengagement in five-minute intervals. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy. In revision.
Van den Berghe, L., Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Aelterman, N., Cardon, G., Tallir, I. B., et al. (2013). Observed need-supportive and need-thwarting teaching behavior in physical education: Do teachers’ motivational orientations matter? Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14, 650–661. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.04.006.
Van Petegem, S., Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., & Beyers, W. (2015). Rebels with a cause? Adolescent defiance from the perspective of reactance theory and self-determination theory. Child Development, 86(3), 903–918. doi:10.1111/cdev.12355.
Vansteenkiste, M., Niemiec, C., & Soenens, B. (2010). The development of the five mini-theories of self-determination theory: An historical overview, emerging trends, and future directions. In T. C. Urdan & S. A. Karabenick (Eds.), Advances in motivation and achievement (The decade ahead, Vol. 16, pp. 105–166). Bingley, UK: Emerald Publishing.
Vansteenkiste, M., & Ryan, R. M. (2013). On psychological growth and vulnerability: Basic psychological need satisfaction and need frustration as a unifying principle. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 23, 263–280. doi:10.1037/a0032359.
Vansteenkiste, M., Simons, J., Lens, W., Sheldon, K. A., & Deci, E. L. (2004). Motivating learning, performance, and persistence: The synergistic effects of intrinsic goal contents and autonomy-supportive contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 246–260.
Vansteenkiste, M., Simons, J., Lens, W., Soenens, B., & Matos, L. (2005). Examining the motivational impact of intrinsic versus extrinsic goal framing and autonomy-supportive versus internally controlling communication style on early adolescents’ academic achievement. Child Development, 76, 483–501. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00858.x.
Vansteenkiste, M., Soenens, B., Van Petegem, S., & Duriez, B. (2014). Longitudinal associations between adolescent perceived degree and style of parental prohibition and internalization and defiance. Developmental Psychology, 50, 229–236. doi:10.1037/a0032972.
Vansteenkiste, M., & Van den Broeck, A. (2014). Understanding motivational dynamics among unemployed individuals: Insights from the self-determination theory perspective. In U. C. Klehe, & E. A. J. Van Hooft (Eds.). Handbook of job loss and job search. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Vansteenkiste, M., Williams, G. C., & Resnicow, K. (2012). Toward systematic integration between self-determination theory and motivational interviewing as examples of top-down and bottom-up intervention development: Autonomy or volition as a fundamental theoretical principle. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 9, 11. doi:10.1186/1479-5868-9-23.
Verstuyf, J., Vansteenkiste, M., Soenens, B., Boone, L., & Mouratidis, A. (2013). Daily ups and downs in women’s binge eating symptoms: The role of basic psychological needs, general self-control, and emotional eating. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 32, 335–361.
Way, S. M. (2011). School discipline and disruptive classroom behavior: The moderating effects of student perceptions. Sociological Quarterly, 52, 346–375. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.2011.01210.x.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer Science+Business Media Singapore
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Haerens, L., Vansteenkiste, M., Aelterman, N., Van den Berghe, L. (2016). Toward a Systematic Study of the Dark Side of Student Motivation: Antecedents and Consequences of Teachers’ Controlling Behaviors. In: Liu, W., Wang, J., Ryan, R. (eds) Building Autonomous Learners. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-630-0_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-630-0_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-287-629-4
Online ISBN: 978-981-287-630-0
eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)