Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 4/2010

01-12-2010

Is There Room for ‘Development’ in Developmental Models of Information Processing Biases to Threat in Children and Adolescents?

Auteurs: Andy P. Field, Kathryn J. Lester

Gepubliceerd in: Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review | Uitgave 4/2010

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

Clinical and experimental theories assume that processing biases in attention and interpretation are a causal mechanism through which anxiety develops. Despite growing evidence that these processing biases are present in children and, therefore, develop long before adulthood, these theories ignore the potential role of child development. This review attempts to place information processing biases within a theoretical developmental framework. We consider whether child development has no impact on information processing biases to threat (integral bias model), or whether child development influences information processing biases and if so whether it does so by moderating the expression of an existing bias (moderation model) or by affecting the acquisition of a bias (acquisition model). We examine the extent to which these models fit with existing theory and research evidence and outline some methodological issues that need to be considered when drawing conclusions about the potential role of child development in the information processing of threat stimuli. Finally, we speculate about the developmental processes that might be important to consider in future research.
Voetnoten
1
We have chosen these three models because we believe that they reflect the main broad ways in which child development influences information processing. As such, these models provide a convenient framework for reviewing the literature.
 
2
These two possibilities are extremes, and there is a middle ground: already anxious children become more anxious having acquired a processing bias to threat.
 
3
This left-visual field bias is consistent with other research (e.g., Field 2006b; Mogg & Bradley 1999, 2002).
 
4
There was some evidence for group differences at 10 months consistent with those at 10 weeks, but the group × intensity interaction was not significant.
 
5
This finding suggests a hybrid model that we have not considered in this review—that is an integral bias (the degree of bias in infancy is determined by individual factors) that is later moderated.
 
6
The results were rather more complicated than this statement suggests; for non-integrated stimuli (the target and distracter are not integrated into a single stimulus) no bias was found, but for integrated stimuli (the target and distracter are a single entity) a bias was found in the first block of trials but not the second. The important point for our argument is that the predicted change in processing bias with age was not found.
 
7
As noted above, there was greater evidence for a processing bias in the first block of trials than the second.
 
Literatuur
go back to reference Alfano, C. A., Beidel, D. C., & Turner, S. M. (2002). Cognition in childhood anxiety: Conceptual, methodological, and developmental issues. Clinical Psychology Review, 22, 1209–1238.PubMed Alfano, C. A., Beidel, D. C., & Turner, S. M. (2002). Cognition in childhood anxiety: Conceptual, methodological, and developmental issues. Clinical Psychology Review, 22, 1209–1238.PubMed
go back to reference Amir, N., Beard, C., Burns, M., & Bomyea, J. (2009). Attention modification program in individuals with generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118(1), 28–33. doi:10.1037/a0012589.PubMed Amir, N., Beard, C., Burns, M., & Bomyea, J. (2009). Attention modification program in individuals with generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118(1), 28–33. doi:10.​1037/​a0012589.PubMed
go back to reference Asendorpf, J. B., Denissen, J. J. A., & van Aken, M. A. G. (2008). Inhibited and aggressive preschool children at 23 years of age: Personality and social transitions into adulthood. Developmental Psychology, 44(4), 997–1011. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.44.4.997.PubMed Asendorpf, J. B., Denissen, J. J. A., & van Aken, M. A. G. (2008). Inhibited and aggressive preschool children at 23 years of age: Personality and social transitions into adulthood. Developmental Psychology, 44(4), 997–1011. doi:10.​1037/​0012-1649.​44.​4.​997.PubMed
go back to reference Ashcraft, M. H. (2002). Math anxiety: Personal, educational, and cognitive consequences. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11(5), 181–185. Ashcraft, M. H. (2002). Math anxiety: Personal, educational, and cognitive consequences. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11(5), 181–185.
go back to reference Banerjee, R., & Yuill, N. (1999). Children’s understanding of self-presentational display rules: Associations with mental-state understanding. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 17, 111–124. Banerjee, R., & Yuill, N. (1999). Children’s understanding of self-presentational display rules: Associations with mental-state understanding. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 17, 111–124.
go back to reference Bar-Haim, Y., Lamy, D., Pergamin, L., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & van Ijendoorn, M. H. (2007). Threat-related attentional bias in anxious and nonanxious individuals: A meta-analytic study. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 1–24.PubMed Bar-Haim, Y., Lamy, D., Pergamin, L., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & van Ijendoorn, M. H. (2007). Threat-related attentional bias in anxious and nonanxious individuals: A meta-analytic study. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 1–24.PubMed
go back to reference Barrett, P. M., Dadds, M. R., & Rapee, R. M. (1996a). Family treatment of childhood anxiety: A controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(2), 333–342.PubMed Barrett, P. M., Dadds, M. R., & Rapee, R. M. (1996a). Family treatment of childhood anxiety: A controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(2), 333–342.PubMed
go back to reference Barrett, P. M., Rapee, R. M., Dadds, M. M., & Ryan, S. M. (1996b). Family enhancement of cognitive style in anxious and aggressive children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 24(2), 187–203.PubMed Barrett, P. M., Rapee, R. M., Dadds, M. M., & Ryan, S. M. (1996b). Family enhancement of cognitive style in anxious and aggressive children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 24(2), 187–203.PubMed
go back to reference Beck, A. T., & Clark, D. A. (1997). An information processing model of anxiety: Automatic and strategic processes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(1), 49–58.PubMed Beck, A. T., & Clark, D. A. (1997). An information processing model of anxiety: Automatic and strategic processes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(1), 49–58.PubMed
go back to reference Beck, S. R., & Robinson, E. J. (2001). Children’s ability to make tentative interpretations of ambiguous messages. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 79(1), 95–114.PubMed Beck, S. R., & Robinson, E. J. (2001). Children’s ability to make tentative interpretations of ambiguous messages. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 79(1), 95–114.PubMed
go back to reference Beesdo, K., Hoyer, J., Jacobi, F., Low, N. C. P., Hofler, M., & Wittchen, H. U. (2009a). Association between generalized anxiety levels and pain in a community sample: Evidence for diagnostic specificity. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(5), 684–693. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.02.007.PubMed Beesdo, K., Hoyer, J., Jacobi, F., Low, N. C. P., Hofler, M., & Wittchen, H. U. (2009a). Association between generalized anxiety levels and pain in a community sample: Evidence for diagnostic specificity. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(5), 684–693. doi:10.​1016/​j.​janxdis.​2009.​02.​007.PubMed
go back to reference Beesdo, K., Knappe, S., & Pine, D. S. (2009b). Anxiety and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: Developmental issues and implications for DSM-V. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 32(3), 483–524. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2009.06.002.PubMed Beesdo, K., Knappe, S., & Pine, D. S. (2009b). Anxiety and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: Developmental issues and implications for DSM-V. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 32(3), 483–524. doi:10.​1016/​j.​psc.​2009.​06.​002.PubMed
go back to reference Bögels, S. M., & Zigterman, D. (2000). Dysfunctional cognitions in children with social phobia, separation anxiety disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28(2), 205–211.PubMed Bögels, S. M., & Zigterman, D. (2000). Dysfunctional cognitions in children with social phobia, separation anxiety disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28(2), 205–211.PubMed
go back to reference Carpendale, J. I., & Chandler, M. J. (1996). On the distinction between false belief understanding and subscribing to an interpretive theory of mind. Child Development, 67(4), 1686–1706. Carpendale, J. I., & Chandler, M. J. (1996). On the distinction between false belief understanding and subscribing to an interpretive theory of mind. Child Development, 67(4), 1686–1706.
go back to reference Creswell, C., & O’Connor, T. G. (2006). ‘Anxious cognitions’ in children: An exploration of associations and mediators. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 24, 761–766. Creswell, C., & O’Connor, T. G. (2006). ‘Anxious cognitions’ in children: An exploration of associations and mediators. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 24, 761–766.
go back to reference Creswell, C., Woolgar, M., Cooper, P., Giannakakis, A., Schofield, E., Young, A. W., et al. (2008). Processing of faces and emotional expressions in infants at risk of social phobia. Cognition & Emotion, 22(3), 437–458. Creswell, C., Woolgar, M., Cooper, P., Giannakakis, A., Schofield, E., Young, A. W., et al. (2008). Processing of faces and emotional expressions in infants at risk of social phobia. Cognition & Emotion, 22(3), 437–458.
go back to reference Crozier, W. R., & Hostettler, K. (2003). The influence of shyness on children’s test performance. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 73, 317–328.PubMed Crozier, W. R., & Hostettler, K. (2003). The influence of shyness on children’s test performance. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 73, 317–328.PubMed
go back to reference Dalgleish, T., Moradi, A., Taghavi, M., Neshat-Doost, H. T., & Yule, W. (2001). An experimental investigation of hypervigilance for threat in children and adolescents with post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychological Medicine, 31, 541–547.PubMed Dalgleish, T., Moradi, A., Taghavi, M., Neshat-Doost, H. T., & Yule, W. (2001). An experimental investigation of hypervigilance for threat in children and adolescents with post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychological Medicine, 31, 541–547.PubMed
go back to reference Dalgleish, T., Taghavi, R., Neshat-Doost, H., Moradi, A. R., Canterbury, R., & Yule, W. (2003). Patterns of processing bias for emotional information across clinical disorders: A comparison of attention, memory, and prospective cognition in children and adolescents with depression, generalized anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32(1), 10–21.PubMed Dalgleish, T., Taghavi, R., Neshat-Doost, H., Moradi, A. R., Canterbury, R., & Yule, W. (2003). Patterns of processing bias for emotional information across clinical disorders: A comparison of attention, memory, and prospective cognition in children and adolescents with depression, generalized anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32(1), 10–21.PubMed
go back to reference Derryberry, D., & Rothbart, M. K. (1988). Arousal, affect, and attention as components of temperament. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(6), 958–966.PubMed Derryberry, D., & Rothbart, M. K. (1988). Arousal, affect, and attention as components of temperament. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(6), 958–966.PubMed
go back to reference Derryberry, D., & Rothbart, M. K. (1997). Reactive and effortful processes in the organization of temperament. Development and Psychopathology, 9(4), 633–652.PubMed Derryberry, D., & Rothbart, M. K. (1997). Reactive and effortful processes in the organization of temperament. Development and Psychopathology, 9(4), 633–652.PubMed
go back to reference Donaldson, M. (1984). Children’s minds. London: Fontana. Donaldson, M. (1984). Children’s minds. London: Fontana.
go back to reference Donnelly, N., Hadwin, J. A., Manneer, T., & Richards, H. (2010). The use of visual search paradigms to understand attentional biases in childhood anxiety. In J. A. Hadwin & A. P. Field (Eds.), Information processing biases and anxiety: A developmental perspective (pp. 109–127). Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. Donnelly, N., Hadwin, J. A., Manneer, T., & Richards, H. (2010). The use of visual search paradigms to understand attentional biases in childhood anxiety. In J. A. Hadwin & A. P. Field (Eds.), Information processing biases and anxiety: A developmental perspective (pp. 109–127). Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
go back to reference Egger, H. L., & Angold, A. (2006). Common emotional and behavioral disorders in preschool children: Presentation, nosology, and epidemiology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47(3–4), 313–337.PubMed Egger, H. L., & Angold, A. (2006). Common emotional and behavioral disorders in preschool children: Presentation, nosology, and epidemiology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47(3–4), 313–337.PubMed
go back to reference Ehrenreich, J. T., & Gross, A. M. (2002). Biased attentional behavior in childhood anxiety—A review of theory and current empirical investigation. Clinical Psychology Review, 22(7), 991–1008.PubMed Ehrenreich, J. T., & Gross, A. M. (2002). Biased attentional behavior in childhood anxiety—A review of theory and current empirical investigation. Clinical Psychology Review, 22(7), 991–1008.PubMed
go back to reference Eisenberg, N., Valiente, C., Spinrad, T. L., Cumberland, A., Liew, J., Reiser, M., et al. (2009). Longitudinal relations of children’s effortful control, impulsivity, and negative emotionality to their externalizing, internalizing, and co-occurring behavior problems. Developmental Psychology, 45(4), 988–1008. doi:10.1037/a0016213.PubMed Eisenberg, N., Valiente, C., Spinrad, T. L., Cumberland, A., Liew, J., Reiser, M., et al. (2009). Longitudinal relations of children’s effortful control, impulsivity, and negative emotionality to their externalizing, internalizing, and co-occurring behavior problems. Developmental Psychology, 45(4), 988–1008. doi:10.​1037/​a0016213.PubMed
go back to reference Eisenberg, N., Zhou, Q., Spinrad, T. L., Valiente, C., Fabes, R. A., & Liew, J. (2005). Relations among positive parenting, children’s effortful control, and externalizing problems: A three-wave longitudinal study. Child Development, 76(5), 1055–1071.PubMed Eisenberg, N., Zhou, Q., Spinrad, T. L., Valiente, C., Fabes, R. A., & Liew, J. (2005). Relations among positive parenting, children’s effortful control, and externalizing problems: A three-wave longitudinal study. Child Development, 76(5), 1055–1071.PubMed
go back to reference Eley, T. C., & Zavos, H. M. S. (2010). Genetics. In J. A. Hadwin & A. P. Field (Eds.), Information processing biases and anxiety: A developmental perspective (pp. 209–232). Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. Eley, T. C., & Zavos, H. M. S. (2010). Genetics. In J. A. Hadwin & A. P. Field (Eds.), Information processing biases and anxiety: A developmental perspective (pp. 209–232). Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
go back to reference Field, A. P. (2006a). The behavioral inhibition system and the verbal information pathway to children’s fears. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115(4), 742–752.PubMed Field, A. P. (2006a). The behavioral inhibition system and the verbal information pathway to children’s fears. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115(4), 742–752.PubMed
go back to reference Field, A. P. (2006b). Watch out for the beast: Fear information and attentional bias in children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 35(3), 431–439.PubMed Field, A. P. (2006b). Watch out for the beast: Fear information and attentional bias in children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 35(3), 431–439.PubMed
go back to reference Field, A. P., & Lester, K. J. (2010). Learning of Information processing biases in anxious children and adolescents. In J. A. Hadwin & A. P. Field (Eds.), Information processing biases and anxiety: A developmental perspective (pp. 253–278). Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. Field, A. P., & Lester, K. J. (2010). Learning of Information processing biases in anxious children and adolescents. In J. A. Hadwin & A. P. Field (Eds.), Information processing biases and anxiety: A developmental perspective (pp. 253–278). Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
go back to reference Flavell, J. H. (1985). Cognitive development (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Flavell, J. H. (1985). Cognitive development (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
go back to reference Flavell, J. H., Green, F. L., & Flavell, E. R. (1993). Childrens understanding of the stream-of-consciousness. Child Development, 64(2), 387–398.PubMed Flavell, J. H., Green, F. L., & Flavell, E. R. (1993). Childrens understanding of the stream-of-consciousness. Child Development, 64(2), 387–398.PubMed
go back to reference Flavell, J. H., Green, F. L., & Flavell, E. R. (1995). Young children’s knowledge about thinking. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 60(1), R5–R95. Flavell, J. H., Green, F. L., & Flavell, E. R. (1995). Young children’s knowledge about thinking. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 60(1), R5–R95.
go back to reference Garner, M. (2010). Assessment of attentional bias using the dot-probe task in anxious children and adolescents. In J. Hadwin & A. P. Field (Eds.), Information processing biases and anxiety: A developmental perspective. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. Garner, M. (2010). Assessment of attentional bias using the dot-probe task in anxious children and adolescents. In J. Hadwin & A. P. Field (Eds.), Information processing biases and anxiety: A developmental perspective. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
go back to reference Goldsmith, H. H., Buss, K. A., & Lemery, K. S. (1997). Toddler and childhood temperament: Expanded content, stronger genetic evidence, new evidence for the importance of environment. Developmental Psychology, 33(6), 891–905.PubMed Goldsmith, H. H., Buss, K. A., & Lemery, K. S. (1997). Toddler and childhood temperament: Expanded content, stronger genetic evidence, new evidence for the importance of environment. Developmental Psychology, 33(6), 891–905.PubMed
go back to reference Grave, J., & Blissett, J. (2004). Is cognitive behavior therapy developmentally appropriate for young children? A critical review of the evidence. Clinical Psychology Review, 24(4), 399–420.PubMed Grave, J., & Blissett, J. (2004). Is cognitive behavior therapy developmentally appropriate for young children? A critical review of the evidence. Clinical Psychology Review, 24(4), 399–420.PubMed
go back to reference Gray, J. A., & McNaughton, N. (2003). The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. Gray, J. A., & McNaughton, N. (2003). The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Hadwin, J. A., & Field, A. P. (2010a). Information processing biases and anxiety: A developmental perspective. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. Hadwin, J. A., & Field, A. P. (2010a). Information processing biases and anxiety: A developmental perspective. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
go back to reference Hadwin, J. A., & Field, A. P. (2010b). Theoretical and methodological issues in researching information processing biases in anxious children and adolescents. In J. A. Hadwin & A. P. Field (Eds.), Information processing biases and anxiety: A developmental perspective (pp. 1–17). Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. Hadwin, J. A., & Field, A. P. (2010b). Theoretical and methodological issues in researching information processing biases in anxious children and adolescents. In J. A. Hadwin & A. P. Field (Eds.), Information processing biases and anxiety: A developmental perspective (pp. 1–17). Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
go back to reference Hadwin, J. A., Frost, S., French, C. C., & Richards, A. (1997). Cognitive processing and trait anxiety in typically developing children: Evidence for an interpretation bias. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106(3), 486–490.PubMed Hadwin, J. A., Frost, S., French, C. C., & Richards, A. (1997). Cognitive processing and trait anxiety in typically developing children: Evidence for an interpretation bias. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106(3), 486–490.PubMed
go back to reference Hamlin, J. K., Newman, G. E., & Wynn, K. (2009). Eight-month-old infants infer unfulfilled goals, despite ambiguous physical evidence. Infancy, 14(5), 579–590. doi:10.1080/15250000903144215. Hamlin, J. K., Newman, G. E., & Wynn, K. (2009). Eight-month-old infants infer unfulfilled goals, despite ambiguous physical evidence. Infancy, 14(5), 579–590. doi:10.​1080/​1525000090314421​5.
go back to reference Heim-Dreger, U., Kohlmann, C. W., Eschenbeck, H., & Burkhardt, U. (2006). Attentional biases for threatening faces in children: Vigilant and avoidant processes. Emotion, 6(2), 320–325.PubMed Heim-Dreger, U., Kohlmann, C. W., Eschenbeck, H., & Burkhardt, U. (2006). Attentional biases for threatening faces in children: Vigilant and avoidant processes. Emotion, 6(2), 320–325.PubMed
go back to reference Jastrow, J. (1900). Fact and fable in psychology. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin. Jastrow, J. (1900). Fact and fable in psychology. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin.
go back to reference Kim-Cohen, J., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Harrington, H., Milne, B. J., & Poulton, R. (2003). Prior juvenile diagnoses in adults with mental disorder—Developmental follow-back of a prospective-longitudinal cohort. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60(7), 709–717.PubMed Kim-Cohen, J., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Harrington, H., Milne, B. J., & Poulton, R. (2003). Prior juvenile diagnoses in adults with mental disorder—Developmental follow-back of a prospective-longitudinal cohort. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60(7), 709–717.PubMed
go back to reference Kindt, M., Bierman, D., & Brosschot, J. F. (1997a). Cognitive bias in spider fear and control children: Assessment of emotional interference by a card format and a single-trial format of the Stroop task. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 66(2), 163–179.PubMed Kindt, M., Bierman, D., & Brosschot, J. F. (1997a). Cognitive bias in spider fear and control children: Assessment of emotional interference by a card format and a single-trial format of the Stroop task. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 66(2), 163–179.PubMed
go back to reference Kindt, M., Brosschot, J. F., & Everaerd, W. (1997b). Cognitive processing bias of children in a real life stress situation and a neutral situation. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 64(1), 79–97.PubMed Kindt, M., Brosschot, J. F., & Everaerd, W. (1997b). Cognitive processing bias of children in a real life stress situation and a neutral situation. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 64(1), 79–97.PubMed
go back to reference Kindt, M., & van den Hout, M. (2001). Selective attention and anxiety: A perspective on developmental issues and the causal status. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 23(3), 193–202. Kindt, M., & van den Hout, M. (2001). Selective attention and anxiety: A perspective on developmental issues and the causal status. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 23(3), 193–202.
go back to reference Kindt, M., van den Hout, M., de Jong, P., & Hoekzema, B. (2000). Cognitive bias for pictorial and linguistic threat cues in children. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 22(2), 201–219. Kindt, M., van den Hout, M., de Jong, P., & Hoekzema, B. (2000). Cognitive bias for pictorial and linguistic threat cues in children. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 22(2), 201–219.
go back to reference Lalonde, C. E., & Chandler, M. J. (2002). Children’s understanding of interpretation. New Ideas in Psychology, 20(2–3), 163–198. Lalonde, C. E., & Chandler, M. J. (2002). Children’s understanding of interpretation. New Ideas in Psychology, 20(2–3), 163–198.
go back to reference Lemery-Chalfant, K., Doelger, L., & Goldsmith, H. H. (2008). Genetic relations between effortful and attentional control and symptoms of psychopathology in middle childhood. Infant and Child Development, 17(4), 365–385. doi:10.1002/icd.581. Lemery-Chalfant, K., Doelger, L., & Goldsmith, H. H. (2008). Genetic relations between effortful and attentional control and symptoms of psychopathology in middle childhood. Infant and Child Development, 17(4), 365–385. doi:10.​1002/​icd.​581.
go back to reference Lewinsohn, P. M., Holm-Denoma, J. M., Small, J. W., Seeley, J. R., & Joiner, T. E. (2008). Separation anxiety disorder in childhood as a risk factor for future mental illness. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(5), 548–555. doi:10.1097/CHI.0b013e31816765e7.PubMed Lewinsohn, P. M., Holm-Denoma, J. M., Small, J. W., Seeley, J. R., & Joiner, T. E. (2008). Separation anxiety disorder in childhood as a risk factor for future mental illness. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(5), 548–555. doi:10.​1097/​CHI.​0b013e31816765e7​.PubMed
go back to reference LoBue, V., & DeLoache, J. S. (2008). Detecting the snake in the grass—Attention to fear-relevant stimuli by adults and young children. Psychological Science, 19(3), 284–289.PubMed LoBue, V., & DeLoache, J. S. (2008). Detecting the snake in the grass—Attention to fear-relevant stimuli by adults and young children. Psychological Science, 19(3), 284–289.PubMed
go back to reference Lonigan, C. J., & Vasey, M. W. (2009). Negative affectivity, effortful control, and attention to threat-relevant stimuli. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37(3), 387–399. doi:10.1007/s10802-008-9284-y.PubMed Lonigan, C. J., & Vasey, M. W. (2009). Negative affectivity, effortful control, and attention to threat-relevant stimuli. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37(3), 387–399. doi:10.​1007/​s10802-008-9284-y.PubMed
go back to reference Lonigan, C. J., Vasey, M. W., Phillips, B. M., & Hazen, R. A. (2004). Temperament, anxiety, and the processing of threat-relevant stimuli. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33(1), 8–20.PubMed Lonigan, C. J., Vasey, M. W., Phillips, B. M., & Hazen, R. A. (2004). Temperament, anxiety, and the processing of threat-relevant stimuli. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33(1), 8–20.PubMed
go back to reference Mackintosh, B., Mathews, A., Yiend, J., Ridgeway, V., & Cook, E. (2006). Induced biases in emotional interpretation influence stress vulnerability and endure despite changes in context. Behavior Therapy, 37(3), 209–222.PubMed Mackintosh, B., Mathews, A., Yiend, J., Ridgeway, V., & Cook, E. (2006). Induced biases in emotional interpretation influence stress vulnerability and endure despite changes in context. Behavior Therapy, 37(3), 209–222.PubMed
go back to reference MacLeod, C., & Hagan, R. (1992). Individual differences in the selective processing of threatening information, and emotional responses to a stressful life event. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 30(2), 151–161.PubMed MacLeod, C., & Hagan, R. (1992). Individual differences in the selective processing of threatening information, and emotional responses to a stressful life event. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 30(2), 151–161.PubMed
go back to reference MacLeod, C., & Mathews, A. (1991). Biased cognitive operations in anxiety: Accessibility of information or assignment of processing priorities. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 29(6), 599–610.PubMed MacLeod, C., & Mathews, A. (1991). Biased cognitive operations in anxiety: Accessibility of information or assignment of processing priorities. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 29(6), 599–610.PubMed
go back to reference MacLeod, C., Rutherford, E., Campbell, L., Ebsworthy, G., & Holker, L. (2002). Selective attention and emotional vulnerability: Assessing the causal basis of their association through the experimental manipulation of attentional bias. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111(1), 107–123.PubMed MacLeod, C., Rutherford, E., Campbell, L., Ebsworthy, G., & Holker, L. (2002). Selective attention and emotional vulnerability: Assessing the causal basis of their association through the experimental manipulation of attentional bias. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111(1), 107–123.PubMed
go back to reference Manassis, K., & Bradley, S. J. (1994). The development of childhood anxiety disorders: Toward an integrated model. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 15(3), 345–366. doi:10.1016/0193-3973(94)90037-X. Manassis, K., & Bradley, S. J. (1994). The development of childhood anxiety disorders: Toward an integrated model. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 15(3), 345–366. doi:10.​1016/​0193-3973(94)90037-X.
go back to reference Martin, M., Horder, P., & Jones, G. V. (1992). Integral bias in naming of phobia-related words. Cognition and Emotion, 6, 479–486. Martin, M., Horder, P., & Jones, G. V. (1992). Integral bias in naming of phobia-related words. Cognition and Emotion, 6, 479–486.
go back to reference Martin, M., & Jones, G. V. (1995). Integral bias in the cognitive processing of emotionally linked pictures. British Journal of Psychology, 86, 419–435.PubMed Martin, M., & Jones, G. V. (1995). Integral bias in the cognitive processing of emotionally linked pictures. British Journal of Psychology, 86, 419–435.PubMed
go back to reference Mathews, A., & Mackintosh, B. (1998). A cognitive model of selective processing in anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 22(6), 539–560. Mathews, A., & Mackintosh, B. (1998). A cognitive model of selective processing in anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 22(6), 539–560.
go back to reference Mathews, A., & Mackintosh, B. (2000). Induced emotional interpretation bias and anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109(4), 602–615.PubMed Mathews, A., & Mackintosh, B. (2000). Induced emotional interpretation bias and anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109(4), 602–615.PubMed
go back to reference Mathews, A., & MacLeod, C. (2002). Induced processing biases have causal effects on anxiety. Cognition & Emotion, 16(3), 331–354. Mathews, A., & MacLeod, C. (2002). Induced processing biases have causal effects on anxiety. Cognition & Emotion, 16(3), 331–354.
go back to reference Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. P. (1998). A cognitive-motivational analysis of anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36(9), 809–848.PubMed Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. P. (1998). A cognitive-motivational analysis of anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36(9), 809–848.PubMed
go back to reference Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. P. (1999). Orienting of attention to threatening facial expressions presented under conditions of restricted awareness. Cognition & Emotion, 13(6), 713–740. Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. P. (1999). Orienting of attention to threatening facial expressions presented under conditions of restricted awareness. Cognition & Emotion, 13(6), 713–740.
go back to reference Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. P. (2002). Selective orienting of attention to masked threat faces in social anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40(12), 1403–1414.PubMed Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. P. (2002). Selective orienting of attention to masked threat faces in social anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40(12), 1403–1414.PubMed
go back to reference Mogg, K., Mathews, A., Bird, C., & Macgregor-Morris, R. (1990). Effects of stress and anxiety on the processing of threat stimuli. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(6), 1230–1237.PubMed Mogg, K., Mathews, A., Bird, C., & Macgregor-Morris, R. (1990). Effects of stress and anxiety on the processing of threat stimuli. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(6), 1230–1237.PubMed
go back to reference Mogg, K., Philippot, P., & Bradley, B. P. (2004). Selective attention to angry faces in clinical social phobia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113(1), 160–165.PubMed Mogg, K., Philippot, P., & Bradley, B. P. (2004). Selective attention to angry faces in clinical social phobia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113(1), 160–165.PubMed
go back to reference Monk, C. S., Nelson, E. E., McClure, E. B., Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., Leibenluft, E., et al. (2004). Attention to threat in adolescents with anxiety disorders: Evidence for abnormal behavioral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex function. Neuropsychopharmacology, 29, S5. Monk, C. S., Nelson, E. E., McClure, E. B., Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., Leibenluft, E., et al. (2004). Attention to threat in adolescents with anxiety disorders: Evidence for abnormal behavioral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex function. Neuropsychopharmacology, 29, S5.
go back to reference Monk, C. S., Nelson, E. E., McClure, E. B., Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., Leibenluft, E., et al. (2006). Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex activation and attentional bias in response to angry faces in adolescents with generalized anxiety disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(6), 1091–1097.PubMed Monk, C. S., Nelson, E. E., McClure, E. B., Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., Leibenluft, E., et al. (2006). Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex activation and attentional bias in response to angry faces in adolescents with generalized anxiety disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(6), 1091–1097.PubMed
go back to reference Moradi, A. R., Taghavi, M. R., Neshat-Doost, H. T., Yule, W., & Dalgleish, T. (1999). Performance of children and adolescents with PTSD on the Stroop colour-naming task. Psychological Medicine, 29, 415–419.PubMed Moradi, A. R., Taghavi, M. R., Neshat-Doost, H. T., Yule, W., & Dalgleish, T. (1999). Performance of children and adolescents with PTSD on the Stroop colour-naming task. Psychological Medicine, 29, 415–419.PubMed
go back to reference Morren, M., Kindt, M., van den Hout, M., & van Kasteren, H. (2003). Anxiety and the processing of threat in children: Further examination of the cognitive inhibition hypothesis. Behaviour Change, 20(3), 131–142. Morren, M., Kindt, M., van den Hout, M., & van Kasteren, H. (2003). Anxiety and the processing of threat in children: Further examination of the cognitive inhibition hypothesis. Behaviour Change, 20(3), 131–142.
go back to reference Moses, L. J., Baldwin, D. A., Rosicky, J. G., & Tidball, G. (2001). Evidence for referential understanding in the emotions domain at twelve and eighteen months. Child Development, 72(3), 718–735.PubMed Moses, L. J., Baldwin, D. A., Rosicky, J. G., & Tidball, G. (2001). Evidence for referential understanding in the emotions domain at twelve and eighteen months. Child Development, 72(3), 718–735.PubMed
go back to reference Muris, P. (2007). Normal and abnormal fear and anxiety in children and adolescents. Oxford: Elsevier Science. Muris, P. (2007). Normal and abnormal fear and anxiety in children and adolescents. Oxford: Elsevier Science.
go back to reference Muris, P. (2010). Anxiety-related reasoning biases in children and adolescents. In J. Hadwin & A. P. Field (Eds.), Information processing biases and anxiety: A developmental perspective. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. Muris, P. (2010). Anxiety-related reasoning biases in children and adolescents. In J. Hadwin & A. P. Field (Eds.), Information processing biases and anxiety: A developmental perspective. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
go back to reference Muris, P., de Jong, P. J., & Engelen, S. (2004a). Relationships between neuroticism, attentional control, and anxiety disorders symptoms in non-clinical children. Personality and Individual Differences, 37(4), 789–797. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2003.10.007. Muris, P., de Jong, P. J., & Engelen, S. (2004a). Relationships between neuroticism, attentional control, and anxiety disorders symptoms in non-clinical children. Personality and Individual Differences, 37(4), 789–797. doi:10.​1016/​j.​paid.​2003.​10.​007.
go back to reference Muris, P., & Field, A. P. (2008). Distorted cognition and pathological anxiety in children and adolescents. Cognition and Emotion, 22(3), 395–421. Muris, P., & Field, A. P. (2008). Distorted cognition and pathological anxiety in children and adolescents. Cognition and Emotion, 22(3), 395–421.
go back to reference Muris, P., Hoeve, I., Meesters, C., & Mayer, B. (2004b). Children’s conception and interpretation of anxiety-related physical symptoms. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 35, 233–244.PubMed Muris, P., Hoeve, I., Meesters, C., & Mayer, B. (2004b). Children’s conception and interpretation of anxiety-related physical symptoms. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 35, 233–244.PubMed
go back to reference Muris, P., Huijding, J., Mayer, B., & Hameetman, M. (2008a). A space odyssey: Experimental manipulation of threat perception and anxiety-related interpretation bias in children. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 39(4), 469–480.PubMed Muris, P., Huijding, J., Mayer, B., & Hameetman, M. (2008a). A space odyssey: Experimental manipulation of threat perception and anxiety-related interpretation bias in children. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 39(4), 469–480.PubMed
go back to reference Muris, P., Huijding, J., Mayer, B., Remmerswaal, D., & Vreden, S. (2009). Ground control to Major Tom: Experimental manipulation of anxiety-related interpretation bias by means of the “space odyssey” paradigm and effects on avoidance tendencies in children. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(3), 333–340.PubMed Muris, P., Huijding, J., Mayer, B., Remmerswaal, D., & Vreden, S. (2009). Ground control to Major Tom: Experimental manipulation of anxiety-related interpretation bias by means of the “space odyssey” paradigm and effects on avoidance tendencies in children. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(3), 333–340.PubMed
go back to reference Muris, P., Mayer, B., Vermeulen, L., & Hiemstra, H. (2007). Theory-of-mind, cognitive development, and children’s interpretation of anxiety-related physical symptoms. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(9), 2121–2132.PubMed Muris, P., Mayer, B., Vermeulen, L., & Hiemstra, H. (2007). Theory-of-mind, cognitive development, and children’s interpretation of anxiety-related physical symptoms. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(9), 2121–2132.PubMed
go back to reference Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., & Damsma, E. (2000). Threat perception bias in nonreferred, socially anxious children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 29(3), 348–359.PubMed Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., & Damsma, E. (2000). Threat perception bias in nonreferred, socially anxious children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 29(3), 348–359.PubMed
go back to reference Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., & Luijten, M. (2002a). The connection between cognitive development and specific fears and worries in normal children and children with below-average intellectual abilities: A preliminary study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40(1), 37–56.PubMed Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., & Luijten, M. (2002a). The connection between cognitive development and specific fears and worries in normal children and children with below-average intellectual abilities: A preliminary study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40(1), 37–56.PubMed
go back to reference Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., Meesters, C., & van den Brand, K. (2002b). Cognitive development and worry in normal children. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26(6), 775–787. Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., Meesters, C., & van den Brand, K. (2002b). Cognitive development and worry in normal children. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26(6), 775–787.
go back to reference Muris, P., & van Doorn, M. (2003). “Danger is lurking everywhere, even in parts of a jigsaw puzzle”: Anxiety-related threat perception abnormalities in children: Their assessment with projective material. Behaviour Change, 20(3), 151–159. Muris, P., & van Doorn, M. (2003). “Danger is lurking everywhere, even in parts of a jigsaw puzzle”: Anxiety-related threat perception abnormalities in children: Their assessment with projective material. Behaviour Change, 20(3), 151–159.
go back to reference Muris, P., Vermeer, E., & Horselenberg, R. (2008b). Cognitive development and the interpretation of anxiety-related physical symptoms in 4–12-year-old non-clinical children. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 39, 73–86.PubMed Muris, P., Vermeer, E., & Horselenberg, R. (2008b). Cognitive development and the interpretation of anxiety-related physical symptoms in 4–12-year-old non-clinical children. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 39, 73–86.PubMed
go back to reference Nightingale, Z. C., Field, A. P., & Kindt, M. (2010). The emotional Stroop task in anxious children. In J. A. Hadwin & A. P. Field (Eds.), Information processing biases and anxiety: A developmental perspective (pp. 47–75). Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. Nightingale, Z. C., Field, A. P., & Kindt, M. (2010). The emotional Stroop task in anxious children. In J. A. Hadwin & A. P. Field (Eds.), Information processing biases and anxiety: A developmental perspective (pp. 47–75). Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
go back to reference Öhman, A. (1993). Fear and anxiety as emotional phenomena. In M. Lewis & J. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 511–536). New York: Guilford Press. Öhman, A. (1993). Fear and anxiety as emotional phenomena. In M. Lewis & J. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 511–536). New York: Guilford Press.
go back to reference Öhman, A., & Mineka, S. (2001). Fears, phobias, and preparedness: Toward an evolved module of fear and fear learning. Psychological Review, 108(3), 483–522.PubMed Öhman, A., & Mineka, S. (2001). Fears, phobias, and preparedness: Toward an evolved module of fear and fear learning. Psychological Review, 108(3), 483–522.PubMed
go back to reference Ollendick, T. H., Grills, A. E., & King, N. J. (2001). Applying developmental theory to the assessment and treatment of childhood disorders: Does it make a difference? Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 8(5), 304–314. Ollendick, T. H., Grills, A. E., & King, N. J. (2001). Applying developmental theory to the assessment and treatment of childhood disorders: Does it make a difference? Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 8(5), 304–314.
go back to reference Ollendick, T. H., & Hirshfeld-Becker, D. R. (2002). The developmental psychopathology of social anxiety disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 51(1), 44–58.PubMed Ollendick, T. H., & Hirshfeld-Becker, D. R. (2002). The developmental psychopathology of social anxiety disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 51(1), 44–58.PubMed
go back to reference Ollendick, T. H., & Vasey, M. W. (1999). Developmental theory and the practice of clinical child psychology. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 28(4), 457–466.PubMed Ollendick, T. H., & Vasey, M. W. (1999). Developmental theory and the practice of clinical child psychology. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 28(4), 457–466.PubMed
go back to reference Perez-Edgar, K., & Fox, N. A. (2003). Individual differences in children’s performance during an emotional Stroop task: A behavioral and electrophysiological study. Brain and Cognition, 52(1), 33–51. doi:10.1016/s0278-2626(03)00007-1.PubMed Perez-Edgar, K., & Fox, N. A. (2003). Individual differences in children’s performance during an emotional Stroop task: A behavioral and electrophysiological study. Brain and Cognition, 52(1), 33–51. doi:10.​1016/​s0278-2626(03)00007-1.PubMed
go back to reference Perez-Edgar, K., & Fox, N. A. (2007). Temperamental contributions to children’s performance in an emotion-word processing task: A behavioral and electrophysiological study. Brain and Cognition, 65(1), 22–35. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2006.10.010.PubMed Perez-Edgar, K., & Fox, N. A. (2007). Temperamental contributions to children’s performance in an emotion-word processing task: A behavioral and electrophysiological study. Brain and Cognition, 65(1), 22–35. doi:10.​1016/​j.​bandc.​2006.​10.​010.PubMed
go back to reference Perner, J. (1991). Understanding the representational mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Perner, J. (1991). Understanding the representational mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
go back to reference Peterson, L., & Tremblay, G. (1999). Importance of developmental theory and investigation to research in clinical child psychology. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 28(4), 448–456.PubMed Peterson, L., & Tremblay, G. (1999). Importance of developmental theory and investigation to research in clinical child psychology. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 28(4), 448–456.PubMed
go back to reference Piaget, J. (1936/1953). Origins of intelligence in the child. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Piaget, J. (1936/1953). Origins of intelligence in the child. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
go back to reference Piaget, J., & Inhelder, B. (1956). The child’s conception of space. London: Routledge-Kegan Paul. Piaget, J., & Inhelder, B. (1956). The child’s conception of space. London: Routledge-Kegan Paul.
go back to reference Pine, D. S., Klein, R. G., Mannuzza, S., Moulton, J. L., Lissek, S., Guardino, M., et al. (2005a). Face-emotion processing in offspring at risk for panic disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44(7), 664–672.PubMed Pine, D. S., Klein, R. G., Mannuzza, S., Moulton, J. L., Lissek, S., Guardino, M., et al. (2005a). Face-emotion processing in offspring at risk for panic disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44(7), 664–672.PubMed
go back to reference Pine, D. S., Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., Montgomery, L., Monk, C. S., McClure, E., et al. (2005b). Attention bias to threat in maltreated children: Implications for vulnerability to stress-related psychopathology. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(2), 291–296.PubMed Pine, D. S., Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., Montgomery, L., Monk, C. S., McClure, E., et al. (2005b). Attention bias to threat in maltreated children: Implications for vulnerability to stress-related psychopathology. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(2), 291–296.PubMed
go back to reference Posner, M. I., & Rothbart, M. K. (2006). Educating the human brain. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Posner, M. I., & Rothbart, M. K. (2006). Educating the human brain. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
go back to reference Rakison, D. H., & Derringer, J. L. (2008). Do infants possess an evolved spider-detection mechanism? Cognition & Emotion, 107, 381–393. Rakison, D. H., & Derringer, J. L. (2008). Do infants possess an evolved spider-detection mechanism? Cognition & Emotion, 107, 381–393.
go back to reference Rothbart, M. K., & Bates, J. E. (1998). Temperament. In N. Eisenberg (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Social, emotional and personality development (5th ed., Vol. 3, pp. 105–176). New York: Wiley. Rothbart, M. K., & Bates, J. E. (1998). Temperament. In N. Eisenberg (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Social, emotional and personality development (5th ed., Vol. 3, pp. 105–176). New York: Wiley.
go back to reference Rothbart, M. K., Derryberry, D., & Posner, M. I. (1984). A psychobiological approach to the development of temperament. In J. E. Bates & T. D. Wachs (Eds.), Temperament: Individual differences at the interface of biology and behavior. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Rothbart, M. K., Derryberry, D., & Posner, M. I. (1984). A psychobiological approach to the development of temperament. In J. E. Bates & T. D. Wachs (Eds.), Temperament: Individual differences at the interface of biology and behavior. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
go back to reference Rothbart, M. K., Derryberry, D., & Posner, M. I. (1994). A psychobiological approach to the development of temperament. In J. E. Bates & T. D. Wachs (Eds.), Temperament: Individual differences at the interface of biology and behavior. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Rothbart, M. K., Derryberry, D., & Posner, M. I. (1994). A psychobiological approach to the development of temperament. In J. E. Bates & T. D. Wachs (Eds.), Temperament: Individual differences at the interface of biology and behavior. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
go back to reference Rothbart, M. K., Ellis, L. K., & Posner, M. I. (2004). Temperament and self-regulation. In R. F. Baumeister & K. D. Vohs (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation: Research, theory and applications (pp. 357–370). New York: Guildford Press. Rothbart, M. K., Ellis, L. K., & Posner, M. I. (2004). Temperament and self-regulation. In R. F. Baumeister & K. D. Vohs (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation: Research, theory and applications (pp. 357–370). New York: Guildford Press.
go back to reference Roza, S. J., Hofstra, M. B., van der Ende, J., & Verhulst, F. C. (2003). Stable prediction of mood and anxiety disorders based on behavioral and emotional problems in childhood: A 14-year follow-up during childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(12), 2116–2121.PubMed Roza, S. J., Hofstra, M. B., van der Ende, J., & Verhulst, F. C. (2003). Stable prediction of mood and anxiety disorders based on behavioral and emotional problems in childhood: A 14-year follow-up during childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(12), 2116–2121.PubMed
go back to reference Schmidt, N. B., Richey, J. A., Buckner, J. D., & Timpano, K. R. (2009). Attention training for generalized social anxiety disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118(1), 5–14. doi:10.1037/a0013643.PubMed Schmidt, N. B., Richey, J. A., Buckner, J. D., & Timpano, K. R. (2009). Attention training for generalized social anxiety disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118(1), 5–14. doi:10.​1037/​a0013643.PubMed
go back to reference See, J., MacLeod, C., & Bridle, R. (2009). The reduction of anxiety vulnerability through the modification of attentional bias: A real-world study using a home-based cognitive bias modification procedure. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118(1), 65–75. doi:10.1037/a0014377.PubMed See, J., MacLeod, C., & Bridle, R. (2009). The reduction of anxiety vulnerability through the modification of attentional bias: A real-world study using a home-based cognitive bias modification procedure. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118(1), 65–75. doi:10.​1037/​a0014377.PubMed
go back to reference Simonds, J., Kieras, J. E., Rueda, M. R., & Rothbart, M. K. (2007). Effortful control, executive attention, and emotional regulation in 7–10-year-old children. Cognitive Development, 22(4), 474–488. doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2007.08.009. Simonds, J., Kieras, J. E., Rueda, M. R., & Rothbart, M. K. (2007). Effortful control, executive attention, and emotional regulation in 7–10-year-old children. Cognitive Development, 22(4), 474–488. doi:10.​1016/​j.​cogdev.​2007.​08.​009.
go back to reference Skinner, B. F. (1971). Beyond freedom and dignity. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. Skinner, B. F. (1971). Beyond freedom and dignity. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
go back to reference Skinner, B. F. (1974). About behaviourism. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. Skinner, B. F. (1974). About behaviourism. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
go back to reference Stirling, L. J., Eley, T. C., & Clark, D. M. (2006). Preliminary evidence for an association between social anxiety symptoms and avoidance of negative faces in school-age children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 35(3), 440–445. Stirling, L. J., Eley, T. C., & Clark, D. M. (2006). Preliminary evidence for an association between social anxiety symptoms and avoidance of negative faces in school-age children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 35(3), 440–445.
go back to reference Taghavi, M. R., Moradi, A. R., Neshat-Doost, H. T., Yule, W., & Dalgleish, T. (2000). Interpretation of ambiguous emotional information in clinically anxious children and adolescents. Cognition & Emotion, 14(6), 809–822. Taghavi, M. R., Moradi, A. R., Neshat-Doost, H. T., Yule, W., & Dalgleish, T. (2000). Interpretation of ambiguous emotional information in clinically anxious children and adolescents. Cognition & Emotion, 14(6), 809–822.
go back to reference Taghavi, M. R., Neshat-Doost, H. T., Moradi, A. R., Yule, W., & Dalgleish, T. (1999). Biases in visual attention in children and adolescents with clinical anxiety and mixed anxiety-depression. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 27(3), 215–223.PubMed Taghavi, M. R., Neshat-Doost, H. T., Moradi, A. R., Yule, W., & Dalgleish, T. (1999). Biases in visual attention in children and adolescents with clinical anxiety and mixed anxiety-depression. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 27(3), 215–223.PubMed
go back to reference Thrasher, C., LoBue, V., Coan, J. A., & DeLoache, J. S. (2009). Infants orient more quickly to threatening voices. Psychophysiology, 46, S139. Thrasher, C., LoBue, V., Coan, J. A., & DeLoache, J. S. (2009). Infants orient more quickly to threatening voices. Psychophysiology, 46, S139.
go back to reference Vasey, M. W., Daleiden, E. L., Williams, L. L., & Brown, L. M. (1995). Biased attention in childhood anxiety disorders—A preliminary-study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 23(2), 267–279.PubMed Vasey, M. W., Daleiden, E. L., Williams, L. L., & Brown, L. M. (1995). Biased attention in childhood anxiety disorders—A preliminary-study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 23(2), 267–279.PubMed
go back to reference Vasey, M. W., Kotov, R., Frick, P. J., & Loney, B. R. (2005). The latent structure of psychopathy in youth: A taxometric investigation. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33(4), 411–429.PubMed Vasey, M. W., Kotov, R., Frick, P. J., & Loney, B. R. (2005). The latent structure of psychopathy in youth: A taxometric investigation. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33(4), 411–429.PubMed
go back to reference Vasey, M. W., & MacLeod, C. (2001). Information-processing factors in childhood anxiety: A review and developmental perspective. In M. W. Vasey & M. R. Dadds (Eds.), The developmental psychopathology of anxiety (pp. 253–277). New York: Oxford University Press. Vasey, M. W., & MacLeod, C. (2001). Information-processing factors in childhood anxiety: A review and developmental perspective. In M. W. Vasey & M. R. Dadds (Eds.), The developmental psychopathology of anxiety (pp. 253–277). New York: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Warren, S. L., Emde, R. N., & Sroufe, L. A. (2000). Internal representations: Predicting anxiety from children’s play narratives. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(1), 100–107.PubMed Warren, S. L., Emde, R. N., & Sroufe, L. A. (2000). Internal representations: Predicting anxiety from children’s play narratives. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(1), 100–107.PubMed
go back to reference Waters, A. M., Lipp, O. V., & Spence, S. H. (2004). Attentional bias toward fear-related stimuli: An investigation with nonselected children and adults and children with anxiety disorders. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 89(4), 320–337. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2004.06.003.PubMed Waters, A. M., Lipp, O. V., & Spence, S. H. (2004). Attentional bias toward fear-related stimuli: An investigation with nonselected children and adults and children with anxiety disorders. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 89(4), 320–337. doi:10.​1016/​j.​jecp.​2004.​06.​003.PubMed
go back to reference Waters, A. M., Neumann, D. L., Henry, J., Craske, M. G., & Ornitz, E. M. (2008). Baseline and affective startle modulation by angry and neutral faces in 4–8-year-old anxious and non-anxious children. Biological Psychology, 78(1), 10–19.PubMed Waters, A. M., Neumann, D. L., Henry, J., Craske, M. G., & Ornitz, E. M. (2008). Baseline and affective startle modulation by angry and neutral faces in 4–8-year-old anxious and non-anxious children. Biological Psychology, 78(1), 10–19.PubMed
go back to reference Waters, A. M., & Valvoi, J. S. (2009). Attentional bias for emotional faces in paediatric anxiety disorders: An investigation using the emotional go/no go task. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 40, 306–316.PubMed Waters, A. M., & Valvoi, J. S. (2009). Attentional bias for emotional faces in paediatric anxiety disorders: An investigation using the emotional go/no go task. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 40, 306–316.PubMed
go back to reference Wellman, H. M., & Hickling, A. K. (1993). The mind’s “I”: Children’s conception of the mind as an active agent. Child Development, 65, 1564–1580. Wellman, H. M., & Hickling, A. K. (1993). The mind’s “I”: Children’s conception of the mind as an active agent. Child Development, 65, 1564–1580.
go back to reference Wells, A., & Matthews, G. (1994). Attentions and emotion: A clinical perspective. Hove, UK: Erlbaum. Wells, A., & Matthews, G. (1994). Attentions and emotion: A clinical perspective. Hove, UK: Erlbaum.
go back to reference White, L. K., Helfinstein, S. M., & Fox, N. A. (2010). Temperamental factors associated with the acquisition of information processing biases and anxiety. In J. Hadwin & A. P. Field (Eds.), Information processing biases and anxiety: A developmental perspective (pp. 233–252). Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. White, L. K., Helfinstein, S. M., & Fox, N. A. (2010). Temperamental factors associated with the acquisition of information processing biases and anxiety. In J. Hadwin & A. P. Field (Eds.), Information processing biases and anxiety: A developmental perspective (pp. 233–252). Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
go back to reference Williams, J. M. G., MacLeod, C., Watts, F., & Mathews, A. (1988). Cognitive psychology and emotional disorders. Chichester: Wiley. Williams, J. M. G., MacLeod, C., Watts, F., & Mathews, A. (1988). Cognitive psychology and emotional disorders. Chichester: Wiley.
go back to reference Williams, J. M. G., MacLeod, C., Watts, F., & Mathews, A. (1997). Cognitive psychology and emotional disorders (2nd ed.). Chichester: Wiley. Williams, J. M. G., MacLeod, C., Watts, F., & Mathews, A. (1997). Cognitive psychology and emotional disorders (2nd ed.). Chichester: Wiley.
go back to reference Wilson, E. J., MacLeod, C., Mathews, A., & Rutherford, E. M. (2006). The causal role of interpretive bias in anxiety reactivity. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115(1), 103–111.PubMed Wilson, E. J., MacLeod, C., Mathews, A., & Rutherford, E. M. (2006). The causal role of interpretive bias in anxiety reactivity. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115(1), 103–111.PubMed
go back to reference Yiend, J., Mackintosh, B., & Mathews, A. (2005). Enduring consequences of experimentally induced biases in interpretation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43(6), 779–797.PubMed Yiend, J., Mackintosh, B., & Mathews, A. (2005). Enduring consequences of experimentally induced biases in interpretation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43(6), 779–797.PubMed
go back to reference Zinbarg, R. E., & Mohlman, J. (1998). Individual differences in the acquisition of affectively valenced associations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(4), 1024–1040.PubMed Zinbarg, R. E., & Mohlman, J. (1998). Individual differences in the acquisition of affectively valenced associations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(4), 1024–1040.PubMed
Metagegevens
Titel
Is There Room for ‘Development’ in Developmental Models of Information Processing Biases to Threat in Children and Adolescents?
Auteurs
Andy P. Field
Kathryn J. Lester
Publicatiedatum
01-12-2010
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review / Uitgave 4/2010
Print ISSN: 1096-4037
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2827
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-010-0078-8

Andere artikelen Uitgave 4/2010

Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 4/2010 Naar de uitgave