Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Psychological Research 3/2009

01-05-2009 | Original Article

Investigating the role of conflict resolution in memory updating by means of the one-back choice RT task

Auteurs: Arnaud Szmalec, Jelle Demanet, André Vandierendonck, Frederick Verbruggen

Gepubliceerd in: Psychological Research | Uitgave 3/2009

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

The current study is inspired by recent findings, which suggest that conflict is involved in the updating of memory representations. It directly addresses the relation between memory updating and conflict resolution by means of the one-back choice reaction time (RT) task, an updating task, which requires participants to postpone their response to stimulus n until the subsequent stimulus n + 1 has been presented. In three experiments, a more detailed analysis of the one-back choice RT task is presented in order to further identify the role of conflict resolution in memory updating. The findings demonstrate that the one-back choice RT task, which allows motor preparation just like a simple RT task, is in fact performed slower than a simple RT task because it additionally involves conflict resolution. It is further shown that also the response–stimulus interval of the one-back task involves processes that affect the amount of conflict in the task. In the "General discussion", the theoretical relevance of these findings for the concept of updating is discussed.
Voetnoten
1
Note that we prefer the term conflict resolution over interference because it offers a broader and, as we will argue further, more appropriate description of the processes involved in updating
 
Literatuur
go back to reference Baddeley, A. (1986). Working memory. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Clarendon Press. Baddeley, A. (1986). Working memory. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Clarendon Press.
go back to reference Baddeley, A. (1996). Exploring the central executive. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 49, 5–28.CrossRef Baddeley, A. (1996). Exploring the central executive. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 49, 5–28.CrossRef
go back to reference Baddeley, A., & Hitch, G. (1974). Working memory, In G. A. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory (Vol. 8, pp. 47–89). New York: Academic Press. Baddeley, A., & Hitch, G. (1974). Working memory, In G. A. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory (Vol. 8, pp. 47–89). New York: Academic Press.
go back to reference Botvinick, M., Braver, T., Barch, D., Carter, C., & Cohen, J. (2001). Conflict monitoring and cognitive control. Psychological Review, 108, 625–652.CrossRef Botvinick, M., Braver, T., Barch, D., Carter, C., & Cohen, J. (2001). Conflict monitoring and cognitive control. Psychological Review, 108, 625–652.CrossRef
go back to reference Braver, T., Gray, J., & Burgess, G. (2007). Explaining the many varieties of working memory variation: Dual mechanisms of cognitive control. In Conway, A., Jarrold, C., Kane, M., Miyake, A., & Towse, J. (Eds.) Variation in working memory. Oxford: University Press. Braver, T., Gray, J., & Burgess, G. (2007). Explaining the many varieties of working memory variation: Dual mechanisms of cognitive control. In Conway, A., Jarrold, C., Kane, M., Miyake, A., & Towse, J. (Eds.) Variation in working memory. Oxford: University Press.
go back to reference Bunting, M., Cowan, N., & Saults, J. S. (2006). How does running memory span work? The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 59, 1691–1700.PubMedCrossRef Bunting, M., Cowan, N., & Saults, J. S. (2006). How does running memory span work? The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 59, 1691–1700.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Chambers, C. D., Bellgrove, M. A., Gould, I. C., English, T., Garavan, H., McNaught, E., et al. (2007). Dissociable mechanisms of cognitive control in prefrontal and premotor cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology, 98, 3638–3647.PubMedCrossRef Chambers, C. D., Bellgrove, M. A., Gould, I. C., English, T., Garavan, H., McNaught, E., et al. (2007). Dissociable mechanisms of cognitive control in prefrontal and premotor cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology, 98, 3638–3647.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Deschuyteneer, M., Vandierendonck, A., & Muyllaert, I. (2006). Does solution of mental arithmetic problems such as 2 + 6 and 3 × 8 rely on the process of “memory updating”? Experimental Psychology, 53, 298–208. Deschuyteneer, M., Vandierendonck, A., & Muyllaert, I. (2006). Does solution of mental arithmetic problems such as 2 + 6 and 3 × 8 rely on the process of “memory updating”? Experimental Psychology, 53, 298–208.
go back to reference Donders, F. C. (1868). La vitesse des actes psychiques [On the speed of mental processes]. Archives Néerlandaises, 3, 269–317. Donders, F. C. (1868). La vitesse des actes psychiques [On the speed of mental processes]. Archives Néerlandaises, 3, 269–317.
go back to reference Engle, R. W., Kane, M. J., & Tuholski, S. W. (1999). Individual differences in working memory capacity, what they tell us about controlled attention, general fluid intelligence and functions of the prefrontal cortex. In Miyake, A., & Shah, P. (Eds.) Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control. London:Cambridge Press. Engle, R. W., Kane, M. J., & Tuholski, S. W. (1999). Individual differences in working memory capacity, what they tell us about controlled attention, general fluid intelligence and functions of the prefrontal cortex. In Miyake, A., & Shah, P. (Eds.) Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control. London:Cambridge Press.
go back to reference Friedman, N., & Miyake, A. (2004). The relations among inhibition and interference control functions: A latent variable analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 133, 101–135.CrossRef Friedman, N., & Miyake, A. (2004). The relations among inhibition and interference control functions: A latent variable analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 133, 101–135.CrossRef
go back to reference Gratton, G., Coles, M., & Donchin, E. (1992). Optimizing the use of information: Strategic control of activation and responses. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 4, 480–506.CrossRef Gratton, G., Coles, M., & Donchin, E. (1992). Optimizing the use of information: Strategic control of activation and responses. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 4, 480–506.CrossRef
go back to reference Hegarty, M., Shah, P., & Miyake, A. (2000). Constraints on using the dual-task methodology to specify the degree of central executive involvement in cognitive tasks. Memory and Cognition, 28(3), 376–385. Hegarty, M., Shah, P., & Miyake, A. (2000). Constraints on using the dual-task methodology to specify the degree of central executive involvement in cognitive tasks. Memory and Cognition, 28(3), 376–385.
go back to reference Hommel, B. (1998). Event files: Evidence for automatic integration of stimulus–response episodes. Visual Cognition, 5, 183–216.CrossRef Hommel, B. (1998). Event files: Evidence for automatic integration of stimulus–response episodes. Visual Cognition, 5, 183–216.CrossRef
go back to reference Jonides, J., Schumacher, E., Smith, E., Lauber, E., Awh, E., Minoshima, S., & Koeppe, R. (1997). Verbal working memory load affects regional brain activation as measured by PET. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9, 462–475.CrossRef Jonides, J., Schumacher, E., Smith, E., Lauber, E., Awh, E., Minoshima, S., & Koeppe, R. (1997). Verbal working memory load affects regional brain activation as measured by PET. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9, 462–475.CrossRef
go back to reference Jonides, J., & Nee, E. (2006). Brain mechanisms of proactive interference in working memory. Neuroscience, 139, 181–193.PubMedCrossRef Jonides, J., & Nee, E. (2006). Brain mechanisms of proactive interference in working memory. Neuroscience, 139, 181–193.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Kane, M., Conway, A., Miura, T., & Colflesh, G. (2007). Working memory, attention control and the n-back task: A question of construct validity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 33, 615–622.PubMedCrossRef Kane, M., Conway, A., Miura, T., & Colflesh, G. (2007). Working memory, attention control and the n-back task: A question of construct validity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 33, 615–622.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Kemps, E., Szmalec, A., Vandierendonck, A., & Crevits, L. (2005). Visuo-spatial processing in Parkinson’s disease: Evidence for diminished visuo-spatial sketch pad and central executive resources. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 11, 181–186.CrossRef Kemps, E., Szmalec, A., Vandierendonck, A., & Crevits, L. (2005). Visuo-spatial processing in Parkinson’s disease: Evidence for diminished visuo-spatial sketch pad and central executive resources. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 11, 181–186.CrossRef
go back to reference Levitt, H. (1970). Transformed up–down methods in psychoacoustics. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 49, 467–477.CrossRef Levitt, H. (1970). Transformed up–down methods in psychoacoustics. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 49, 467–477.CrossRef
go back to reference Logan, G. (1994). Spatial attention and the apprehension of spatial relations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 20, 1015–1036.PubMedCrossRef Logan, G. (1994). Spatial attention and the apprehension of spatial relations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 20, 1015–1036.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Logan, G., & Cowan, W. (1984). On the ability to inhibit thought and action: A theory of an act of control. Psychological Review, 91, 295–327.CrossRef Logan, G., & Cowan, W. (1984). On the ability to inhibit thought and action: A theory of an act of control. Psychological Review, 91, 295–327.CrossRef
go back to reference Logan, G., Cowan, W., & Davis, K. (1984). On the ability to inhibit responses in simple and choice reaction time tasks: A model and a method. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 10, 276–291.PubMedCrossRef Logan, G., Cowan, W., & Davis, K. (1984). On the ability to inhibit responses in simple and choice reaction time tasks: A model and a method. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 10, 276–291.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Miller, E., & Cohen, J. (2001). An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 24, 167–202.PubMedCrossRef Miller, E., & Cohen, J. (2001). An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 24, 167–202.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Miyake, A., Friedman, N., Emerson, M., Witzki, A., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 41, 49–100.PubMedCrossRef Miyake, A., Friedman, N., Emerson, M., Witzki, A., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 41, 49–100.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Morris, N., & Jones, D. (1990). Memory updating in working memory: The role of the central executive. British Journal of Psychology, 81, 111–121. Morris, N., & Jones, D. (1990). Memory updating in working memory: The role of the central executive. British Journal of Psychology, 81, 111–121.
go back to reference Rabbitt, P. (1968). Three kinds of error-signalling responses in a serial choice task. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 20, 179–188.PubMedCrossRef Rabbitt, P. (1968). Three kinds of error-signalling responses in a serial choice task. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 20, 179–188.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Rabbitt, P. (1997). Methodology of frontal and executive function. Hove:Psychology Press. Rabbitt, P. (1997). Methodology of frontal and executive function. Hove:Psychology Press.
go back to reference Ridderinkhof, K., Band, G., & Logan, G. (1999). A study of adaptive behavior: Effects of age and irrelevant information on the ability to inhibit one’s actions. Acta Psychologica, 101, 315–337.CrossRef Ridderinkhof, K., Band, G., & Logan, G. (1999). A study of adaptive behavior: Effects of age and irrelevant information on the ability to inhibit one’s actions. Acta Psychologica, 101, 315–337.CrossRef
go back to reference Rowe, J. B., Toni, I., Josephs, O., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Passingham, R. E. (2000). The prefrontal cortex: Response selection or maintenance within working memory? Science, 288, 1656–1660.PubMedCrossRef Rowe, J. B., Toni, I., Josephs, O., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Passingham, R. E. (2000). The prefrontal cortex: Response selection or maintenance within working memory? Science, 288, 1656–1660.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Schubert, T. (1999). Processing differences between simple and choice reactions affect bottleneck localization in overlapping tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 25, 408–425.CrossRef Schubert, T. (1999). Processing differences between simple and choice reactions affect bottleneck localization in overlapping tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 25, 408–425.CrossRef
go back to reference Smith, E., & Jonides, J. (1997). Working memory: A view from neuroimaging. Cognitive Psychology, 33, 5–42.PubMedCrossRef Smith, E., & Jonides, J. (1997). Working memory: A view from neuroimaging. Cognitive Psychology, 33, 5–42.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Smith, E., & Jonides, J. (1999). Storage and executive processes in the frontal lobes. Science, 283, 1657–1661.PubMedCrossRef Smith, E., & Jonides, J. (1999). Storage and executive processes in the frontal lobes. Science, 283, 1657–1661.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Smyth, M., & Scholey, K. (1994). Interference in immediate spatial memory. Memory & Cognition, 22, 1–13. Smyth, M., & Scholey, K. (1994). Interference in immediate spatial memory. Memory & Cognition, 22, 1–13.
go back to reference Stevens, M., Lammertyn, J., Verbruggen, F., & Vandierendonck, A. (2006). Tscope: A C library for programming cognitive experiments on the MS Windows platform. Behavior Research Methods, 38, 280–286.PubMed Stevens, M., Lammertyn, J., Verbruggen, F., & Vandierendonck, A. (2006). Tscope: A C library for programming cognitive experiments on the MS Windows platform. Behavior Research Methods, 38, 280–286.PubMed
go back to reference Szmalec, A., & Vandierendonck, A. (2007). Estimating the executive demands of a one-back choice RT task by means of the selective interference paradigm. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 60, 1116–1139.CrossRef Szmalec, A., & Vandierendonck, A. (2007). Estimating the executive demands of a one-back choice RT task by means of the selective interference paradigm. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 60, 1116–1139.CrossRef
go back to reference Szmalec, A., Vandierendonck, A., & Kemps, E. (2005). Response selection involves executive control: Evidence from the selective interference paradigm. Memory and Cognition, 33, 531–541. Szmalec, A., Vandierendonck, A., & Kemps, E. (2005). Response selection involves executive control: Evidence from the selective interference paradigm. Memory and Cognition, 33, 531–541.
go back to reference Szmalec, A., Verbruggen, F., Vandierendonck, A., De Baene, W., Verguts, T., & Notebaert, W. (2008). Stimulus ambiguity elicits response conflict. Neuroscience Letters, 435, 158–162.PubMedCrossRef Szmalec, A., Verbruggen, F., Vandierendonck, A., De Baene, W., Verguts, T., & Notebaert, W. (2008). Stimulus ambiguity elicits response conflict. Neuroscience Letters, 435, 158–162.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Van der Linden, M., Collette, F., Salmon, E., Delfiore, G., Degueldre, C., Luxen, A., et al. (1999). The neural correlates of updating information in verbal working memory. Memory, 7, 549–560.PubMedCrossRef Van der Linden, M., Collette, F., Salmon, E., Delfiore, G., Degueldre, C., Luxen, A., et al. (1999). The neural correlates of updating information in verbal working memory. Memory, 7, 549–560.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Verbruggen, F., Liefooghe, B., & Vandierendonck, A. (2004). The interaction between stop signal inhibition and distractor interference in the flanker and Stroop task. Acta Psychologica, 116, 21–37.PubMedCrossRef Verbruggen, F., Liefooghe, B., & Vandierendonck, A. (2004). The interaction between stop signal inhibition and distractor interference in the flanker and Stroop task. Acta Psychologica, 116, 21–37.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Verbruggen, F., Liefooghe, B., Notebaert, W., & Vandierendonck, A. (2005). The effects of stimulus–stimulus compatibility and stimulus–response compatibility on response inhibition. Acta Psychologica, 120, 307–326.PubMedCrossRef Verbruggen, F., Liefooghe, B., Notebaert, W., & Vandierendonck, A. (2005). The effects of stimulus–stimulus compatibility and stimulus–response compatibility on response inhibition. Acta Psychologica, 120, 307–326.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Verbruggen, F., Liefooghe, B., & Vandierendonck, A. (2006). The effect of interference in the early processing stages on response inhibition in the stop signal task. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 59, 190–205.CrossRef Verbruggen, F., Liefooghe, B., & Vandierendonck, A. (2006). The effect of interference in the early processing stages on response inhibition in the stop signal task. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 59, 190–205.CrossRef
Metagegevens
Titel
Investigating the role of conflict resolution in memory updating by means of the one-back choice RT task
Auteurs
Arnaud Szmalec
Jelle Demanet
André Vandierendonck
Frederick Verbruggen
Publicatiedatum
01-05-2009
Uitgeverij
Springer-Verlag
Gepubliceerd in
Psychological Research / Uitgave 3/2009
Print ISSN: 0340-0727
Elektronisch ISSN: 1430-2772
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-008-0149-3

Andere artikelen Uitgave 3/2009

Psychological Research 3/2009 Naar de uitgave