Experiences of Remembering, Knowing, and Guessing

doi:10.1006/ccog.1997.0321

Consciousness and Cognition

Volume 7, Issue 1, March 1998, Pages 1-26

https://doi.org/10.1006/ccog.1997.0321 Get rights and content

Abstract

This article presents and discusses transcripts of some 270 explanations subjects provided subsequently for recognition memory decisions that had been associated with remember, know, or guess responses at the time the recognition decisions were made. Only transcripts for remember responses included reports of recollective experiences, which seemed mostly to reflect either effortful elaborative encoding or involuntary reminding at study, especially in relation to the self. Transcripts for know responses included claims of just knowing, and of feelings of familiarity. These transcripts indicated that subjects were often quite confident of the accuracy of their decisions, compared with those for guess responses. Transcripts for decisions associated with guess responses also expressed feelings of familiarity but additionally revealed various strategies and inferences that did not directly reflect memory for studied items. The article concludes with a historical and theoretical overview of some interpretations of the states of awareness measured by these responses.

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^☆: M. A. ConwayD. C. RubinH. SpinnlerW. A. Wagenaar

¹: Address correspondence and reprint requests to John Gardiner, Department of Psychology, City University, Northampton Square, London EC1V 0HB, England. E-mail:[email protected].

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Regular ArticleExperiences of Remembering, Knowing, and Guessing☆

Abstract

Neuropsychologia

Journal of Memory and Language

Consciousness and Cognition

Consciousness and Cognition

Phenomenal experience in laboratory and autobiographical memory

Theoretical perspectives on autobiographical memory

What is recollective memory?

The self and recollective experience

Applied Cognitive Psychology

Recollections of true and false autobiographical memories

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

On the prediction of occurrence of particular intrusions in immediate recall

Journal of Experimental Psychology

Event-related brain potential correlates of two states of conscious awareness in memory

Proceedings of the National Academy of Science

The role of decision processes in remembering and knowing

Memory & Cognition

Functional aspects of recollective experience

Memory & Cognition

Recollective experience in word and nonword recognition

Memory & Cognition

Recognising and remembering

How level of processing really influences awareness in recognition memory

Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology

Repetition of previously novel melodies sometimes increases both remember and know responses in recognition memory

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

On reporting recollective experiences and “direct access to memory systems”

Psychological Science

Recognition memory and awareness: A large effect of study-test modalities on “know” responses following a highly perceptual orienting task

European Journal of Cognitive Psychology

Modeling the conscious correlates of recognition memory: Reflections on the remember-know paradigm

Memory & Cognition

Impairment of recognition memory with, but not without, conscious recollection in schizophrenia

American Journal of Psychiatry

Regular Article
Experiences of Remembering, Knowing, and Guessing☆