Top

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders

Tip

Swipe om te navigeren naar een ander artikel

Gepubliceerd in:

04-01-2019 | OriginalPaper

Intuitive Moral Reasoning in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Matter of Social Schemas?

Auteurs: Ulrich Max Schaller, Monica Biscaldi, Thomas Fangmeier, Ludger Tebartz van Elst, Reinhold Rauh

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | Uitgave 5/2019

Abstract

Using a schema-theoretical perspective in the field of moral cognition, we assessed response behavior of adolescent (n = 15) and adult (n = 22) individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in comparison with adolescent (n = 22) and adult (n = 22) neurotypically developed controls. We conceptualized the Intuitive Moral Reasoning Test—in five moral dilemmas, participants had to choose between two alternative actions and assess their decision with respect to emotional valence, arousal, moral acceptability and permissibility from both the perspective of the acting person and then of the victim. Patients with ASD displayed a different decision and response behavior, particularly when the dilemmas were based on extreme life situations in combination with a social schema involving close social relationships.

vorige artikel Not So Fast: Autistic traits and Anxious Apprehension in Real-World Visual Search Scenarios

volgende artikel Temperament as an Early Risk Marker for Autism Spectrum Disorders? A Longitudinal Study of High-Risk and Low-Risk Infants

Alleen toegankelijk voor geautoriseerde gebruikers

Baez, S., Rattazzi, A., Gonzalez-Gadea, M. L., Torralva, T., Vigliecca, N. S., Decety, J., … Ibanez, A. (2012). Integrating intention and context: Assessing social cognition in adults with Asperger syndrome. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6(11), 302. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2012.00302. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Baron-Cohen, S. (2005). Autism-’autos’: Literally, a total focus on the self? In T. E. Feinberg & J. P. Keenan (Eds.), The lost self: Pathologies of the brain and identity. (pp. 166–180). New York: Oxford University Press. CrossRef

Baron-Cohen, S. (2009). Autism: The empathizing-systemizing (E-S) theory. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1156, 68–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04467.x. CrossRefPubMed

Baron-Cohen, S., Leslie, A., & Frith, U. (1985). Does the autistic child have a “theory of mind”? Cognitive Development, 21, 37–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8. CrossRef

Baron-Cohen, S., Richler, J., Bisarya, D., Gurunathan, N., & Wheelwright, S. (2003). The systemizing quotient: An investigation of adults with Asperger Syndrome or high-functioning autism, and normal sex differences. In U. Frith & E. Hill (Ed.), Autism: Mind and brain (vol. 358, pp. 161–186). Oxford: University Press. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2002.1206. CrossRef

Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Skinner, R., Martin, J., & Clubley, E. (2001). The Autism Spectrum Quotient: Evidence from Asperger syndrome/high functioning autism, males and females, scientists and mathematicians. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31(1), 5–17. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005653411471. CrossRef

Batson, C. D., O’Quin, K., Fultz, J., Vanderplas, M., & Isen, A. M. (1983). Influence of self-reported distress and empathy on egoistic versus altruistic motivation to help. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45(3), 706–718. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.45.3.706. CrossRef

Bauminger, N., & Kasari, C. (2000). Loneliness and friendship in high-functioning children with autism. Child Development, 71(2), 447–456. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00156. CrossRefPubMed

Beißert, H. M., & Hasselhorn, M. (2016). Individual differences in moral development: Does intelligence really affect children’s moral reasoning and moral emotions? Frontiers in Psychology, 7(DEC), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01961. CrossRef

Bentham, J. (2008/1823). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation (Chapters I–V). In M. Warnock (Ed.), Utilitarianism and on liberty (pp. 17–51). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470776018.ch1. CrossRef

Blair, R. J. (1996). Brief report: Morality in the Autistic Child1. [Report]. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 26(5), 571–579. CrossRef

Blair, R. J. R. (2008). Fine cuts of empathy and the amygdala: Dissociable deficits in psychopathy and autism. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 61(1), 157–170. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470210701508855. CrossRef

Bölte, S., Poustka, F., & Constantino, J. N. (2008). Assessing autistic traits: Cross-cultural validation of the social responsiveness scale (SRS). Autism Research: Official Journal of the International Society for Autism Research, 1(6), 354–363. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.49. CrossRef

Bölte, S., Rühl, D., Schmötzer, G., & Poustka, F. (2005). Diagnostisches Interview für Autistische Störungen revidiert (ADI-R). Deutsche Fassung des Autism Diagnostic Interview-revised. Bern: Huber.

Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2009). Introduction to meta-analysis. Chichester: Wiley. CrossRef

Brewer, R., Marsh, A., Catmur, C., Cardinale, E. M., Stoycos, S., Cook, R., … Al, B. E. T. (2015). The impact of Autism Spectrum Disorder and alexithymia on judgments of moral acceptability. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 124(3), 589–595. CrossRef

Buon, M., Dupoux, E., Jacob, P., Chaste, P., Leboyer, M., & Zalla, T. (2013). The role of causal and intentional judgments in moral reasoning in individuals with high functioning autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(2), 458–470. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1588-7. CrossRefPubMed

Cameron, C. D., Lindquist, K. a., & Gray, K. (2015). A constructionist review of morality and emotions: No evidence for specific links between moral content and discrete emotions. Personality and Social Psychology Review. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868314566683. CrossRefPubMed

Capraro, V., & Sippel, J. (2017). Gender differences in moral judgment and the evaluation of gender-specified moral agents. Cognitive Processing, 18(4), 399–405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-017-0822-9. CrossRefPubMed

Cattell, R. R. B. (1963). Theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence: A critical experiment. Journal of Educational Psychology, 54(1), 1–22. CrossRef

Chamberlain, B., Kasari, C., & Rotheram-Fuller, E. (2007). Involvement or isolation? The social networks of children with autism in regular classrooms. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(2), 230–242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0164-4. CrossRefPubMed

Chevallier, C., Grèzes, J., Molesworth, C., Berthoz, S., & Happé, F. (2012). Brief report: Selective social anhedonia in high functioning autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(7), 1504–1509. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-011-1364-0. CrossRefPubMed

Christensen, W., & Michael, J. (2016). From two systems to a multi-systems architecture for mindreading. New Ideas in Psychology, 40, 48–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.newideapsych.2015.01.003. CrossRef

Dennett, D. C. (1978). Beliefs about beliefs. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1(4), 568–570. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00076664. CrossRef

Dennis, M., Simic, N., Bigler, E. D., Abildskov, T., Agostino, A., Taylor, H. G., … Yeates, K. O. (2013). Cognitive, affective, and conative theory of mind (ToM) in children with traumatic brain injury. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 5, 25–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2012.11.006. CrossRefPubMed

Derryberry, W. P., Wilson, T., Snyder, H., Norman, T., & Barger, B. (2005). Moral judgment developmental differences between gifted youth and college students. The Journal of Secondary Gifted Education, XVII(1), 6–19. https://doi.org/10.1037/t00733-000. CrossRef

Dienstbier, R. A., Kahle, L. R., Willis, K. A., & Tunnell, G. B. (1980). The impact of moral theories on cheating—Studies of emotion attribution and schema activation. Motivation and Emotion, 4(3), 193–216. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00995419. CrossRef

Dziobek, I., Fleck, S., Kalbe, E., Brand, M., Kessler, J., Woike, J. K., … Convit, A. (2006). Introducing MASC: A movie for the assessment of social cognition. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36, 623–636. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0107-0. CrossRefPubMed

Fadda, R., Parisi, M., Ferretti, L., Saba, G., Foscoliano, M., Salvago, A., & Doneddu, G. (2016). Exploring the role of theory of mind in moral judgment: The case of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Frontiers in Psychology, 7(April), 523. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00523. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Fahrenberg, J., Hampel, R., & Selg, H. (2001). FPI-R: Freiburg personality inventory—Revised version. Göttingen: Hogrefe.

Foot, P. (1967). The problem of abortion and the doctrine of the double effect. In Oxford review (pp. 5–15). Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/0199252866.003.0002. CrossRef

Fridenson-Hayo, S., Berggren, S., Lassalle, A., Tal, S., Pigat, D., Bölte, S., … Golan, O. (2016). Basic and complex emotion recognition in children with autism: Cross-cultural findings. Molecular Autism, 7(1), 52. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-016-0113-9. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Frith, U., & Happé, F. (1999). Theory of mind and self-consciousness: What is it like to be autistic? Mind and Language, 14(1), 82–89. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0017.00100. CrossRef

Fu, G., Xiao, W. S., Killen, M., & Lee, K. (2014). Moral judgment and its relation to second-order theory of mind. Developmental Psychology, 50(MAY), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037077. CrossRef

Golan, O., Baron-Cohen, S., Hill, J. J., & Golan, Y. (2006). The “reading the mind in films” task: Complex emotion recognition in adults with and without autism spectrum conditions. Social Neuroscience, 1(2), 111–123. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470910600980986. CrossRefPubMed

Greene, J. D. (2007). Why are VMPFC patients more utilitarian? A dual-process theory of moral judgment explains. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11(8), 322–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2007.06.004. CrossRefPubMed

Greene, J. D., Sommerville, R. B., Nystrom, L. E., Darley, J. M., & Cohen, J. D. (2001). An fMRI investigation of emotional engagement in moral judgment. Science, 293(5537), 2105–2108. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1062872. CrossRefPubMed

Haidt, J. (2001). The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment. Psychological Review, 108(4), 814–834. https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-295X.108.4.814. CrossRefPubMed

Haidt, J. (2013). Moral psychology for the twenty-first century. Journal of Moral Education, 42(3), 281–297. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2013.817327. CrossRef

Hancock, G. I. P., Stokes, M. A., & Mesibov, G. B. (2017). Socio-sexual functioning in autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analyses of existing literature. Autism Research. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1831. CrossRefPubMed

Happé, F. G. (1995). The role of age and verbal ability in the theory of mind task performance of subjects with autism. Child Development, 66(3), 843–855. CrossRef

Happé, F. G. E. (1993). Communicative competence and theory of mind in autism: A test of relevance theory. Cognition, 48(2), 101–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(93)90026-R. CrossRefPubMed

Hoernig, R., Rauh, R., & Strube, G. (1993). EVENTS–II: Modeling event recognition. In G. Strube & K. F. Wender (Eds.), The Cognitive Psychology of Knowledge (pp. 113–138). Amsterdam: North-Holland. CrossRef

Holmes, L. G., & Himle, M. B. (2014). Brief report: Parent? Child sexuality communication and autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(11), 2964–2970. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2146-2. CrossRefPubMed

Hume, D. (2000/1739). A treatise of human nature. In D. F. Norton & M. J. Norton (Eds.) A treatise of human nature (Oxford Phi). Oxford: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.

Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Kalandadze, T., Norbury, C., Naerland, T., & Naess, K.-A. B. (2016). Figurative language comprehension in individuals with autism spectrum disorder: A meta-analytic review. Autism. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361316668652. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Kant, I. (1995/1787). Kritik der reinen Vernunft. (W. Weischedel, Ed.) (Werkausgab). Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag.

Kintsch, W., & van Dijk, T. A. (1978). Toward a model of text comprehension and production. Psychological Review, 85(5), 363–394. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.85.5.363. CrossRef

Klin, A., Jones, W., Schultz, R., Volkmar, F., Cohen, D., & Article, O. (2002). Visual fixation patterns during viewing of naturalistic social situations as predictors of social competence in individuals with autism. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59(9), 809–816. CrossRef

Kohlberg, L. (1981). Essays on moral development: Moral stages and the idea of justice. San Francisco: Harper & Row.

Kohlberg, L., & Kramer, R. (1969). Continuities and discontinuities in childhood and adult moral development. Human Development, 12(2), 93–120. https://doi.org/10.1159/000270857. CrossRefPubMed

Komatsu, L. K. (1992). Recent views of conceptual structure. Psychological Bulletin, 112(3), 500–526. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.112.3.500. CrossRef

Krahn, T., & Fenton, A. (2009). Autism, empathy and questions of moral agency. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 39(2), 145–166. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5914.2009.00402.x. CrossRef

Kupfer, J., Brosig, B., & Brähler, E. (2000). Testing and validation of the 26-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale in a representative population sample. Zeitschrift fur Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, 46(4), 368–384. CrossRef

Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (1997). International affective picture system (IAPS): Technical manual and affective ratings. NIMH Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention. https://doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803/a000147. CrossRef

Loth, E. (2007). Abnormalities in “cultural knowledge” in autism: A link between behaviour and cognition? In An Integrated View of Autism: Perspectives from Neurocognitive, Clinical and Intervention Research (pp. 83–103). https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3389.1201.

Loth, E., Gómez, J. C., & Happé, F. (2008). Event schemas in autism spectrum disorders: The role of theory of mind and weak central coherence. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(3), 449–463. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-007-0412-2. CrossRefPubMed

Luhmann, N. (2008). Die Moral der Gesellschaft. (D. Horster, Ed.), 1st ed. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.

Margoni, F., & Surian, L. (2016). Mental state understanding and moral judgment in children with autistic spectrum disorder. Frontiers in Psychology, 7(SEP), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01478. CrossRef

Mehzabin, P., & Stokes, M. A. (2011). Self-assessed sexuality in young adults with high-functioning autism. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 5(1), 614–621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2010.07.006. CrossRef

Mendelson, J. L., Gates, J. A., & Lerner, M. D. (2016). Friendship in school-age boys with autism spectrum disorders: A meta-analytic summary and developmental, process-based model. Psychological Bulletin, 142(6), 601–622. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000041. CrossRefPubMed

Myyry, L., Juujärvi, S., & Pesso, K. (2010). Empathy, perspective taking and personal values as predictors of moral schemas. Journal of Moral Education, 39(2), 213–233. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057241003754955. CrossRef

Newen, A. (2015). Understanding others. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 22(1–2), 9–23. https://doi.org/10.15502/9783958570320. CrossRef

Nunner-Winkler, G. (2007). Development of moral motivation from childhood to early adulthood1. Journal of Moral Education, 36(4), 399–414. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240701687970. CrossRef

Peirce, J. W. (2006). PsychoPy—Psychophysics software in Python. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 162, 8–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2006.11.017. CrossRef

Perner, J., & Lang, B. (2000). Theory of mind and executive function: Is there a developmental relationship. In S. Baron-Cohen, H. Tager-Flusberg & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Understanding other minds: Perspectives from developmental cognitive neuroscience (2nd ed., pp. 150–181). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Peterson, C. C., Slaughter, V. P., & Paynter, J. (2007). Social maturity and theory of mind in typically developing children and those on the autism spectrum. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 48(12), 1243–1250. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01810.x. CrossRef

Petrina, N., Carter, M., & Stephenson, J. (2014). The nature of friendship in children with autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 8(2), 111–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2013.10.016. CrossRef

Petrina, N., Carter, M., Stephenson, J., & Sweller, N. (2016). Perceived friendship quality of children with autism spectrum disorder as compared to their peers in mixed and non-mixed dyads. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(4), 1334–1343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-015-2673-5. CrossRefPubMed

Piaget, J. (1965). The moral judgment of the child. New York: Free Press.

Roeyers, H., & Demurie, E. (2010). How impaired is mind-reading in high-functioning adolescents and adults with autism? European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 7(1), 123–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405620903425924. CrossRef

Rühl, D., Bölte, S., Feineis-Matthews, S., & Poustka, F. (2004). Diagnostische Beobachtungsskala für Autistische Störungen (ADOS). Deutsche Fassung der Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule. Bern: Huber.

Russell, J. A. (2003). Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion. Psychological Review, 110(1), 145–172. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.110.1.145. CrossRef

Schaafsma, S. M., Pfaff, D. W., Spunt, R. P., & Adolphs, R. (2015). Deconstructing and reconstructing theory of mind. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 19(2), 65–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2014.11.007. CrossRefPubMed

Schaller, U. M., & Rauh, R. (2017). What difference does it make? Implicit, explicit and complex social cognition in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(4), 961–979. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-016-3008-x. CrossRef

Senju, A., Southgate, V., White, S., & Frith, U. (2009). Mindblind eyes: An absence of spontaneous theory of mind in asperger syndrome. Science, 325(5942), 883–885. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1176170. CrossRef

Senland, A. K., & Higgins-D’Alessandro, A. (2013). Moral reasoning and empathy in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: Implications for moral education. Journal of Moral Education, 42(2), 209–223. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2012.752721. CrossRef

Shenhav, A., & Greene, J. D. (2014). Integrative moral judgment: Dissociating the roles of the amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 34(13), 4741–4749. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3390-13.2014. CrossRef

Shweder, R. A., Mahapatra, M., & Miller, J. G. (1987). Culture and moral development. In Jerome Kagan & S. Lamb (Eds.), The emergence of morality in young children (pp. 1–83). Chicago: Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139173728.005. CrossRef

Sodian, B., Licata, M., Kristen-Antonow, S., Paulus, M., Killen, M., & Woodward, A. (2016). Understanding of goals, beliefs, and desires predicts morally relevant theory of mind: A longitudinal investigation. Child Development, 87(4), 1221–1232. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12533. CrossRefPubMed

Stokes, M., Newton, N., & Kaur, A. (2007). Stalking, and social and romantic functioning among adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(10), 1969–1986. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0344-2. CrossRefPubMed

Tebartz van Elst, L. (2015). Freiheit (1st ed.). Stuttgart: Kohlhammer.

Uljarevic, M., & Hamilton, A. (2012). Recognition of emotions in Autism: A formal meta-analysis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(7), 1517–1526. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1695-5. CrossRef

van Roekel, E., Scholte, R. H. J., & Didden, R. (2010). Bullying among adolescents with autism spectrum disorders: Prevalence and perception. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(1), 63–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-009-0832-2. CrossRefPubMed

Weiß, R. H. (2008). CFT20-R. Grundintelligenzskala 2—Revision. Göttingen: Hogrefe.

Wheelwright, S., Baron-Cohen, S., Goldenfeld, N., Delaney, J., Fine, D., Smith, R., … Wakabayashi, A. (2006). Predicting autism spectrum quotient (AQ) from the systemizing quotient-revised (SQ-R) and empathy quotient (EQ). Brain Research, 1079(1), 47–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2006.01.012. CrossRefPubMed

Titel: Intuitive Moral Reasoning in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Matter of Social Schemas?
Auteurs: Ulrich Max Schaller
Monica Biscaldi
Thomas Fangmeier
Ludger Tebartz van Elst
Reinhold Rauh
Publicatiedatum: 04-01-2019
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders / Uitgave 5/2019
Print ISSN: 0162-3257
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3432
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-03869-y

Mijn bibliotheek

Shop

Tips voor Mijn BSL

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Tip

Swipe om te navigeren naar een ander artikel

Intuitive Moral Reasoning in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Matter of Social Schemas?

Abstract

Mijn bibliotheek

Shop

Tips voor Mijn BSL

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Tip

Swipe om te navigeren naar een ander artikel

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 5/2019

Understanding the Reasons, Contexts and Costs of Camouflaging for Autistic Adults

A Randomised Controlled Feasibility Trial of Immersive Virtual Reality Treatment with Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Specific Phobias in Young People with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Toddler Screening for Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta-Analysis of Diagnostic Accuracy

Insomnia Severity in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder is Associated with sensory Hyper-Reactivity and Social Skill Impairment

Brief Report: Feasibility and Preliminary Efficacy of a Behavioral Intervention for Minimally Verbal Girls with Autism Spectrum Disorder

A Novel Approach to Dysmorphology to Enhance the Phenotypic Classification of Autism Spectrum Disorder in the Study to Explore Early Development