01-04-2013 | Original Paper | Uitgave 3/2013 Open Access

Investigating Correlates of Self-Regulation in Early Childhood with a Representative Sample of English-Speaking American Families
- Tijdschrift:
- Journal of Child and Family Studies > Uitgave 3/2013
Introduction
Factors Predicting Self-Regulation Among Children
Hypotheses and Research Questions
Methods
Participants
Characteristic
|
Percent in category or mean (95 % CI)
|
---|---|
Child age (months)
|
59.09 (57.04, 61.14)
|
Child gender = male
|
52.4 %
|
Child race
|
|
White—not Latino
|
58.2 %
|
African American—not Latino
|
14.1 %
|
African American—Latino
|
0.7 %
|
White—Latino
|
15.6 %
|
Asian
|
2.8 %
|
Native American
|
1.3 %
|
Other
|
7.2 %
|
Parent education
|
14.22 (13.95, 14.48)
|
Family income = low income
|
28.4 %
|
Household composition = single parent household
|
16.9 %
|
Parenting styles
|
|
Authoritative score
|
4.65 (4.61, 4.69)
|
Authoritarian score
|
1.64 (1.59, 1.69)
|
Permissive score
|
2.05 (1.98, 2.12)
|
Survey respondent
|
|
Mother
|
73.3 %
|
Father
|
23.3 %
|
Other
|
3.5 %
|
Home language = English only
|
91.9 %
|
Special needs = yes
|
11.9 %
|
Childcare = yes
|
44.2 %
|
Self-regulation
|
29.96 (29.09, 30.84)
|
Design
Procedure
Measures
Child Age
Child Gender
Child Race/Ethnicity
Parent Education
Family Income
Household Composition
Parenting Styles
Survey Respondent
Home Language
Special Needs
Childcare
Self-Regulation
Analytic Approach
Results
Variable
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
6
|
7
|
8
|
9
|
10
|
11
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Self-regulation
|
1
|
−0.01
|
0.01
|
−0.03
|
−0.02
|
0.21***
|
−0.17**
|
0.03
|
0.20***
|
0.18***
|
−0.15**
|
2.
Father respondent
|
1
|
−0.11**
|
−0.06
|
0.05
|
−0.04
|
0.11*
|
−0.13*
|
−0.13*
|
0.02
|
0.06
|
|
3.
Non-
parent respondent
|
1
|
0.05**
|
−0.03
|
0.11**
|
−0.14***
|
0.02
|
0.13**
|
−0.01
|
0
|
||
4.
Home language
|
1
|
−0.07
|
−0.05
|
−0.07
|
−0.1
|
−0.02
|
0.05
|
0.09*
|
|||
5.
Childcare
|
1
|
0.03
|
0.28***
|
0.05
|
−0.21***
|
0.04
|
−0.23***
|
||||
6.
Special needs
|
1
|
−0.13**
|
0.02
|
0.11*
|
0.10
+
|
0.06
|
|||||
7. Parent Education
|
1
|
−0.23***
|
−0.43***
|
−0.05
|
0.04
|
||||||
8.
Household composition
|
1
|
0.34***
|
0.04
|
0.10
+
|
|||||||
9.
Family income
|
1
|
0.07
|
0.01
|
||||||||
10.
Child gender
|
1
|
−0.04
|
|||||||||
11. Child age
|
1
|
||||||||||
12.
Child race: W/NL
|
|||||||||||
13.
Child race: W/L
|
|||||||||||
14.
Child race: AA/L
|
|||||||||||
15.
Child race: AA/NL
|
|||||||||||
16.
Child race: Asian
|
|||||||||||
17.
Child race: NA
|
|||||||||||
18.
Child race: Other
|
|||||||||||
19. Permissive score
|
|||||||||||
20. Authoritative score
|
|||||||||||
21. Authoritarian score
|
Variable
|
12
|
13
|
14
|
15
|
16
|
17
|
18
|
19
|
20
|
21
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Self-regulation
|
−0.05
|
0.09
|
0
|
−0.04
|
−0.04
|
0
|
0.06
|
0.44***
|
−0.15**
|
0.23***
|
2.
Father respondent
|
0.07
|
−0.03
|
0.11***
|
−0.10
+
|
0.11
+
|
0.01
|
−0.07
|
−0.06
|
−0.25***
|
0.04
|
3.
Non-
parent respondent
|
0.03
|
−0.08***
|
0.02
|
0.07
+
|
−0.03
|
0.01
|
−0.03
|
−0.02
|
−0.01
|
−0.03
|
4.
Home language
|
0.32***
|
−0.22***
|
0.03
|
0.12***
|
−0.31***
|
0.02
|
−0.27***
|
−0.05
|
0.02
|
−0.13*
|
5.
Childcare
|
0.08
|
−0.05
|
0.02
|
0.13*
|
0
|
0.01
|
0.04
|
−0.03
|
0
|
−0.01
|
6.
Special needs
|
−0.03
|
0.12
+
|
0.03
|
−0.08*
|
−0.06
|
−0.02
|
0.04
|
0.21**
|
−0.04
|
0.04
|
7. Parent education
|
0.09
+
|
−0.11
+
|
−0.06*
|
−0.11**
|
0.19*
|
−0.05
|
0.04
|
−0.18
|
−0.06
|
−0.15**
|
8.
Household composition
|
−0.26***
|
0.1
|
−0.02
|
0.31***
|
0.05
|
−0.01
|
−0.08
+
|
0.09
|
0.11*
|
0.09
+
|
9.
Family income
|
−0.22***
|
0.13*
|
0.04
|
0.23***
|
−0.07
+
|
0.06*
|
−0.07
|
0.17**
|
0.07
|
0.14**
|
10.
Child gender
|
0.02
|
0.06
|
0.04
|
0.03
|
−0.07
|
−0.04
|
−0.13*
|
0.06
|
−0.10
+
|
0
|
11. Child age
|
−0.01
|
−0.01
|
−0.08
|
0.04
|
0.04
|
−0.01
|
−0.02
|
−0.08
+
|
−0.06
|
−0.01
|
12.
Child race: W/NL
|
1
|
−0.51***
|
−0.10**
|
−0.48***
|
−0.20***
|
−0.14***
|
−0.33***
|
−0.16**
|
−0.10
+
|
−0.16**
|
13.
Child race: W/L
|
1
|
−0.04
|
−0.17**
|
−0.07
|
−0.05
|
−0.12*
|
0.09
|
0.04
|
0.06
|
|
14.
Child race: AA/L
|
1
|
−0.04
|
−0.02
|
−0.01
|
−0.02
|
0
|
0.02
|
0.06
|
||
15.
Child race: AA/NL
|
1
|
−0.07
|
−0.05
|
−0.11
|
0.09
|
0.14**
|
0.12*
|
|||
16.
Child race: Asian
|
1
|
−0.02
|
−0.05
|
−0.04
|
−0.03
|
0.06
|
||||
17.
Child race: NA
|
1
|
−0.03
|
0.01
|
0.01
|
0.04
|
|||||
18.
Child race: Other
|
1
|
0.08
|
−0.06
|
0
|
||||||
19. Permissive score
|
1
|
−0.03
|
0.32***
|
|||||||
20. Authoritative score
|
1
|
−0.10*
|
||||||||
21. Authoritarian score
|
1
|
Variable
|
Step 1
|
Step 2
|
Step 3
|
Step 4
|
Step 5
|
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B (SE)
|
β
|
B (SE)
|
β
|
B (SE)
|
β
|
B (SE)
|
β
|
B (SE)
|
β
|
|
Constant
|
30.17
(1.27)
|
34.55
(3.77)
|
34.34
(3.89)
|
26.28
(4.50)
|
26.27
(4.46)
|
|||||
Rspdnt = father
|
−0.09
(.95)
|
0.00
|
0.28
(.97)
|
0.01
|
0.67
(.90)
|
0.03
|
0.07
(.79)
|
0.00
|
0.10
(.79)
|
0.01
|
Rspdnt = other
|
−0.62
(1.57)
|
−0.01
|
−1.89
(1.66)
|
−0.04
|
−1.28
(1.72)
|
−0.03
|
−0.32
(1.66)
|
−0.01
|
−0.12
(1.63)
|
0.00
|
Language (English = 1)
|
−0.70
(1.28)
|
−0.02
|
−0.83
(1.31)
|
−0.03
|
0.79
(1.57)
|
0.03
|
1.19
(1.48)
|
0.04
|
1.20
(1.47)
|
0.04
|
Special needs (yes = 1)
|
5.52
(1.43)
|
0.21***
|
4.74
(1.42)
|
0.18***
|
4.53
(1.41)
|
0.17***
|
2.60
(1.30)
|
0.10*
|
2.61
(1.30)
|
0.10*
|
Childcare (yes = 1)
|
−0.40
(.84)
|
−0.02
|
0.76
(.81)
|
0.04
|
0.02
(.8)
|
0.00
|
0.16
(.71)
|
0.01
|
0.16
(.71)
|
0.01
|
Family income (low income = 1)
|
3.03
(1.19)
|
0.16*
|
2.99
(1.18)
|
0.16*
|
2.38
(1.10)
|
0.13*
|
3.49
(1.49)
|
0.18*
|
||
Household composition (single = 1)
|
−1.20
(1.35)
|
−0.05
|
−0.24
(1.36)
|
−0.01
|
−0.21
(1.19)
|
−0.01
|
−0.23
(1.19)
|
−0.01
|
||
Parent education
|
−0.38
(.22)
|
−0.11
+
|
−0.30
(.20)
|
−0.09
|
−0.14
(.19)
|
−0.04
|
−0.16
(.18)
|
−0.05
|
||
Child gender (1 = male)
|
2.51
(.82)
|
0.15**
|
2.11
(.76)
|
0.12**
|
2.68
(.86)
|
0.16**
|
||||
Child age (months)
|
−0.06
(.02)
|
−0.16***
|
−0.05
(.02)
|
−0.13***
|
−0.06
(.02)
|
−0.14***
|
||||
Child race: AA/NL
|
−1.14
(1.41)
|
−0.05
|
−2.03
(1.26)
|
−0.08
|
−1.95
(1.25)
|
−0.08
|
||||
Child race: AA/L
|
−3.85
(5.01)
|
−0.04
|
−3.53
(4.28)
|
−0.04
|
−3.29
(4.10)
|
−0.03
|
||||
Child race: W/L
|
0.76
(1.38)
|
0.03
|
0.25
(1.18)
|
0.01
|
0.25
(1.16)
|
0.01
|
||||
Child race: Asian
|
1.04
(2.62)
|
0.02
|
0.46
(2.34)
|
−0.08
|
0.56
(2.34)
|
0.01
|
||||
Child race: NA
|
−0.51
(1.95)
|
−0.01
|
−1.18
(1.51)
|
−0.02
|
−1.28
(1.46)
|
−0.02
|
||||
Child race: other
|
2.81
(1.33)
|
0.09*
|
1.44
(1.75)
|
0.04
|
1.49
(1.76)
|
0.05
|
||||
Authoritative parenting
|
−5.26
(1.92)
|
−0.11**
|
−5.20
(1.92)
|
−0.11**
|
||||||
Authoritarian parenting
|
1.59
(.78)
|
0.09*
|
1.48
(.79)
|
0.09
+
|
||||||
Permissive parenting
|
4.49
(.73)
|
0.34***
|
4.52
(.73)
|
0.35***
|
||||||
Gender x low income
|
−2.06
(1.77)
|
−0.09
|
||||||||
Δ
R
2
|
0.045
|
0.042
|
0.052
|
0.147
|
0.003
|