18-01-2018 | Original Paper | Uitgave 6/2018 Open Access

Is Older Age Associated with Higher Self- and Other-Rated ASD Characteristics?
- Tijdschrift:
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > Uitgave 6/2018
Electronic supplementary material
Introduction
Methods
Participants
Measures
Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ)
Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI)
Sensory Sensitivity Questionnaire (SSQ)
Procedure
Statistical Analyses
Results
ASD (n = 237)
|
COM (n = 198)
|
Statistics
|
|
---|---|---|---|
Age (years)
|
46.0 (SD 13.8)
Range 19–79
|
45.6 (16.4)
Range 19–77
|
F(1, 433) = 0.08,
p = .773,
η
p
2 = 0.00
|
Sex
|
163 M/74 F
|
109 M/89 F
|
Fisher’s test,
p = .004, odds ratio = 1.80
|
Educational level
a
|
Fisher’s test,
p < .001
|
||
Low
|
1
|
0
|
|
Middle
|
86
|
41
|
|
High
|
147
|
156
|
|
Residential status
|
Fisher’s test,
p < .001
|
||
Independent
|
97
|
64
|
|
With partner or housemate
|
107
|
116
|
|
With parents
|
13
|
17
|
|
Residential home
|
19
|
0
|
|
Other
|
1
|
1
|
|
Relationships
|
Fisher’s test,
p = .019
|
||
Unmarried
|
106
|
71
|
|
Married
|
87
|
88
|
|
Cohabiting
|
21
|
29
|
|
Other
|
23
|
10
|
|
Diagnosis
|
–
|
–
|
|
Autistic disorder
|
42
|
||
Asperger syndrome
|
117
|
||
PDD-NOS
|
71
|
||
ASD
|
7
|
||
Time of diagnosis (years)
|
4.0 (3.9)
Range 0–26
|
–
|
–
|
Occupation
a
|
χ
2 = 8.82,
p = .032
|
||
Unemployed
b
|
95
|
68
|
|
Class 1–3
|
87
|
90
|
|
Class 4–6
|
30
|
24
|
|
Class 7–9
|
19
|
5
|
|
SCL-90 (mean)
c
|
174.8 (52.7)
|
113.5 (22.4)
|
F(1, 348) = 202.4,
p < .001,
η
p
2 = 0.37
|
IQ (mean)
c
|
113.1 (17.7)
|
112.6 (17.3)
|
F(1, 321) = 0.07,
p = .790,
η
p
2 = 0.00
|
ADOS (mean)
c
|
8.7 (3.4)
|
–
|
–
|
ASD
|
COM
|
Group
|
Sex
|
Group × sex
|
||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M (SD)
|
M (SD)
|
F
|
η
p
2
|
F
|
η
p
2
|
F
|
η
p
2
|
|
AQ
|
||||||||
Total score
|
32.9 (8.4)
|
12.5 (5.5)
|
560.86***
|
0.57
|
0.68
|
0.00
|
12.55***
|
0.03
|
Social skills
|
7.1 (2.5)
|
1.8 (1.9)
|
399.62***
|
0.48
|
0.06
|
0.00
|
8.05**
|
0.02
|
Attention switching
|
7.5 (2.2)
|
2.5 (1.8)
|
428.42***
|
0.50
|
0.78
|
0.00
|
8.98**
|
0.02
|
Attention to detail
|
6.2 (2.4)
|
3.6 (2.2)
|
110.03***
|
0.21
|
3.84
|
0.01
|
0.57
|
0.00
|
Communication
|
6.4 (2.4)
|
1.8 (1.5)
|
345.84***
|
0.45
|
0.04
|
0.00
|
9.66**
|
0.02
|
Imagination
|
5.7 (2.2)
|
2.8 (1.8)
|
128.07***
|
0.23
|
0.06
|
0.00
|
6.44*
|
0.02
|
IRI
|
||||||||
Perspective taking
|
12.6 (5.2)
|
18.3 (3.9)
|
86.58***
|
0.20
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
6.97**
|
0.02
|
Fantasy
|
12.5 (6.1)
|
14.9 (5.6)
|
6.25*
|
0.02
|
1.20
|
0.00
|
6.65*
|
0.02
|
Empathic concern
|
15.6 (4.9)
|
17.2 (4.3)
|
0.99
|
0.00
|
29.29***
|
0.08
|
1.81
|
0.01
|
Personal distress
|
14.9 (5.4)
|
10.1 (4.7)
|
53.29***
|
0.14
|
13.92***
|
0.04
|
0.51
|
0.00
|
SSQ
|
||||||||
Total
|
5.6 (2.9)
|
2.4 (1.9)
|
145.54***
|
0.31
|
27.22***
|
0.08
|
8.01**
|
0.02
|
Age
|
Age
2
|
Group × age
|
Group × age
2
|
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F
|
η
p
2
|
F
|
η
p
2
|
F
|
η
p
2
|
F
|
η
p
2
|
|
AQ
|
||||||||
Total score
|
3.51
|
0.01
|
2.48
|
0.01
|
12.92***
|
0.03
|
13.10***
|
0.03
|
Social skills
|
1.63
|
0.00
|
0.36
|
0.00
|
7.92**
|
0.02
|
7.36**
|
0.02
|
Attention switching
|
0.06
|
0.00
|
0.08
|
0.00
|
7.37**
|
0.02
|
7.49**
|
0.02
|
Attention to detail
|
3.62
|
0.01
|
6.20*
|
0.01
|
8.88**
|
0.02
|
10.50**
|
0.02
|
Communication
|
1.95
|
0.01
|
0.86
|
0.00
|
4.62*
|
0.01
|
4.20*
|
0.01
|
Imagination
|
2.19
|
0.01
|
0.83
|
0.00
|
2.23
|
0.01
|
2.18
|
0.01
|
IRI
|
||||||||
Perspective taking
|
0.63
|
0.00
|
0.89
|
0.00
|
1.20
|
0.00
|
0.79
|
0.00
|
Fantasy
|
0.85
|
0.00
|
0.18
|
0.00
|
0.15
|
0.00
|
0.23
|
0.00
|
Empathic concern
|
1.68
|
0.01
|
1.31
|
0.00
|
2.00
|
0.01
|
2.68
|
0.01
|
Personal distress
|
3.67
|
0.01
|
4.36*
|
0.01
|
0.59
|
0.00
|
0.40
|
0.00
|
SSQ
|
||||||||
Total
|
6.13*
|
0.02
|
7.02**
|
0.02
|
7.13**
|
0.02
|
9.02**
|
0.03
|
AQ total score
|
AQ social skills
|
AQ attention switching
|
AQ attention to detail
|
SSQ
|
||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ASD
|
COM
|
ASD
|
COM
|
ASD
|
COM
|
ASD
|
COM
|
ASD
|
COM
|
|
β
|
β
|
β
|
β
|
β
|
β
|
β
|
β
|
β
|
β
|
|
Age
|
1.38***
|
− 0.89*
|
1.07**
|
− 0.73
|
0.86*
|
− 1.00*
|
1.34***
|
− 0.30
|
1.54***
|
0.08
|
Age
2
|
−
1.36***
|
1.02*
|
− 0.92*
|
0.94*
|
− 0.92*
|
0.98*
|
−
1.60***
|
0.19
|
−
1.76***
|
− 0.02
|
Constant
|
34.54***
|
11.51***
|
7.43***
|
1.49***
|
7.80***
|
2.15***
|
6.73***
|
3.54***
|
6.39***
|
2.39***
|
R
2
|
0.05
|
0.04
|
0.05
|
0.06
|
0.03
|
0.02
|
0.13
|
0.01
|
0.12
|
0.00
|
N
|
237
|
198
|
237
|
198
|
237
|
198
|
237
|
198
|
163
|
173
|
Self-Reported ASD Characteristics: Group Differences
Self-Reported ASD Characteristics: Age
Self-Reported ASD Characteristics: Sex
Differences Between Self- and Other-Reported ASD Symptoms
Informant Agreement
N
a
|
ICC
|
95% CI
|
Self M (SD)
|
Other M (SD)
|
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total
|
|||||
AQ
b
|
270
|
0.786***
|
0.724–0.834
|
17.9 (10.1)
|
19.7 (10.3)
|
IRI
|
275
|
0.476***
|
0.359–0.575
|
57.9 (13.4)
|
53.3 (14.8)
|
SSQ
|
134
|
0.534***
|
0.400–0.645
|
4.0 (3.0)
|
3.8 (2.6)
|
COM group
|
|||||
AQ
b
|
145
|
0.459***
|
0.315–0.581
|
10.1 (4.8)
|
11.7 (5.7)
|
IRI
|
146
|
0.471**
|
0.334–0.588
|
60.6 (13.1)
|
57.7 (13.5)
|
SSQ
|
72
|
0.473***
|
0.275–0.633
|
2.5 (2.0)
|
2.9 (2.2)
|
ASD group
|
|||||
AQ
b
|
125
|
0.187*
|
0.020–0.346
|
26.9 (6.5)
|
28.9 (5.4)
|
IRI
|
129
|
0.411***
|
0.225–0.561
|
54.7 (13.1)
|
48.4 (14.6)
|
SSQ
|
62
|
0.390***
|
0.163–0.580
|
5.6 (3.0)
|
4.9 (2.6)
|