Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R)

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Handbook of Assessment in Mindfulness Research

Abstract

The Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R) is a 12-item unidimensional measure of individual differences in mindfulness. Items capture present-focused attention, awareness, and nonjudgmental acceptance of thoughts and emotions in language that does not explicitly mention meditation practice or training, making it suitable for use with a range of non-meditating populations. In this chapter, we summarize key research findings that speak to the psychometric properties and clinical utility of the CAMS-R. Across a variety of populations, the measure exhibits acceptable internal consistency, strong correlations with other widely used yet longer mindfulness questionnaires, and a pattern of conceptually consistent associations with measures of distress, well-being, and emotion regulation and reactivity. The clinical utility of the CAMS-R is supported by its demonstrated sensitivity to change following mindfulness-based interventions and mindfulness training presented in a variety of formats. In sum, the relative brevity and broad conceptual coverage of the CAMS-R make it a useful stand-alone assessment of dispositional mindfulness for both observational and intervention research with nonclinical and clinical samples.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aherne, C., Moran, A. P., & Lonsdale, C. (2011). The effect of mindfulness training on athletes’ flow: An initial investigation. The Sport Psychologist, 25(2), 177–189. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.25.2.177

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akin, Ãœ., & Akin, A. (2015). Mindfulness and subjective happiness: The mediating role of coping competence. ÄŒeskoslovenská Psychologie: ÄŒasopis Pro Psychologickou Teorii A Praxi, 59(4), 359–368.

    Google Scholar 

  • Akin, U., Akin, A., & UÄŸur, E. (2016). Mediating role of mindfulness on the associations of friendship quality and subjective vitality. Psychological Reports, 119(2), 516–526. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294116661273

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., & Allen, K. B. (2004). Assessment of mindfulness by self report: The Kentucky inventory of mindfulness skills. Assessment, 11(3), 191–206. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191104268029

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13(1), 27–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191105283504

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bergomi, C., Tschacher, W., & Kupper, Z. (2013). The assessment of mindfulness with self-report measures: Existing scales and open issues. Mindfulness, 4(3), 191–202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-012-0110-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhambhani, Y., & Cabral, G. (2016). Evaluating nonattachment and decentering as possible mediators of the link between mindfulness and psychological distress in a nonclinical college sample. Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine, 21(4), 295–305. https://doi.org/10.1177/2156587215607109

  • Bodner, T., & Langer, E. (2001). Individual differences in mindfulness: The mindfulness/mindlessness scale. Poster Presented at the 13th Annual American Psychological Society Conference, Toronto, ON.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. Wiley.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Britton, W. B., Lepp, N. E., Niles, H. F., Rocha, T., Fisher, N. E., & Gold, J. S. (2014). A randomized controlled pilot trial of classroom-based mindfulness meditation compared to an active control condition in sixth-grade children. Journal of School Psychology, 52(3), 263–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2014.03.002

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 822–848.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buchheld, N., Grossman, P., & Walach, H. (2002). Measuring mindfulness in insight meditation (Vipassana) and meditation-based psychotherapy: The development of the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI). Journal for Meditation and Meditation Research, 1, 11–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cardaciotto, L., Herbert, J. D., Forman, E. M., Moitra, E., & Farrow, V. (2008). The assessment of present-moment awareness and acceptance: The Philadelphia Mindfulness Scale. Assessment, 15(2), 204–223. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191107311467

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Catak, P. D. (2012). The Turkish version of the cognitive and affective mindfulness scale-revised. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 8(4), 603.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chadwick, P., Hember, M., Symes, J., Peters, E., Kuipers, E., & Dagnan, D. (2008). Responding mindfully to unpleasant thoughts and images: Reliability and validity of the Southampton Mindfulness Questionnaire (SMQ). British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 47(4), 451–455. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466508X314891

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chan, K. S., & Lam, C. B. (2017a). Trait mindfulness attenuates the adverse psychological impact of stigma on parents of children with autism spectrum disorder. Mindfulness, 8(4), 984–994. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016-0675-9

  • Chan, T. O., & Lam, S. (2017b). Mediator or moderator? The role of mindfulness in the association between child behavior problems and parental stress. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 70, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2017.08.007

  • Chan, H., Lo, L., Lin, M., & Thompson, N. (2016). Revalidation of the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale – Revised (CAMS-R) with its newly developed Chinese version (Ch-CAMS-R). Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 10. https://doi.org/10.1017/prp.2015.4

  • Chaukos, D., Chad-Friedman, E., Mehta, D. H., Byerly, L., Celik, A., McCoy, T. H., & Denninger, J. W. (2017). Risk and resilience factors associated with resident burnout. Academic Psychiatry, 41(2), 189–194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-016-0628-6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen, D. R., Dowling, N. A., Jackson, A. C., Brown, M., Russo, J., Francis, K. L., & Umemoto, A. (2013). A proof of concept for using brief dialectical behavior therapy as a treatment for problem gambling. Behaviour Change, 30(2), 117–137. https://doi.org/10.1017/bec.2013.10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cicchetti, D., Ackerman, B. P., & Izard, C. E. (1995). Emotions and emotion regulation in developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 7(1), 1–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, R. J. (2000). Affective style, psychopathology, and resilience: Brain mechanisms and plasticity. American Psychologist, 55(11), 1196–1214.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, K. M., Lau, M. A., & Cairns, D. R. (2009). Development and preliminary validation of a trait version of the Toronto Mindfulness Scale. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 23(3), 185–197. https://doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.23.3.185

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Lisle, S., Dowling, N. A., & Allen, J. S. (2014). Mechanisms of action in the relationship between mindfulness and problem gambling behaviour. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 12(2), 206–225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-014-9475-4

  • Desbordes, G., Gard, T., Hoge, E. A., Hölzel, B. K., Kerr, C., Lazar, S. W., & Vago, D. R. (2015). Moving beyond mindfulness: Defining equanimity as an outcome measure in meditation and contemplative research. Mindfulness, 6(2), 356–372.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dijkstra, P., & Barelds, D. H. (2011). Examining a model of dispositional mindfulness, body comparison, and body satisfaction. Body Image, 8(4), 419–422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.05.007

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Falsafi, N. (2016). A randomized controlled trial of mindfulness versus yoga: Effects on depression and/or anxiety in college students. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 22(6), 483–497. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078390316663307

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, G., Greeson, J., Renna, M., & Robbins-Monteith, K. (2011). Mindfulness predicts less texting while driving among young adults: Examining attention- and emotion-regulation motives as potential mediators. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(7), 856–861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.07.020

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, G., Hayes, A., Kumar, S., Greeson, J., & Laurenceau, J. (2007). Mindfulness and emotion regulation: The development and initial validation of the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CMS-R). Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 29(3), 177–190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-006-9035-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, G., Lavallee, J., Gildawie, K., & Greeson, J. M. (2016). Dispositional mindfulness uncouples physiological and emotional reactivity to a laboratory stressor and emotional reactivity to executive functioning lapses in daily life. Mindfulness, 7(2), 527–541. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-015-0487-3

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Finkelstein-Fox, L., Park, C. L., & Riley, K. E. (2019). Mindfulness’ effects on stress, coping, and mood: A daily diary goodness-of-fit study. Emotion, 19(6), 1002–1013. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000495

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fresco, D. M., Moore, M. T., van Dulmen, M. H. M., Segal, Z. V., Ma, S. H., Teasdale, J. D., & Williams, J. M. G. (2007). Initial psychometric properties of the experiences questionnaire: Validation of a self-report measure of decentering. Behavior Therapy, 38(3), 234–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2006.08.003

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gampopa. (2000). The jewel ornament of liberation: The wish-fulfilling gem of the noble teachings. Snow Lion Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garisch, J. A., & Wilson, M. S. (2015). Prevalence, correlates, and prospective predictors of non-suicidal self-injury among New Zealand adolescents: Cross-sectional and longitudinal survey data. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 9, 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-015-0055-6

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Garland, E. L., Hanley, A. W., Goldin, P. R., & Gross, J. J. (2017). Testing the mindfulness-to-meaning theory: Evidence for mindful positive emotion regulation from a reanalysis of longitudinal data. PLoS One, 12(12), e0187727. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0187727

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gaudiano, B. A., Nowlan, K., Brown, L. A., Epstein-Lubow, G., & Miller, I. W. (2013). An open trial of a new acceptance-based behavioral treatment for major depression with psychotic features. Behavior Modification, 37(3), 324–355. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445512465173

  • Gaudiano, B. A., Primack, J., & Miller, I. W. (2016). Investigating the role of acceptance, mindfulness and values in patients with psychosis in the context of depression. Journal of Psychiatric Intensive Care, 12(2), 79–87. https://doi.org/10.20299/jpi.2016.015

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Greeson, J., Brantley, J., Smoski, M., Ekblad, A., Fikkan, J., Lynch, T., Webber, D., Llabre, M., Suarez, E., & Wolever, R. (2010, April). Building psychological wealth: Alternative theoretical models may explain increased mindfulness, self-compassion and well-being following MBSR. Paper presented at the 8th annual conference Investigating and Integrating Mindfulness into Medicine, Health Care, and Society, Worcester, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greeson, J. M., Webber, D. M., Smoski, M. J., Brantley, J. G., Ekblad, A. G., Suarez, E. C., & Wolever, R. Q. (2011). Changes in spirituality partly explain health-related quality of life outcomes after mindfulness-based stress reduction. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 34(6), 508–518. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-011-9332-x

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Greeson, J. M., Garland, E., & Black, D. (2014a). Mindfulness: A transtherapeutic approach for transdiagnostic mental processes. In A. Ie, C. T. Ngnoumen, & E. J. Langer (Eds.), The Wiley-Blackwell handbook of mindfulness (pp. 533–562). Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greeson, J. M., Juberg, M. K., Maytan, M., James, K., & Rogers, H. (2014b). A randomized controlled trial of Koru: A mindfulness program for college students and other emerging adults. Journal of American College Health, 62(4), 222–233. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2014.887571

  • Greeson, J. M., Toohey, M. J., & Pearce, M. J. (2015). An adapted, four-week mind-body skills group for medical students: Reducing stress, increasing mindfulness, and enhancing self-care. Explore (New York, N.Y.), 11, 186–192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greeson, J. M., Zarrin, H., Smoski, M. J., Brantley, J. G., Lynch, T. L., Webber, D. M., Hall, M. H., Suarez, E. C., & Wolever, R. Q. (2018). Mindfulness meditation targets transdiagnostic symptoms implicated in stress-related disorders: Understanding relationships between changes in mindfulness, sleep quality, and physical symptoms. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2018(4505191), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4505191

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, A. M., & Feldman, G. (2004). Clarifying the construct of mindfulness in the context of emotion regulation and the process of change in therapy. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11(3), 255–262. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bph080

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, S. C., McCurry, S. M., Afari, N., & Wilson, K. G. (1993). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: A manual for the treatment of emotional avoidance. Context Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hebert, K. R. (2016). The association between sensory processing styles and mindfulness. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 79(9), 557–564. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308022616656872

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ho, N. S. P., Sun, D., Ting, K.-H., Chan, C. C. H., & Lee, T. M. C. (2015). Mindfulness trait predicts neurophysiological reactivity associated with negativity bias: An ERP study. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine: Ecam, 2015, 212368. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/212368

  • Huppert, F. A., & Johnson, D. M. (2010). A controlled trial of mindfulness training in schools: The importance of practice for an impact on well-being. Journal of Positive Psychology, 5(4), 264–274. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439761003794148

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hyman, I. J., Cutshaw, K. I., Hall, C. M., Snyders, M. E., Masters, S. A., Au, V. K., & Graham, J. M. (2015). Involuntary to intrusive: Using involuntary musical imagery to explore individual differences and the nature of intrusive thoughts. Psychomusicology: Music, Mind, and Brain, 25(1), 14–27. https://doi.org/10.1037/pmu0000075

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kabat-Zinn, J. (1990). Full catastrophe living: Using the wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain, and illness. Delta.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future. Clinical Psychology: Science & Practice, 10(2), 144–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kemper, K. J., & Khirallah, M. (2015). Acute effects of online mind–body skills training on resilience, mindfulness, and empathy. Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine, 20(4), 247–253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kemper, K. J., Mo, X., & Khayat, R. (2015a). Are mindfulness and self-compassion associated with sleep and resilience in health professionals? Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 21(8), 496–503. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2014.0281

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kemper, K. J. (2017). Brief online mindfulness training: Immediate impact. Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine, 22(1), 75–80. https://doi.org/10.1177/2156587216639199

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kemper, K. J., Lynn, J., & Mahan, J. D. (2015b). What is the impact of online training in mind–body skills? Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine, 20(4), 275–282. https://doi.org/10.1177/2156587215580882

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kline, R. B. (2004). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kraemer, K. M., Luberto, C. M., O’Bryan, E. M., Mysinger, E., & Cotton, S. (2016a). Mind-body skills training to improve distress tolerance in medical students: A pilot study. Teaching and Learning in Medicine, 28(2), 219–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/10401334.2016.1146605

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kraemer, K. M., O’Bryan, E. M., & McLeish, A. C. (2016b). Intolerance of uncertainty as a mediator of the relationship between mindfulness and health anxiety. Mindfulness, 7(4), 859–865. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016-0524-x

  • Kumar, S. (2002). An introduction to Buddhism for the cognitive-behavioral therapist. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 9, 40–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, S. M. (2005). Grieving mindfully: A compassionate and spiritual guide to coping with loss. New Harbinger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, S., Feldman, G., & Hayes, A. (2008). Changes in mindfulness and emotion regulation in an exposure-based cognitive therapy for depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 32(6), 734–744. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-008-9190-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kwak, S., Lee, T. Y., Jung, W. H., Hur, J.-W., Bae, D., Hwang, W. J., … Kwon, J. S. (2019). The immediate and sustained positive effects of meditation on resilience are mediated by changes in the resting brain. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 13, 101. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2019.00101

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, T. C., Leung, M., Hou, W., Tang, J. Y., Yin, J., So, K., … Chan, C. H. (2012). Distinct neural activity associated with focused-attention meditation and loving-kindness meditation. PLoS One, 7(8), e40054. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0040054

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lenze, E. J., Hickman, S., Hershey, T., Wendleton, L., Ly, K., Dixon, D., … Wetherell, J. L. (2014). Mindfulness-based stress reduction for older adults with worry symptoms and co-occurring cognitive dysfunction. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 29(10), 991–1000. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.4086

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, J. W., & Mai, L. J. (2018). Impact of mindfulness meditation intervention on academic performance. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 55(3), 366–375. https://doi.org/10.1080/14703297.2016.1231617

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Linehan, M. (1993). Cognitive-behavioral treatment for borderline personality disorder. Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, D., Gillath, O., Deboeck, P., Lang, K., & Kerr, B. (2017). Changes in attachment security and mindfulness as predictors of changes in depression and general anxiety. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 36(9), 769–797. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2017.36.9.769

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Michel, A., Bosch, C., & Rexroth, M. (2014). Mindfulness as a cognitive-emotional segmentation strategy: An intervention promoting work–life balance. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 87(4), 733–754. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12072

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, R. C., Depp, C. A., Wetherell, J. L., & Lenze, E. J. (2016). Ecological momentary assessment versus standard assessment instruments for measuring mindfulness, depressed mood, and anxiety among older adults. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 75, 116–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.01.011

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Neff, K. D., & Germer, C. K. (2013). A pilot study and randomized controlled trial of the mindful self-compassion program. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(1), 28–44. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.21923

  • Park, H. J., & Dhandra, T. K. (2017a). Relation between dispositional mindfulness and impulsive buying tendency: Role of trait emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 105, 208–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.09.061

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park, H. J., & Dhandra, T. K. (2017b). The effect of trait emotional intelligence on the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and self-esteem. Mindfulness, 8(5), 1206–1211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0693-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park, T., Reilly-Spong, M., & Gross, C. R. (2013). Mindfulness: A systematic review of instruments to measure an emergent patient-reported outcome (PRO). Quality of Life Research, 22(10), 2639–2659. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-013-0395-8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perelman, A. M., Miller, S. L., Clements, C. B., Rodriguez, A., Allen, K., & Cavanaugh, R. (2012). Meditation in a deep South prison: A longitudinal study of the effects of Vipassana. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 51(3), 176–198. https://doi.org/10.1080/10509674.2011.632814

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pirson, M., Langer, E. J., Bodner, T., & Zilcha-Mano, S. (2012). The development and validation of the Langer Mindfulness Scale: Enabling a socio-cognitive perspective on mindfulness in organizational contexts (Fordham University Schools of Business Research Paper). Available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2158921

  • Quaglia, J. T., Braun, S. E., Freeman, S. P., McDaniel, M. A., & Brown, K. W. (2016). Meta-analytic evidence for effects of mindfulness training on dimensions of self-reported dispositional mindfulness. Psychological Assessment, 28(7), 803–818. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000268

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reich, R. R., Lengacher, C. A., Alinat, C. B., Kip, K. E., Paterson, C., Ramesar, S., … Park, J. (2017). Mindfulness-based stress reduction in post-treatment breast cancer patients: Immediate and sustained effects across multiple symptom clusters. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 53(1), 85–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2016.08.005

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shallcross, A. J., & Spruill, T. M. (2018). The protective role of mindfulness in the relationship between perceived discrimination and depression. Mindfulness, 9(4), 1100–1109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0845-4

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmertz, S. K., Anderson, P. L., & Robins, D. L. (2009). The relation between self-report mindfulness and performance on tasks of sustained attention. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 31(1), 60–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-008-9086-0

  • Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., & Teasdale, J. D. (2002). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: A new approach to preventing relapse. Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheppes, G., Suri, G., & Gross, J. J. (2015). Emotion regulation and psychopathology. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 11, 379–405. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112739

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siegling, A. B., & Petrides, K. V. (2014). Measures of trait mindfulness: Convergent validity, shared dimensionality, and linkages to the five-factor model. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1164. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01164

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, A. K., Choubey, A. K., & Singh, S. (2016). Does mindfulness enhance psychological well-being of the students. Journal of Psychosocial Research, 11(2), 241–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, K., & Choubisa, R. (2009). Effectiveness of self focused intervention for enhancing students’ well-being. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 35(special issue), 23–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sloan, E., Hall, K., Moulding, R., Bryce, S., Mildred, H., & Staiger, P. K. (2017). Emotion regulation as a transdiagnostic treatment construct across anxiety, depression, substance, eating and borderline personality disorders: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 57, 141–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.09.002

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teixeira, R. J., & Pereira, M. G. (2015). Examining mindfulness and its relation to self-differentiation and alexithymia. Mindfulness, 6(1), 79–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-013-0233-7

  • Thompson, B. L., & Waltz, J. (2007). Everyday mindfulness and mindfulness meditation: Overlapping constructs or not? Personality and Individual Differences, 43(7), 1875–1885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.06.017

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trent, N. L., Park, C., Bercovitz, K., & Chapman, I. M. (2016). Trait socio-cognitive mindfulness is related to affective and cognitive empathy. Journal of Adult Development, 23(1), 62–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-015-9225-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Veneziani, C. A., & Voci, A. (2015). The Italian adaptation of the cognitive and affective mindfulness scale-revised. TPM-Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology, 22(1), 43–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vess, M., Leal, S. A., Hoeldtke, R. T., Schlegel, R. J., & Hicks, J. A. (2016). True self-alienation positively predicts reports of mind wandering. Consciousness and Cognition, 45, 89–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2016.08.018

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walshe, M. (1987). Thus have I heard: The long discourses of the Buddha. Wisdom Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitaker, R. C., Dearth-Wesley, T., Gooze, R. A., Becker, B. D., Gallagher, K. C., & McEwen, B. S. (2014). Adverse childhood experiences, dispositional mindfulness, and adult health. Preventive Medicine, 67, 147–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.07.029

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolever, R. Q., Bobinet, K. J., McCabe, K., Mackenzie, E. R., Fekete, E., Kusnick, C. A., & Baime, M. (2012). Effective and viable mind-body stress reduction in the workplace: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 17(2), 246–258. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027278

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woolhouse, H., Knowles, A., & Crafti, N. (2012). Adding mindfulness to CBT programs for binge eating: A mixed-methods evaluation. Eating Disorders, 20(4), 321–339. https://doi.org/10.1080/10640266.2012.691791

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, Simmons University, Boston, MA, USA

    Greg Feldman

  2. Brookline Center for Community Mental Health, Brookline, MA, USA

    Morgan Westine

  3. Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA

    Audrey Edelman

  4. Salem State University, Salem, MA, USA

    Morgan Higgs

  5. University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA

    Megan Renna

  6. Department of Psychology, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA

    Jeffrey Greeson

Authors
  1. Greg Feldman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Morgan Westine
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Audrey Edelman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Morgan Higgs
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Megan Renna
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Jeffrey Greeson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Greg Feldman .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Psychology, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand

    Oleg N. Medvedev

  2. North Shore Campus, Auckland Univ of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand

    Christian U. Krägeloh

  3. Dept of Psychology and Neuroscience, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand

    Richard J. Siegert

  4. Augusta University, Raleigh, NC, USA

    Nirbhay N. Singh

Appendix A: The Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R)

Appendix A: The Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R)

CAMS-R

People have a variety of ways of relating to their thoughts and feelings. For each of the statements below, rate how much each of these ways applies to you.

1

2

3

4

Rarely/Not at all

Sometimes

Often

Almost Always

  1. 1.

    It is easy for me to concentrate on what I am doing.

  2. 2.

    I am preoccupied by the future.

  3. 3.

    I can tolerate emotional pain.

  4. 4.

    I can accept things I cannot change.

  5. 5.

    I can usually describe how I feel at the moment in considerable detail.

  6. 6.

    I am easily distracted.

  7. 7.

    I am preoccupied by the past.

  8. 8.

    It’s easy for me to keep track of my thoughts and feelings.

  9. 9.

    I try to notice my thoughts without judging them.

  10. 10.

    I am able to accept the thoughts and feelings I have.

  11. 11.

    I am able to focus on the present moment.

  12. 12.

    I am able to pay close attention to one thing for a long period of time.

Scoring: Items 2, 6, and 7 are reverse-scored. After appropriate reversals, sum values for items 1–12. Higher values reflect greater mindful qualities.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Feldman, G., Westine, M., Edelman, A., Higgs, M., Renna, M., Greeson, J. (2022). Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R). In: Medvedev, O.N., Krägeloh, C.U., Siegert, R.J., Singh, N.N. (eds) Handbook of Assessment in Mindfulness Research. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77644-2_19-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77644-2_19-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-77644-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-77644-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Behavioral Science and PsychologyReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation